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You said:

how to call triger in sql server

ChatGPT said:

In SQL Server, you cannot directly "call" or "invoke" a trigger manually. A trigger is an
automatic action that is fired in response to certain events on a table or view, such as INSERT,
UPDATE, or DELETE. When the specified event occurs, the trigger is automatically executed.

However, you can test a trigger by performing the action that the trigger is designed to respond
to.

Here's an overview of how triggers work in SQL Server:

1. Create a Trigger: A trigger is created using the CREATE TRIGGER statement. For
example, you can create an AFTER INSERT trigger.

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CREATE TRIGGER trg_after_insert
ON dbo.YourTable
AFTER INSERT
AS
BEGIN
-- Trigger logic here
PRINT 'Insert Trigger Fired';
END;

This will fire automatically after an INSERT operation on YourTable.

2. Trigger Execution: To invoke the trigger, you just perform the event it listens for. In the
above example, the trigger would fire when a record is inserted into YourTable.

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INSERT INTO dbo.YourTable (Column1, Column2)
VALUES ('Value1', 'Value2');

This action will automatically fire the trg_after_insert trigger, executing the logic
within it.

3. Types of Triggers:
o AFTER Trigger: Executes after the event (e.g., AFTER INSERT, AFTER UPDATE,
AFTER DELETE).
 o INSTEAD OF Trigger: Replaces the event action. For example, instead of
performing an INSERT, you can define a custom behavior in the trigger.

Example of an INSTEAD OF trigger:

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CREATE TRIGGER trg_instead_of_insert
ON dbo.YourTable
INSTEAD OF INSERT
AS
BEGIN
-- Custom logic here
PRINT 'Instead of Insert Trigger Fired';
END;

4. Testing a Trigger:
o After creating the trigger, you can test it by performing the action it is designed to
respond to (e.g., INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE).
o Example: To test the AFTER INSERT trigger you created earlier, you simply insert
a row:

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INSERT INTO dbo.YourTable (Column1, Column2)
VALUES ('New Value', 'Test');

This will automatically invoke the trigger if the conditions match.

Key Notes:

 Triggers are designed to be event-driven. They run automatically based on changes to the
database rather than being directly invoked.
 You can check which triggers are associated with a table by querying the system catalog:

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SELECT *
FROM sys.triggers
WHERE parent_id = OBJECT_ID('dbo.YourTable');

Would you like help with a specific type of trigger or further details?

You said:

update triger
ChatGPT said:
In SQL Server, an UPDATE trigger is a type of trigger that fires automatically after an UPDATE
operation on a specified table. It allows you to define custom actions that should occur whenever
a record in the table is updated.

Creating an UPDATE Trigger

Here's an example of how to create an AFTER UPDATE trigger in SQL Server:

1. Basic Example of an AFTER UPDATE Trigger

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CREATE TRIGGER trg_after_update
ON dbo.YourTable
AFTER UPDATE
AS
BEGIN
-- Trigger logic goes here
PRINT 'Update Trigger Fired';

-- Example of checking for specific changes in the updated rows

IF UPDATE(Column1)
BEGIN
PRINT 'Column1 was updated';
END
IF UPDATE(Column2)
BEGIN
PRINT 'Column2 was updated';
END
END;

Explanation:

 CREATE TRIGGER trg_after_update: This defines the trigger named

trg_after_update.
 AFTER UPDATE: The trigger will fire after an UPDATE operation is completed on the table.
 IF UPDATE(ColumnName): This condition checks if a particular column was updated. In
the example, it checks if Column1 or Column2 was updated.
 The trigger will print messages to indicate which columns were updated.

Example Use Case: Auditing Updates

A common use case for an UPDATE trigger is to create an audit log that records the changes made
to the table.

2. Example: Creating an Audit Log with an UPDATE Trigger

Assume you have two tables:

  Employee (which contains employee data),
 EmployeeAudit (which stores a log of updates to the Employee table).

You can create an AFTER UPDATE trigger that stores the old and new values of any updated
records in the Employee table into the EmployeeAudit table.

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CREATE TRIGGER trg_employee_update
ON dbo.Employee
AFTER UPDATE
AS
BEGIN
DECLARE @EmployeeID INT, @OldSalary DECIMAL, @NewSalary DECIMAL;

-- Get the EmployeeID, OldSalary, and NewSalary from the inserted and
deleted tables
SELECT @EmployeeID = EmployeeID,
@OldSalary = d.Salary,
@NewSalary = i.Salary
FROM inserted i
INNER JOIN deleted d ON i.EmployeeID = d.EmployeeID;

-- Insert the old and new values into the EmployeeAudit table
INSERT INTO dbo.EmployeeAudit (EmployeeID, OldSalary, NewSalary,
ChangeDate)
VALUES (@EmployeeID, @OldSalary, @NewSalary, GETDATE());
END;

Explanation:

 inserted table: Contains the new values after the UPDATE.

 deleted table: Contains the old values before the UPDATE.
 The trigger captures the EmployeeID, OldSalary, and NewSalary and logs them into the
EmployeeAudit table along with the timestamp of the change.

Testing the UPDATE Trigger

To test the UPDATE trigger, you would perform an update operation on the Employee table:

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UPDATE dbo.Employee
SET Salary = 55000
WHERE EmployeeID = 1;

After this UPDATE is executed, the trigger will automatically log the old and new salary values
into the EmployeeAudit table (or perform any other logic you define).

Key Points:
  Inserted Table: Holds the new values after the update.
 Deleted Table: Holds the old values before the update.
 The UPDATE trigger executes automatically when an UPDATE operation occurs, and you
cannot manually "call" it.

Example: Using INSTEAD OF UPDATE Trigger

An INSTEAD OF trigger is another option that can be used to override the UPDATE operation.
Instead of performing the update, you can define custom logic.

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CREATE TRIGGER trg_instead_of_update
ON dbo.Employee
INSTEAD OF UPDATE
AS
BEGIN
-- Custom logic here
PRINT 'Instead of Update Trigger Fired';

-- Optionally, you can update the table in a custom way

UPDATE dbo.Employee
SET Salary = 60000
WHERE EmployeeID IN (SELECT EmployeeID FROM inserted);
END;

With an INSTEAD OF UPDATE trigger, the normal update operation is bypassed, and you can
define custom actions like setting specific column values.

Conclusion:

 AFTER UPDATE triggers run after the UPDATE operation has completed and are typically
used to enforce business rules, audit changes, or maintain other tables.
 INSTEAD OF UPDATE triggers override the UPDATE operation and allow you to define
custom behaviors.

Let me know if you'd like more detailed examples or explanations!

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