Dr.

/ Ahmed Mohamed Rabie

1
2
3
 A protocol is a set of rules that determines how
data is sent and received over a network. The
protocol is just like a language that computers use to
talk to each other, ensuring they understand and can
respond to each other’s messages correctly. Protocols
help make sure that data moves smoothly and
securely between devices on a network.

4
5
 To make communication successful between devices,
some rules and procedures should be agreed upon at
the sending and receiving ends of the system. Such
rules and procedures are called Protocols.
Different types of protocols are used for different
types of communication.

6
Network reference models

7
 The Open Systems Interconnection (OSI)
model developed by the International
Organization for Standardization (ISO)
describes how data and network information are
communicated from an application on one computer
through the network media to an application on
another computer. The OSI reference model breaks
this approach into layers.
8
9
 Advantages we gain by using the OSI layered model:

10
 The OSI model isn’t a physical model; it’s a conceptual
and comprehensive yet fluid set of guidelines, which
application developers utilize to create and implement
applications that run on a network. The OSI model has seven
layers:
• Application (Layer 7)
• Presentation (Layer 6)
• Session (Layer 5)
• Transport (Layer 4)
• Network (Layer 3)
• Data Link (Layer 2)
• Physical (Layer 1)
11
 The functions that occur at each layer of the OSI
model.

12
 The OSI’s seven layers are divided into two groups. The
top three layers (software layers) define the rules of how
the applications working within host machines communicate
with each other as well as with end users.

13
 The bottom four layers define how the actual data is
transmitted from end to end. It define how data is transferred
through physical media, switches, and routers.

14
 The Application layer
Layer 7
Application Layer: At the very top of the OSI Reference
Model stack of layers, we find the Application layer which is
implemented by the network applications. These applications
produce the data to be transferred over the network. This
layer also serves as a window for the application services to
access the network and for displaying the received
information to the user. Protocols used in the Application
layer are SMTP, FTP, DNS, etc.
15
 The Application layer
Layer 7

16
 The Presentation Layer
Layer 6

The presentation layer is also called the Translation

layer. The data from the application layer is extracted
here and manipulated as per the required format to
transmit over the network. Protocols used in the
Presentation Layer are JPEG, MPEG, GIF,TLS/SSL, etc.

17
 The Presentation Layer
Layer 6

18
 The Presentation Layer
Layer 6

19
 The Session layer
Layer 5

Session Layer in the OSI Model is responsible for the

establishment of connections, management of
connections, terminations of sessions between two
devices. It also provides authentication and security.
Protocols used in the Session Layer are NetBIOS, PPTP.

20
 The Session layer
Layer 5

21
 The Session layer
Layer 5

22
 The Transport layer
Layer 4
The transport layer provides services to the application
layer and takes services from the network layer. The data in the
transport layer is referred to as Segments. It is responsible
for the end-to-end delivery of the complete message. The
transport layer also provides the acknowledgment of the
successful data transmission and re-transmits the data if an
error is found. Protocols used in Transport Layer are TCP,
UDP NetBIOS, PPTP.
23
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

24
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

25
 The Transport layer
Layer 4
At the sender’s side, the transport layer receives the
formatted data from the upper layers, performs
Segmentation, and also implements Flow and error control to
ensure proper data transmission. It also adds Source and
Destination port number in its header and forwards the
segmented data to the Network Layer. Generally, this
destination port number is configured, either by default or
manually.
26
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

27
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

28
 The Transport layer
Layer 4
For example, when a web application requests a web
server, it typically uses port number 80, because this is
the default port assigned to web applications. Many
applications have default ports assigned. At the Receiver’s
side, Transport Layer reads the port number from its
header and forwards the Data which it has received to the
respective application. It also performs sequencing and

29
reassembling of the segmented data.
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

30
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

Connection-Oriented Communication Transmission

Control Protocol (TCP) Before a transmitting host starts to
send segments down the model, the sender’s TCP process
contacts the destination’s TCP process to establish a
connection. The resulting creation is known as a virtual
circuit. This virtual circuit setup is called overhead. This
type of communication is called connection-oriented.
31
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

32
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

33
TCP segment Format
 The Transport layer
Layer 4
Windows are used to control the amount of outstanding,
unacknowledged data segments. The sending window
size is the amount of data that the sender can transmit before
receiving an acknowledgment from the receiver. The receiving
window size is the amount of data that the receiver can buffer
before sending an acknowledgment to the sender. The sender
and receiver negotiate the window sizes during the TCP
handshake process.
34
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

35
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

When any error occurs during any piece of data transfer in

windowing, they can be sent only one piece, not all pieces of data.

36
 The Transport layer
Layer 4
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) is a Transport Layer
protocol. UDP is a part of the Internet Protocol suite,
referred to as UDP/IP suite. Unlike TCP, it is an
unreliable and connectionless protocol. So, there
is no need to establish a connection before data
transfer. The UDP helps to establish low-latency and loss-
tolerating connections over the network. The UDP

37
enables process-to-process communication.
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

38
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

UDP segment Format

39
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

40
 The Transport layer
Layer 4

41