GENERAL PHYSICS

I. IDENTIFICATION (30 items)

Identify the correct term based on the given description.
1. A series of vibrations or oscillations that travel from one point to another.
2. The type of wave in which vibrations are perpendicular to the direction of travel.
3. The type of wave where vibrations are parallel to the direction of travel.
4. The type of electromagnetic wave that allows us to listen to the radio.
5. The electromagnetic wave used in microwave ovens and communication.
6. The type of electromagnetic wave that we feel as heat.
7. The type of electromagnetic wave that allows us to see colors.
8. The electromagnetic wave that can cause sunburns.
9. The electromagnetic wave used in medical imaging to see bones.
10. The electromagnetic wave with the shortest wavelength and highest energy.
11. The bouncing of light after it hits a surface.
12. The bending of light when it enters a different medium.
13. The law stating that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection.
14. The type of reflection that occurs on a smooth surface, forming a clear image.
15. The type of reflection that occurs on a rough surface, forming a blurry image.
16. A piece of transparent material that bends light rays.
17. The process where white light splits into its component colors.
18. The equation that describes how light bends when entering a different medium.
19. The formula used to determine the index of refraction.
20. The type of mirror that produces an image the same size as the object.
21. The type of mirror used in security cameras and vehicles for a wider field of view.
22. The light wave model demonstrated by moving a slinky up and down.
23. The light wave model demonstrated by compressing and releasing a slinky.
24. The type of seismic wave that moves side to side.
25. The type of seismic wave that moves up and down.
26. The ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of light in a given substance.
27. The effect where light bends away from the normal when moving to a lower refractive
index.
28. A wave that carries energy without transferring matter.
29. The electromagnetic wave used to treat cancer.
30. The process where light waves are scattered in different directions due to a rough surface.

II. ENUMERATION (30 items)

Provide the correct answers for each category.
1-3. Three types of mechanical waves.
4-6. Three examples of transverse waves.
7-9. Three examples of longitudinal waves.
10-12. Three electromagnetic waves with longer wavelengths than visible light.
13-15. Three electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths than visible light.
16-18. Three real-life examples of reflection.
19-21. Three real-life examples of refraction.
22-24. Three applications of radio waves.
25-27. Three uses of infrared radiation.
28-30. Three uses of X-rays.

III. MULTIPLE-CHOICE (30 items)

Choose the correct answer from the options provided.
1. Which of the following statements about waves is TRUE?
a. Waves transfer matter.
b. Waves transfer energy without transferring matter.
c. Waves do not carry energy.
d. Waves move in a straight line only.
2. What kind of wave has vibrations perpendicular to its direction of motion?
a. Longitudinal
b. Transverse
c. Surface
d. Standing
3. What type of wave is a sound wave?
a. Transverse
b. Longitudinal
c. Surface
d. Electromagnetic
4. Which of the following is NOT an example of a transverse wave?
a. Light
b. Water ripples
c. Sound
d. S-waves
5. Which electromagnetic wave has the longest wavelength?
a. X-ray
b. Gamma ray
c. Radio wave
d. Visible light
6. Which electromagnetic wave is used for communication in mobile phones?
a. Infrared
b. X-ray
c. Microwave
d. Ultraviolet
7. What is the primary source of ultraviolet radiation?
a. Fire
b. The Sun
c. LED lights
d. Lightning
8. What type of electromagnetic radiation is used in night vision devices?
a. Visible light
b. Infrared
c. Gamma rays
d. Ultraviolet
9. Which type of mirror is commonly used in car side mirrors?
a. Plane
b. Convex
c. Concave
d. Parabolic
10. What happens to light when it moves from air into water?
a. It speeds up
b. It slows down
c. It disappears
d. It remains unchanged
11. Which law explains the bending of light when moving from one medium to another?
a. Newton’s Law
b. Snell’s Law
c. Law of Reflection
d. Law of Motion
12. What happens when light reflects off a rough surface?
a. It bends
b. It disperses
c. It scatters in different directions
d. It passes through
13. Which mirror produces a virtual, upright image of the same size as the object?
a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Plane
d. Parabolic
14. Which of the following is a characteristic of gamma rays?
a. Long wavelength, low energy
b. Short wavelength, high energy
c. Used in cooking
d. Harmless to humans
15. What is the color of visible light with the shortest wavelength?
a. Red
b. Blue
c. Green
d. Violet
16. What is the process called when white light splits into different colors?
a. Reflection
b. Refraction
c. Dispersion
d. Diffusion
17. Which wave property determines how much a wave bends when entering a new medium?
a. Amplitude
b. Frequency
c. Wavelength
d. Refractive index
18. Which type of electromagnetic radiation is commonly used to sterilize medical
equipment?
a. Radio waves
b. Ultraviolet rays
c. Infrared rays
d. Microwaves
19. What type of electromagnetic wave is used in Wi-Fi signals?
a. Radio waves
b. Microwaves
c. Infrared waves
d. X-rays
20. What property of light is responsible for the formation of a rainbow?
a. Reflection
b. Dispersion
c. Absorption
d. Diffraction
21. What is the speed of light in a vacuum?
a. 3 × 10⁸ m/s
b. 3 × 10⁶ m/s
c. 3 × 10⁴ m/s
d. 3 × 10² m/s
22. Why do we see objects in different colors?
a. Objects emit their own light
b. Objects absorb some colors and reflect others
c. Objects change light into different colors
d. Objects do not interact with light
23. Which lens can magnify objects?
a. Convex
b. Concave
c. Plane
d. Flat
24. Why does a straw in a glass of water appear bent?
a. Reflection
b. Diffraction
c. Refraction
d. Scattering
25. What is the unit of frequency?
a. Hertz (Hz)
b. Newton (N)
c. Joule (J)
d. Meter (m)
 COMMON PROPERTIES OF LIGHT - Lesson 1
Types of Waves
Earthquakes are waves we can feel!
Some of these waves cause the ground to shake up and down (S-waves) or side to side (P-
waves).
What Is a Wave?
 A series of vibrations or oscillations traveling from one point to another.
 Carries energy without transferring matter.
Example: A small drop of water on a calm water surface can create ripples.
TYPES OF WAVES:
Transverse Wave
 Vibrations of particles are perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Longitudinal Wave
 Vibrations of particles are parallel to the direction of travel.
Slinky Wave Models
How could you use a Slinky to demonstrate how transverse and longitudinal waves behave?
Examples of Waves
Transverse:
 Light waves
 Ripples on a water surface
 Slinky moving up and down
 S-waves
Longitudinal:
 Sound waves
 Slinky moving back and forth
 P-waves
Wrap Up
Wave
 Vibrations or oscillations traveling in space.
Transverse Wave
 Particles vibrate perpendicular to the direction of travel.
Longitudinal Wave
 Particles vibrate parallel to the direction of travel.

LIGHT AS AN ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE

ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION
A special kind of energy that travels in waves through space. It can move without needing a
medium, even in empty space.
1. RADIO WAVES
 Waves that allow us to listen to the radio.
 Have long wavelengths and low frequencies.
 Used for broadcasting music, news, and other information.
2. MICROWAVES
 Have shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than radio waves.
 Used in microwave ovens to cook and heat food.
 Used for communication, such as cell phones and Wi-Fi.
3. INFRARED RADIATION
 Sometimes called "heat radiation" because we feel it as warmth.
 Has longer wavelengths than visible light.
 Used in devices like TV remote controls and thermal cameras.
4. VISIBLE LIGHT
 Type of electromagnetic radiation that allows us to see the world around us.
 Comes in different colors: red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet, each with
different wavelengths.
5. ULTRAVIOLET RADIATION (UV RADIATION)
 Has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than visible light.
 Comes from the sun and is responsible for sunburns.
 Although we can't see UV radiation, it can be harmful to our skin and eyes.
6. X-RADIATION (X-RAYS)
 Has shorter wavelengths and higher frequencies than UV radiation.
 Can pass through our bodies.
 Used in medical imaging, such as X-ray machines, to see bones and organs.
7. GAMMA RADIATION
 Has the shortest wavelengths and highest frequencies.
 Produced during nuclear reactions and can be very harmful.
 Used by scientists to treat cancer.

LAW OF REFLECTION
Reflection and Refraction
Light can be represented as rays. These rays interact with objects such as mirrors and lenses,
where they can be reflected or refracted.
Reflection
 The bouncing of light after it hits a surface.
Example: A mirror forms an image of an object placed in front of it.
TWO KINDS OF MIRRORS
Plane Mirrors
 The image formed is the same size as the object.
Spherical Mirrors
 Used in places like sharp road corners and grocery stores.
 A spherical mirror is a piece of a mirrored sphere.
Law of Reflection
 States that the angle of incidence is equal to the angle of reflection with respect to the
normal line.
Regular or Specular Reflection
 Occurs when light reflects off a smooth surface, forming a clear and defined image.
Diffuse or Irregular Reflection
 Occurs when light reflects off a rough surface, scattering in different directions and
forming a blurry image.

Refraction
 When light enters a new medium, its path changes.
 Example: Light traveling through air bends when it enters water.
Lenses
  A piece of transparent glass or acrylic with a curved shape that either disperses or
converges light rays.
Dispersion of Light
 When white light strikes a glass prism, it splits into its component colors: red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo, and violet.
Index of Refraction
 The index of refraction (n) is the ratio of the speed of light in a vacuum to the speed of
light in a given substance.
Formula:
n=speed of light in a vacuumspeed of light in the substancen = \frac{\text{speed of light in a
vacuum}}{\text{speed of light in the substance}}
Snell’s Law
 Describes how light bends when moving from one medium to another.
 The ratio of the sine of the angle of incidence to the sine of the angle of refraction is
equal to the ratio of the refractive indices of the two media.
 When light moves from a medium with a higher refractive index to one with a lower
refractive index, it bends away from the normal.

Reflection and Refraction in Daily Life

Reflection:
 The side and rear-view mirrors of a car are made of convex and plane mirrors,
respectively.
 Side mirrors help drivers see objects on both sides of the car.
 The rear-view mirror allows the driver to see behind the vehicle.