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Module-1.C

This document provides an introduction to programming with a focus on C++, detailing its history, key milestones, and modern features. It explains the use of C++ directives, header files, variables, data types, and the syntax required for writing C++ programs. Additionally, it covers input and output statements using the cout and cin objects for user interaction.

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14 views

Module-1.C

This document provides an introduction to programming with a focus on C++, detailing its history, key milestones, and modern features. It explains the use of C++ directives, header files, variables, data types, and the syntax required for writing C++ programs. Additionally, it covers input and output statements using the cout and cin objects for user interaction.

Uploaded by

mcaunin2
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Module 1: "Introduction to Programming" and "Input/Output Statements in C++.

"

Introduction

Programming is the process of designing and building computer programs to solve


specific problems or perform tasks. It involves writing instructions in a programming
language that the computer can understand and execute. C++ is one of the most
widely used programming languages, known for its efficiency and support for both
procedural and object-oriented programming.

Origins (1972): C++ evolved from the C programming language, created by Dennis
Ritchie for system programming.

Birth of "C with Classes" (1979–1983): Bjarne Stroustrup developed "C with Classes" to
add object-oriented programming (OOP) features to C, including classes, inheritance,
and type-checking.

Renamed to C++ (1983): The name "C++" symbolized an incremental improvement over
C.

First Release (1985): The first official version introduced OOP features, function
overloading, and basic I/O.

Key Milestones: C++ 2.0 (1989): Added multiple inheritance, abstract classes, and
templates.

Modernization:

 C++11 (2011): Introduced smart pointers, lambda expressions, and range-based


loops.
 C++17 (2017): Added filesystem library and enhanced compile-time
programming.
 C++20 (2020): Introduced concepts, modules, and coroutines.
 C++23 (2023): Further refined the language.

Today: C++ remains a versatile, high-performance language for system programming,


games, and large-scale applications. Its ongoing updates ensure its relevance in
modern software development.

C++ Directives (#include)

C++ directives are commands used to include specific functionalities in a program. The
most common directive is #include, which allows the program to include header files
necessary for input, output, and other operations. For example:
#include <iostream>

This directive includes the iostream header file, which is essential for input and output
operations.

Header Files

Header files in C++ contain declarations of functions, classes, and constants that can
be reused across multiple programs. Some commonly used header files include:

 <iostream>: For input and output operations.


 <cmath>: For mathematical functions.
 <string>: For string manipulation.

Using header files helps modularize the program and avoid rewriting code.

Variables

Variables are placeholders used to store data in a program. They are given a name
and a data type. For example:

int age = 25;


float height = 5.9;
char grade = 'A';

Data Types

C++ supports various data types to define variables. Common data types include:

 int: For integers (e.g., 10, -5).


 float: For decimal numbers (e.g., 3.14).
 char: For single characters (e.g., 'A').
 bool: For boolean values (true or false).
 string: For strings (e.g., "Hello, World!").

Syntax and Format

The syntax and format of C++ refer to the rules and structure that a program must
follow. Key components of C++ syntax include:

 Statements must end with a semicolon (;).


 Curly braces {} define blocks of code.
 Functions like main() are used as entry points.
Example of a simple program:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "Hello, World!";
return 0;
}

Input/Output Statements in C++

Output Statement

Output statements in C++ display information to the user. The cout object, along with
the insertion operator (<<), is used for output:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
cout << "This is an output statement." << endl;
return 0;
}

The endl manipulator moves the cursor to the next line.

Input Statement

Input statements allow users to provide data to the program. The cin object, along with
the extraction operator (>>), is used for input:

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

int main() {
int age;
cout << "Enter your age: ";
cin >> age;
cout << "You entered: " << age << endl;
return 0;
}

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