Summer Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT

PHYSICS
INDEX
Chapter
Lecture Chapter Name Page No.
Number

1&8 1 Kinematics 3 - 205

9 & 12 2 Forces 206 - 277

13 & 14 3 Momentum 278 - 316

15 to 18 4 Work, Power and Energy 317 - 394

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Lecture-wise Schedule
Lecture Number Content to be covered Page
number
1 Introduction to motion, introduction to vectors and 3 - 25
vector addition.
2 Vector addition (parallelogram law and polygon law), 26 - 53
vector subtraction, introduction to various terms in
kinematics.
3 Average speed based questions, average acceleration. 54 - 74
4 Introduction to graphs in Kinematics. 75 - 112
5 Derivation of the equations of uniform motion. 113 - 136
6 Displacement in the nth second, application of the 137 - 155
equations of uniform motion.
7 Questions involving multiple stages of uniform 156 -179
motion, introduction to motion under gravity.
8 Motion under gravity continued. 180 205
9 206 - 223
motion.
10 Linear 224 - 238

11 Gravitational force, Normal force, Tension, Spring 239 - 262

force, Free Body Diagrams, Weighing Machines.
12 Friction: Static and Kinetic. 263 - 277
13 Conservation of linear momentum. 278 - 297
14 Impulse, thrust force in rocket propulsion. 298 - 316
15 Work done by a force, formula for work done by 317 - 337
gravity.
16 Power delivered by a force, types of energy, principle 338 - 359
of conservation of energy.
17 Work energy theorem. 360 - 374
18 Definition of potential energy and its relation to work, 375 - 394
gravitational potential energy, principle of
conservation of mechanical energy.

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Chapter 1 Kinematics

Lecture 1
The Physical Sciences

These are the sciences that deal with the properties & behaviour of non-living things. Eg. Physics,
Chemistry, Astronomy and other related subjects.

What is Physics?
The nature around us is colourful and diverse. It contains phenomena of large varieties. The winds, the
sands, the waters, the planets, the rainbow, heating of objects on rubbing, the functioning of the human

taking place around us.

We expect that all these different events in nature take place according to some basic laws and revealing
these laws of nature from the observed events is physics. Simply put, physics is the study of nature and its
laws.

Mechanics

It is the branch of physics, concerned with the study of the conditions of rest or motion, of the objects
around us.

Dynamics

It is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the study of objects, taking into consideration the cause of
their motion.

Kinematics

It is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the study of the motion of objects, without considering the
cause of the motion. In this chapter we shall study kinematics.

Rest and Motion

When do we say that a body is at rest and when do we say that it is in motion?

You may say that if a body does not change its position as time passes it is at Rest. If a body changes its
position with time, it is said to be in Motion.

But when do you say a body is not changing its position? Is the tree outside your window at rest or in
motion? You may say it is at a rest, since it does not change its position according to you. Would a car
driver passing by the tree say the same? He would say the position of the tree is changing, and hence it is in

remind yourself that to an astronaut viewing the Earth from space, both you and the tree would appear to be
So, who is finally correct in their observation?

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Everyone is! Motion is a combined property of the object under study and the observer. There is no meaning
of rest or motion without the viewer. Nothing is in absolute rest or in absolute motion.

Frame of Reference

To thus talk about rest and motion we need a frame of reference. A convenient way to fix up the frame of
reference is to choose three mutually perpendicular axes and name them the X, Y, and Z axes. The observer
shall be at the origin of this coordinate system. The coordinates, (x, y, z) of the particle then specify the
position of the particle with respect to that frame. Add a clock into the frame of reference to measure the
time. If all the three coordinates x, y and z of the particle remain unchanged as time passes, we say that the
particle is AT REST with respect to this frame. If any one or more coordinates change with time, we say
that the body is MOVING with respect to this frame.

There is no rule or restriction on the choice of a frame. We can choose a frame of reference according to our
convenience to describe the situation under study.

Note: A point in space is specified by its three coordinates (x, y, z)

explosion, is specified by a place and time: (x, y, z, t).

What is an N-dimensional body?

A 0-dimensional object is like a point, which has no length, breadth, or height.

A 1-dimensional object is like a line, or a line segment, which has length, but no breadth or height.

A 2-dimensional object has length and height, but no depth. Examples of 2D objects are planes and
polygons.

A 3-dimensional object has length, height, and depth. Examples of 3D objects are cubes and spheres.

Motions In One, Two And Three Dimensions:

1D Motion: Motion in which the path of the body is one dimensional i.e. it is constrained to move along a
straight line. This is also known as rectilinear motion or linear motion.

E.g. : (i) Motion of a train along a straight railway track.

(ii) An object falling freely under gravity.

(iii) When a particle moves along the X axis so that only its x-coordinate changes.

2D Motion: Motion in which the path of the body is two dimensional i.e. it is constrained to move along a
plane

E.g. : (i) Motion of the striker on a carom board.

(ii) Motion of a football kicked by a footballer.

(iii) Motion of the planets around the sun.

(iv) When a particle moves in the X-Y plane so that only its x and y coordinates change.

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3D Motion: Motion in which the path of the body is three dimensional i.e. it is allowed to move
freely in 3D space.

E.g.: (i) A bird or a kite flying in the sky.

(ii) The random motion of gas molecules.

(iii) The motion of an aeroplane.

(iv) When a particle moves freely in 3D space so that its x, y and z coordinates can change.

Concept of a point object:

In mechanics/kinematics while studying the motion of an object, sometimes its dimension is of no

importance and the object may be treated as a point object without much error. When the size of the
object is much less in comparison to the distance covered by the object then the object is
considered as a point object.

E.g.: 1 If one travels by a car from one place to another faraway place, then the length of the car is
ignored as compared to the distance travelled.

E.g.: 2 The Earth can be regarded as a point object for studying its motion around the sun.

Types of motions:

Motion can also be classified into:

(i) Translational Motion: In this type of motion, every particle of the body moves parallelly.
The body as a whole move without rotating. Translational motion can be along a straight
line or along a curved path. The motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion
(E.g. A train speeding along a straight track) and along a curved path is called
curvilinear motion (E.g. The path of a ball hit by a batsman for a six).
(ii) Rotational Motion: If the particles of the body revolve in a circle about the same axis, then
the motion is said to be rotational (E.g. Rotation of the Earth about its own axis).
(iii) Oscillatory or Vibratory Motion: A to & fro motion about a fixed point is called an
oscillatory or vibratory motion (Eg. The motion of the pendulum of a clock).

Qn. We have all seen the motion of a giant wheel in a fair. Classify the motion of the carriage, and
that of the circular frame holding the carriage, into one of the above 3 categories.

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Ans. The circular frame holding the carriage undergoes rotational motion as all points on it rotate in a
circular path about the centre of the frame.
The carriage however undergoes translational motion. It only moves along a circular path. But the body as a
whole does not rotate, which is a good thing, else people would fall out when the carriage is upside down.
The carriage is always upright.

Scalars and Vectors

Mathematics is the language of physics. It becomes easier to describe, understand and apply the physical
principles, if one has a good knowledge of mathematics. In this chapter we shall introduce you to a branch
of mathematics called Vector Algebra, which will give us the vocabulary and tools needed to understand
Kinematics.

A Physical Quantity is any quantity that can be measured. In measuring it one assigns it a numerical value,
along with an appropriate unit. This numerical value along with the unit is termed as the MAGNITUDE of
the physical quantity. In addition to the magnitude, some physical quantities need a direction to be defined
to describe it completely. Based on this, Physical quantities can be classified as Scalars or Vectors.

Scalars: There are quantities that need a magnitude but not a direction for their description. They are
added by the ordinary rules of algebra (called scalar algebra). Eg. The mass of a system consisting of a
60kg man holding two 5kg dumbbells in his hand is 70kg. (70 = 60 + 5 + 5).

Other Examples of scalars: speed, mass, volume, density, current! etc.

Note how current has a direction, but still is not classified as a vector as it does not follow the laws of
vector addition which shall be dealt with shortly. They add according to the rules of scalar algebra.
E.g.

add the same way.

Consider the following example of the way, force, a vector quantity, undergoes addition.

Birbal to help him move to the car on the side of the road. Both men were strong and capable of pushing the
car with a force of 200N. Akbar starts pushing the car to the left with a force of 200N, and asks Birbal to
t with a force
of 200N.
What do you expect would happen?

What is the net force the two men manage to apply on the car?

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If you reasoned it should be 0N, you are correct.

After a heated exchange, Akbar gets Birbal to push the car along with him to the left, both now applying a
force of 200N each. What is the net force the two men manage to apply on the car now?

Notice how when you add the two forces in the first case, the result of the addition turned out to be zero as
their efforts cancelled each other out. In the second case the result of the addition was 400N, as their efforts

200 + 200 will always be 400. Vectors follow a whole different set of rules called vector algebra. With that
idea in mind let us now properly define a vector quantity.

Vectors: Vectors are physical quantities which need both magnitude and direction to describe them
completely. They also must obey the laws of vector addition, as demonstrated above. We shall go over the
exact law shortly. Velocity, displacement, acceleration and force are some examples.

A simple way to represent them is by a straight line with an arrow. The length of the line represents its
magnitude and the arrowhead points in the direction of the vector.

The lengths are drawn proportional to the magnitude. You may choose any scale you want, for instance one
may use a 2cm long arrow to represent a 4N Force vector (where 1 cm represents 2N). The choice is yours,
but once the choice is made, for another force vector in the same question, you must use the same scale. In
the above instance, an 8N vector would require a 4cm long arrow, and a 2N vector a 1 cm long arrow.
Moreover since lengths are only proportional to the magnitude, the real magnitude is often written next to
the arrow.
Eg.

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A vector directed into the plane of the paper (away from you) is represented with a cross within a circle.
The magnitude can be written next to it. (This is how an arrow would look as it flies away from you).

Eg. The force with which your pencil pushes down on the sheet of paper may be represented as

3N

A vector directed out of the plane of the paper (towards you) is represented with a dot within a circle.
The magnitude can be written next to it. (This is how an arrow would look as it flies towards you).

E.g. The velocity of a bullet flying towards you, in a 3D movie (fortunately) may be represented as
100 m/s

Vector Symbols

As you may have seen in school, for scalars we have been using English or Greek alphabets as symbols.
For e.g.

For vectors we shall use alphabets either written in bold, or alphabets with an arrow or bar over it.
For e.g. , .

The corresponding magnitudes of these vectors will be represented by:-

1. The same alphabet without the bar or the bold font e.g.
2. The vector symbol (with the bar or the bold font) but surrounded by the mod symbol. E.g.
|A|, | .

E.g. Velocity of 4m/s towards the East can be represented by

V 4m/s (East)

But its magnitude (called speed) will be represented by V or

A vector can also be written as the letters of its head and tail with an arrow above, like this:

Note how it is labelled with the tail A first and the head B second (since the arrow is drawn from the tail A
to the head B).

Multiplication or division of a vector with a positive scalar:

When vectors are multiplied or divided by positive scalars only their magnitudes get multiplied or divided
by the scalar, while their directions remain unchanged.

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E.g. If is 2 m/s upwards, find 3 and .

Ans. The direction stays the same since the scalars are positive. The magnitude of 2 m/s get multiplied by 3
and divided by 2 respectively.

3 = 6m/s upwards, = 1m/s upwards

Multiplication or division of a vector with a negative scalar:

When vectors are multiplied or divided by negative scalars only their magnitudes get multiplied or divided
by the absolute value of the scalar (value without the minus sign), while their directions get reversed.

E.g. If is 4 m/s upwards, find - 3 and .

Ans. The direction gets reversed since the scalars are negative. The magnitude of 4 m/s get multiplied by 3
and divided by 2 respectively.

- 3 = 12m/s downwards, = 2m/s downwards

Types of Vectors:

Coplanar Vectors:

Two or more vectors are said to be coplanar if all their heads and tails lie in the same plane.

Zero or Null vector:

It has 0 magnitude and its direction is not defined. It is represented as .

[Just as subtracting two scalars would give a scalar, similarly subtracting two vectors would give a vector.
Just as we needed to define a zero in scalar algebra so that we can say 4 4 is 0 (a scalar). Similarly, we
needed to define one in vector algebra so that we can say (a vector).]

Parallel and Antiparallel Vectors:

Two vectors are said to be parallel if they point in the same direction and they are said to be anti-parallel if
they point in opposite directions.
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If and are parallel vectors, then is some positive constant into .

If and are antiparallel vectors, then is some negative constant into . Eg

Equal Vectors:

Two vectors are said to be equal if their directions and magnitudes are equal. A vector can thus be moved
parallel to itself (without rotating it, also called as translation), and the vector would remain unchanged.

Unit Vector:

A vector with magnitude 1 is called a unit vector. The symbol of a unit vector is an alphabet with a cap over
it like

The unit vector parallel to a vector is represented by the symbol and can be found by dividing the
vector by its magnitude A.

A = 2m/s

Unit vectors along the X Y and Z axes are respectively represented as and

Unit vectors opposite the X Y and Z axes are respectively represented as and
Thus, a vector parallel to these unit vectors can be represented by their magnitude times the unit vector.
For example, a vector of magnitude 2N along the X axis can be written as 2N .
E.g. What can a vector of magnitude 3 m/s, and opposite to the Z axis, be represented as?
Ans. - 3m/s .
Vector Addition
Triangle Law of Vector Addition
If and are the two vectors to be added, a diagram is drawn in which the tail of coincides with the head
of . The vector joining the tail of with the head of is the vector sum of and .

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And it doesn't matter in which order we add them, we get the same result:

E.g. When Akbar pushed his car by a force of 200N to the left and Birbal with a force of 200N to the right,
the net result was a zero vector. Prove this by the triangle law.

Ans.

200N

200N
Note that in these diagrams, length must be proportional to the magnitude of the forces. Since both forces
wo vectors, by moving
parallelly

e length of this line will be zero, and thus the resultant

will be zero.

E.g. When Akbar and Birbal both pushed the car by a force of 200N to the left, the net result was 400N.
Prove this by the triangle law.

Ans.

200N

200N

parallelly and placing its tail on the head of Akb

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magnitude of the resultant, be the sum of the i.e. 200N + 200N = 400N.

E.g. To compensate for his initial foolishness of pushing the car in the opposite direction, Birbal now pushes
the car with a force of 500N to the left, while Akbar continues to push with 200N towards the left. What is
the net force on the car now?

Ans.

Note that since the magnitudes are in the ratio 2:5, the lengths of the arrows must also be in the ratio 2:5.
(You need not exactly draw this out with a scale. You may simply draw a bigger arrow for Birba
while mentally making a note that the ratio of the lengths is exactly 2:5).

Here again the resultant (addition) of the

200N = 700N.

The final answer is 700N to the left.

E.g. Finally had Birbal continued pushing to the right, but with a force of 500N, while Akbar, pushed to the
left with a force of 200N, what would the resultant (addition) of the two forces be?

Ans.

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Applying triangle law:-

magnit - 200N = 300N.

The final answer is 300N to the right.

Conclusion

The magnitude of the vector addition of two parallel vectors is the sum of their magnitudes.

if and are parallel.

The magnitude of the vector addition of two antiparallel vectors is the difference in their magnitudes.

if and are antiparallel.

(The difference of two scalars x and y is | x y |, which means after subtracting y from x, the mod will
remove any minus sign if present. For e.g. The difference of 3 and 5 is | 3 5| = | -2| = 2. A mod thus
removes the direction from a vector, and the minus sign, if present, from a scalar.)

Key Points:
1. Dynamics is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the study of objects, taking into consideration
the cause of their motion.
2. Kinematics is a branch of Mechanics that deals with the study of the motion of objects, without
considering the cause of the motion.
3. Motion is a combined property of the object under study and the observer. There is no meaning of
rest or motion without the viewer. Nothing is in absolute rest or in absolute motion.
4. Translational Motion: In this type of motion, every particle of the body moves parallelly. The body
as a whole move without rotating. Translational motion can be along a straight line or along a
curved path. The motion along a straight line is called rectilinear motion and along a curved path
is called curvilinear motion
5. Rotational Motion: If the particles of the body revolve in a circle about the same axis, then the
motion is said to be rotational.

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6. Oscillatory or Vibratory Motion: A to & fro motion about a fixed point is called an oscillatory or
vibratory motion.
7. Scalars are physical quantities that need a magnitude but not a direction for their description. They
are added by the ordinary rules of algebra (called scalar algebra).
8. Vectors are physical quantities which need both magnitude and direction to describe them
completely. They also must obey the triangle law of vector addition.
9. Though current has a direction, it is still not classified as a vector as it does not follow the laws of
vector addition. Instead, it adds like a scalar.
10. A simple way to represent vectors is by an arrow. The length of the line is taken to be proportional
the arrowhead points in the direction of the vector.
11. Two vectors are said to be parallel if they point in the same direction, and they are said to be anti-
parallel if they point in opposite directions.
12. Two vectors are said to be equal if both their directions and magnitudes are equal. A vector can
thus be moved parallel to itself (without rotating it, also called as translation), and the vector would
remain unchanged.
13. A vector with magnitude 1 is called a unit vector. The unit vector parallel to a vector is
represented by the symbol and can be found by dividing the vector by its magnitude A.

14. To add two vectors, by the triangle law of vector addition, they must be displaced parallelly, till they
are joined head-to-tail. Then the vector drawn from the available tail, to the available head, will be
the resultant (sum) of the two vectors.
15. The magnitude of the vector addition of two parallel vectors is the sum of their magnitudes.
if and are parallel.

16. The magnitude of the vector addition of two antiparallel vectors is the difference in their magnitudes.
if and are antiparallel.

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Solved Examples
1. Two vectors and have magnitudes of 5 and 12 respectively. What can be the maximum
magnitude of their resultant? When does this occur?

Solution. (17)

For the maximum magnitude of the resultant the two vectors must act in the same direction. The
magnitude of the vector addition of two parallel vectors is the sum of their magnitudes. Thus, the
answer is 5 + 12 = 17.

2. Two vectors and have magnitudes of 5 and 12 respectively. What can be the minimum
magnitude of their resultant? When does this occur?

Solution. (7)

For the minimum magnitude of the resultant the two vectors must act in opposite directions. The
magnitude of the vector addition of two antiparallel vectors is the difference in their magnitudes.
Thus, the answer is 12 - 5 = 7.

3. Two vectors and have magnitudes of 5 and 12 respectively. What is the magnitude of their
resultant if they are perpendicular.

Solution. (13)

Join the two perpendicular vectors head to tail as shown. The resultant will be the hypotenuse, which
comes out to be 13 by Pythagoras theorem. (Please remember this popular Pythagorean triplet of 5,
12 and 13.)

4. Two vectors and have magnitudes of 5 and 12 respectively. What can be the maximum
magnitude of ? When does this occur? Hint:

Solution. (17)

We will formally teach subtraction in the next lesson, none the less we can easily find , and add it
to to get is a vector of magnitude 12 opposite , and has a magnitude of 5.

When and are in the same direction, then we get the maximum magnitude of the resultant to
be the sum of the magnitudes of these 2 vectors, that is .
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When and are in the same direction, and will be in opposite directions.

5. Two vectors and have magnitudes of 5 and 12 respectively. What can be the minimum
magnitude of ? When does this occur?

Solution. (7)

As we saw in the previous question is a vector of magnitude 12 opposite , and has a

magnitude of 5.

When and are in opposite directions, then we get the magnitude of the resultant to be the
minimum and it will be the difference of the magnitudes of these 2 vectors, that is .

When and are in opposite directions, and will be in the same direction.

6. A vector is not changed if

(A) It is rotated through an arbitrary angle (B) Its direction is reversed

(C) It is multiplied by an arbitrary scalar (D) It is slid parallel to itself

Solution. (D)

The first 2 options change the direction of the vector, the third option changes its magnitude, but

option.

7. If due West, and at an angle of North of East, then find the magnitude of
.

Solution. (3N)

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8. The vectors and are such that , then?
(A) (B) (C) (D)

Solution. (D)

9. Forces proportional to AB, BC, and 2CA act along the sides of a triangle ABC in order. Their
resultant is represented in magnitude as

(A) CA (B) AC (C) BC (D) CB

Solution. (A)

Now adding AC to 2 CA, is adding AC to CA + CA.

AC and one CA add up to zero as CA is the negative of AC (equal in magnitude and opposite in
direction.) Thus, after they cancel out, we are left with just CA.
(AB + BC + 2CA = AC + CA + CA = CA)

10. Out of the following pairs of forces, the resultant of which cannot be 4N

(A) 2N and 2N (B) 2N and 4N (C) 2N and 6N (D) 2N and 8N

Solution. (D)

For A the max and min values of the resultant are 2+2 and 2-2 respectively. The range of possible
values is thus 0 to 4. Thus 4 is possible.

For B the max and min values of the resultant are 4+2 and 4-2 respectively. The range of possible
values is thus 2 to 6. Thus 4 is possible.

For C the max and min values of the resultant are 6+2 and 6-2 respectively. The range of possible
values is thus 4 to 8. Thus 4 is possible.
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For A the max and min values of the resultant are 8+2 and 8-2 respectively. The range of possible
values is thus 6 to 10. Thus 4 is not possible.

11. Two forces are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 18N, the magnitude of their resultant is 12N
and their resultant is perpendicular to the smaller force. Then the magnitudes of the forces are

Solution. (13N and 5N)

Let the magnitudes of the smaller vector be x and that of the bigger vector be 18-x.

The resultant and these 2 vectors form a triangle, by triangle law, and we now know that the triangle
is a right-angled triangle, with the resultant and the smaller vector as the perpendicular sides, and the
bigger vector as the hypotenuse.

Pythagoras theorem

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Practice for lecture -1

MCQ / Objective:
(Level - I)

1. Which of the following is not a vector?

(A) Velocity (B) Current (C) Force (D) Momentum

2. Which one of the following is not a scalar quantity?

(A) Distance (B) Acceleration (C) Speed (D) Mass

3. If A = B then which of the following are always true?

(A) (B) (C) and are parallel (D) None of these

4. Which of the following are examples of one-dimensional motion

(A) Landing of an aircraft

(B) The Earth revolving around the sun

(C) Motion of a point on the rim of the wheels of a moving train

(D) Motion of a train running on a straight track

5. If in a triangle , sides and are represented by vector and respectively then the side
represented by is?

(A) PR (B) RP (C) QP (D) RQ

6.
(A) Cannot be negative (B) Cannot be positive
(C) Cannot be zero (D) Can be negative
7. value
(A) Cannot be negative (B) Cannot be positive
(C) Cannot be zero (D) Can be negative
8. * If is a vector of magnitude 5 along positive , and is a vector of magnitude 3 along negative ,
then their resultant is

(A) 8 (B) 2 (C) 8 (D) 2

9. A force of 6N and 8N can be applied together to produce a single force of
(A) 1N (B) 11N (C) 15N (D) 20N

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10. If a vector is multiplied by a negative scalar, what happens to its direction?

(A) It remains the same (B) It reverses

(C) It becomes zero (D) It becomes a scalar

More than One Correct:

(LEVEL II)

1. If two vectors are equal then?

(A) They can be antiparallel (B) They must be of same magnitude

(C) They must be lying on the same line (D) They may be lying on the same line

2. If two vectors add up to give a null vector then?

(A) They must be parallel (B) Their lines must be parallel

(C) They must lie on the same line (D) They must have the same magnitude

3. * If , where is a scalar, then both vectors must?

(A) Be parallel (B) Be antiparallel (C) Be along parallel lines (D) Lie on the same line

4. * If a body moves along a circular path, then its motion?

(A) May be translational (B) May be rotational

(C) Must be one dimensional (D) Must be two dimensional

5. * (A) If is a vector then always represents its magnitude

(B) If is a vector then A always represents its magnitude

(C) If A is a scalar, then |A| always represents its value

(D) If A is a scalar, then |A| always represents its absolute value

Integer Type Questions

1. If East, and West, then find in .

2. If East, and West, then find in .

3.* If East, and West, then find in Hint:

4. If East, and West, then find in .

5.* If East, and North, then find in N. (Hint: Use the Law)

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Match the Column

1. * Match the entries in column 1 with the corresponding types of motion in column 2. (Each option in
column 1 may match with only ONE option in column 2. So, choose the most appropriate answer).

Column A Column B
(A) The spinning of a ballerina (P) Rotational Motion
(B) A car being driven down a straight road as seen (Q) Translational Motion
by the driver
(C) A person sitting in a giant wheel (R) Oscillatory Motion
(D) A child swinging back and forth on a swing (S) No motion at all

Bonus Questions

1. * Two force are such that the sum of their magnitudes is 16N, the magnitude of their resultant is 8N
and their resultant is perpendicular to the smaller force. Then the magnitudes of the forces are?

2. * Two vectors acting in opposite directions have a resultant of 5 units. If they act at right angles to
each other, their resultant is 25 units. Calculate the magnitudes of the two vectors.

3. * If three vectors of magnitude 10N, 1N, and 2N combine what is the maximum and minimum
magnitude of their resultant. (As we
arguments to solve this one.)

4. * If four vectors each of magnitude 5N combine what is the maximum and minimum magnitude of
t, use logical arguments to solve
this one.)

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Hints for Challenging Questions

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)
Q.3 Hint:
The equation given in the question relates to the magnitudes of the vectors, not necessarily their
directions. Think about what this implies for their possible orientations.

Q.5 Hint:
In a triangle, the sum of two consecutive vectors representing two sides gives the vector of the third
side. Think about the vector addition rule:

Which side corresponds to the resultant vector ?

Q.7 Hint:
A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude and no direction. Scalars can represent various
physical properties like mass, temperature, and time.

Q.8 Hint:
Vectors along the positive -axis are represented by , and vectors along the negative -axis are
represented by .

Use vector addition to find the resultant:

Think about how their magnitudes combine when they point in opposite directions.

Q.9 Hint:
The resultant of two forces depends on the angle between them. The maximum possible resultant
occurs when the forces act in the same direction, and the minimum occurs when they act in opposite
directions. The resultant can take any value in between these two extremes.

Using this concept, find the possible range of resultant forces and identify the correct answer from
the given options

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q.1 Hint:
For two vectors to be equal, their magnitude and direction must be identical. However, vectors are
position-independent, meaning their location does not affect equality. Think about how this affects
their alignment, orientation, and position.

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Q.2 Hint:
For two vectors to sum to a null vector (zero vector), they must cancel each other out completely.
Think about what conditions on their magnitude, direction, and positioning would allow this to
happen.

Q.3 Hint:
The equation means that one vector is a scaled version of the other. Think about how this
affects their relative positioning and directions.

Q.4 Hint:
When a body moves along a circular path, think about whether its position changes in one dimension
or more. Also, consider whether the motion involves just movement of the entire body or also
spinning about an axis.

Q.5 Hint:
For a vector, its magnitude is represented using modulus notation with bars. For a scalar, modulus
notation represents something slightly different. Carefully distinguish between these cases to find the
correct statement.

Integer Type Questions

Q.2 Hint:
Pay attention to the absence of bars in the notation. Recall what that represents for a vector.
Q.4 Hint:
Again, pay attention to the absence of bars in the notation.
Q.5 Hint:
The two vectors are perpendicular to each other (one along East and the other along North). When
two vectors are at , the magnitude of their resultant can be found using the Pythagorean theorem:

Substitute the given values and solve for the magnitude of the resultant force.

Bonus Questions
Q.1 Hint:
You are given two forces whose sum is 16 N , and their resultant is 8 N , which is perpendicular to
the smaller force.

Since the resultant is perpendicular to one of the forces, the forces form a right-angled triangle with
their vector sum. Think about how the Pythagorean theorem applies in this case:

Use this equation along with the given sum of forces to solve for their magnitudes.

Q.2 Hint:
You are given two vectors that:

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1. Act in opposite directions and have a resultant of 5 units (suggesting their difference is 5 ).
2. Act at right angles and have a resultant of units (suggesting they form a right-angled
triangle).

Use the Pythagorean theorem with these conditions:

and

Solve these equations to find the magnitudes of the two vectors.

Q.3 Hint:
To find the maximum and minimum possible resultant magnitudes of three vectors, think about the
conditions that maximize and minimize their combined effect:

Maximum Resultant: Occurs when all vectors are in the same direction (simply add their
magnitudes).
Minimum Resultant: Occurs when the vectors are aligned in opposite directions as much as
possible (use subtraction logically).

Use these ideas to determine the range of possible resultant magnitudes.

Q.4 Hint:
To determine the maximum and minimum possible resultant magnitudes of four vectors, consider:

Maximum Resultant: When all four vectors are aligned in the same direction, their magnitudes
simply add up.
Minimum Resultant: When the vectors are arranged in such a way that they cancel each other out
as much as possible.

Think about different possible orientations of the vectors and use logical reasoning to estimate the
resultant.

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Summer Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B B D D A
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. A D D B B

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. BD BD C ABD ABD

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. 1 7 7 1 5

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans. A P, B S, C Q, D R

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4

Ans. 6N and 10N (15 units and 20 units.) (13N and 7N) (20N and 0N)

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Summer Foundation Physics Booklet Bakliwal Tutorials - IIT
Lecture 2
not collinear.

E.g. If Akbar was pushing the car towards the West with a force of 300N, and Birbal (still clueless) pushes
the car towards the North with a force of 400N, find the magnitude of the net force on the car.

Ans.

The cardinal directions

300N
Akba =

= 400N

right-angled triangle we can find its

magnitude by Pythagoras theorem. i.e.

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ng the
North-West direction, but that would be technically incorrect. Only the direction exactly between North and
West, making with North and West, is technically called the North-West direction.

Parallelogram Law

The same Triangle rule may be stated in a slightly different way. We draw the vectors and with both the
tails coinciding. Taking these two as the adjacent sides, we complete the parallelogram. The diagonal
through the common tails gives the sum of the two vectors. Thus, in the figure below

E.g.

Ans.

300N
=

Now the resultant (addition) of the two for

forces to the diagonally opposite corner. Again, Pythagoras
theorem. i.e.

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Notice how this method gives the same answer of 500N, directed North of West.

Polygon Law of Vector Addition

This is an extension of the Triangle Law, in the sense that it helps us add more than 2 vectors at the same
time. To do this Join all the Vectors such that the head of one coincides with the tail of the next. Then draw
a vector from the available tail of the first vector to the available head of the last vector, and this shall be the
sum of all the vectors, also called as the RESULTANT of the vectors.

E.g. bar now calls his friend Chatur to help him move his car Eastwards.
Akbar was still applying a force of 300N due West, And Birbal 400N, due North (for some reason). When

the net force on the car in this situation?

Ans.
300N
=
= 400N
100N
=
, and
on the head of . Thus, creating a chain where vectors are joined head to tail. (They could have been joined
in any order eg. B to C to A, C to A to B etc.)

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Again, Pythagoras theorem. i.e

Vector Subtraction

Let and be two vectors. We define as the sum of the vector and the vector . To subtract
from , invert the direction of and add to . The figure below shows the process.

(reverse to
get )

E.g.: A = 4 towards north and B = 3 towards East. Then A-B =?

The Vector B is reversed before adding it by the Triangle Law to A.

By Pythagoras,

The Direction is towards the West of North

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Alternatively, in the Parallelogram Law Diagram, while the diagonal from the common tail to the opposite
end gives the addition of the two vectors, the other diagonal gives the two subtraction vectors. Why two
subtraction vectors? One would be and the other would be .

would have its head on ,

while would have its head on .

Eg. When Akbar, Birbal and Chatur joined forces they created a net force of 100N due North. In this
of 100N due East. Akbar wanted to see if he was better off without
rce from their net force . Help him find

Ans.

To subtract we must add the negative of . To find - .

and - , by the Triangle Law.

By Pythagoras Theorem

This time since the triangle is a right-angled isosceles triangle, the resultant is exactly between North and
West and thus this time the direction can be called North-West.

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CHANGE in any Quantity

The change in any quantity, say x is is signified mathematically by adding a (Greek alphabet capital delta)
before the quantity such as x. Its value is always found by subtracting the initial value of the quantity from
the final value.

E.g. Karan was 150 cm tall before his summer break. At the end of his summer break he was 163cm tall.
What is the change in his height?

Positive change in a scalar implies an increase in its magnitude, while a negative change implies a decrease
in its magnitude.
E.g. The price of 1kg of onions was Rs. 60 in June, and Rs. 40 in July. Find the change in its price.
(this implies the prices dropped by 20 Rs.)

Similarly change in a vector is defined as the final value of the vector minus its initial value.
E.g. A car had a velocity of 2m/s due North. It then turns to the right and has a velocity of 2m/s due East.
Find the change in its velocity.

Resolution of Vectors

Consider any computer game that you may have played that involves the movement of a character. You may
have used the arrow keys to make a character move up, down, left, and right quite comfortably. But say
your character needed to move diagonally. For instance, say your character needed to jump and move to the
right. What would you do?

Any child would instinctively press the right and up arrow keys to achieve the above. Without realising it
the child right there has demonstrated the ab

The basic philosophy here is that any diagonal vector can be imagined to be a sum of one horizontal and one
vertical vector.

This is easily proven by the triangle law.

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The vector a is broken up into

the two vectors and
Note that vectorially . Here is called as the x-component of the vector, and is called the

y-component of the vector. On the other hand, the magnitudes obey Pythagoras theorem .

In the above example if we take our X axis towards the right and our Y axis upwards, then.

can be written as and can be written as . Thus .

A convenient way of writing the same would be .

Thus can be written (3, 5) in the example below while its magnitude will be

Assuming the X axis and Y axis to still be towards the right and upwards respectively, the following vector
will be written as (- 4, 2) as the x-component of the vector is 4 towards the left. While the y-component is 2
upwards.

Note:

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E.g. The following vectors are represented in their polar form, along with their respective components.
Represent them in their coordinate forms, assuming the X- axis is to the right and the Y-Axis is upwards.
Also find their magnitudes.
1.

2.

Ans. 1. . (As here both the components are negative.)

Ans. 2. . (As here only the y component is negative).
Here negative implies the components are opposite the axes specified in the question.
The corresponding magnitudes by Pythagoras theorem are

a 22 2 2 4 4 8 2 2, and
b 32 42 9 16 25 5
E.g. The following vectors are written in component form. Find the magnitudes of the vectors and
draw them in polar form. (Taking X towards the right and Y upwards.)

1. a = 3, 2 2. b = 2,1
Ans. 1. The magnitude by Pythagoras theorem is

Thus by Law

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2. The magnitude by Pythagoras theorem is

b bx by

Law

The reason we resolve a vector into its components is because adding and subtracting them is very easy in
the coordinate form.

The vector (8,13) and the vector (26, 7) add up to the vector (34, 20)
Similarly, the vector (8,13) minus the vector (26, 7) gives the vector (8-26, 13-7) = (-18, 6)
Note:

E.g. If and
Then find , and .
Ans.

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Kinematics Terms:

Position Vector
The position vector of a particle is the vector going from the origin of the reference frame to the particle. It
is represented by the symbol and it is measured in metres.

Displacement

The displacement of a particle is defined as the change in its position vector. It is represented by the symbol
. Thus .

initial position , and the final position . Thus displacement

This comes from the parallelogram law vector subtraction method we saw some time ago.

Displacement is thus also the vector going from starting position to final position. Its magnitude is the
distance between the starting and finishing points. Its direction is from the starting point to the
finishing point.
The SI unit of Displacement is metres.

Distance

It is the length of the actual path travelled by a particle. It is a scalar quantity and is also measured in metres.
Let us represent it by the symbol D. In the above example the curve length ACB is equal to the distance.

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Distance is always greater than or equal to the magnitude of the displacement.

E.g.

E.g.

E.g.

These 2 will he equal (only when the particle moves along a straight
line without reversing its direction)

Zero Displacement

When the initial and final positions of an object are the same, the displacement is zero.

E.g. consider the diagram given below.

Example for zero displacement

Here the Displacement is a null vector, as the length of the line from the starting to the finishing point is
zero, as the two points are one and the same.

What would distance be in the above example?

The distance would be the total length of the path travelled i.e. D = 3m + 5m + 3m + 5m = 18m
Displacement and Distance in a 1 D context
In 1D motion the position of a particle is defined by its X coordinate in the reference frame. Displacement
thus becomes . Here when the S will be negative which will imply the net
displacement is towards negative X.

E.g. Find the distance travelled and the displacement for the path BAC

Ans. Distance D = length of BA + length of AC = (60-35) km + (60-25) km = 25 km + 35 km = 60 km

Displacement S = = 25km 35km = -10 km = 10km towards negative x.
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E.g. Find the distance travelled and the displacement of the following objects.

Ans.

Object A (x: 0 to 7)

Distance D = 7

Object B (x: 12 to 7)

Distance D = 5

Object C (x : 2 to 10, 10 to 8, 8 to 10)

Distance D = 8 + 2 + 2 = 12

Object D (x : 9 to 3, 3 to 5)

Distance D = 6 + 2 = 8

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Distance Displacement

1. Distance is the length of the path actually travelled 1. The magnitude of Displacement is the shortest
by a body in any direction. distance between the initial and the final positions
of a body.

2. Distance between two given points depends upon 2. Displacement between two points is measured by
the path chosen. the straight path between the points.

3. Distance is always positive. 3. Displacement (in 1D motion) may be positive as

well as negative and even zero.

4. Distance is a scalar quantity. 4. Displacement is a vector quantity

5. Distance will never decrease as the particle moves 5. Displacement may decrease as the particle
moves.

SPEED:

The rate of change of the distance travelled by a body with respect to time is called its speed. It is a
scalar quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is metre/second.

The speed defined at an instant is called the instantaneous speed. This is the speed shown by the
speedometer of a car at a given instant. When one talks about speed, they are often referring to the
instantaneous speed.

The speed defined for an interval of time is called the average speed. The average speed is defined as
the total distance travelled by the object, divided by the total time taken to cover that distance.

Average speed =

VELOCITY:

The rate of change of the displacement of a body with respect to time is called its velocity. It is a
vector quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is, like speed, also metre/second.

The velocity defined at an instant is called the instantaneous velocity.

This vector has a magnitude equal to the instantaneous speed of the particle, and its direction is the same
as the direction along which the particle

talks about velocity, they are often referring to the instantaneous velocity.

The velocity defined for an interval of time is called the average velocity. The average velocity is
defined as the Displacement of the object, divided by the total time interval. Its direction is the same as
the direction of the Displacement.

where is the total distance travelled in time

Note: The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is equal to the average speed.
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But the magnitude of the average velocity is not the same as the average speed.

Just as the magnitude of displacement is less than or equal to the distance, so is the magnitude of the
average velocity (Displacement/time), less than or equal to the average speed (Distance/Time).

In 1D motion we take our positive X-axis to be along the line, and then vectors which are along the
positive X-axis are taken as positive and vectors along the negative X-axis are taken as negative.

E.g. If a car moves with a speed of 30m/s for 3 secs, due North, then immediately turns around and
moves with a speed of 20m/s due South for 2 secs, then assuming the positive X-axis is directed
due North, what is the velocity in the first 3 secs, and what is it in the last 2 secs.
Ans. First 3 secs: The velocity vector is 30m/s due North, or 30m/s along positive X-axis, or .
Thus, by the above instruction we can say the velocity is 30m/s (positive).
Last 2 secs: The velocity vector is 20m/s due South, or 20m/s along negative X-axis, or -
.

Thus, by the above instruction we can say the velocity is -20m/s (negative).
(Basically, we skip writing the to keep it concise. Since motion is anyways along X, one can
imagine that the is implied. A velocity of -20m/s really means - .)

Note: With the above convention, velocity may appear to be positive or negative, but speed will
always appear to be positive. Or we can say Speed = | Velocity |.

E.g. In the previous example, find the distance, displacement, average speed, and the average
velocity.

Ans. Distance covered in the first 3 seconds is 30m/s x 3s = 90m. After turning around the distance
covered in the next 2 seconds will be 20m/s x 2s = 40m. This makes the total distance 90m + 40m
= 130m.

Displacement in the first 3 secs is 90 m due North or 90m (positive as along X).

Displacement in the next 2 secs is 40m due South or -40m (negative as opposite X).

This makes the total Displacement = 90m 40m = 50m. (positive here implies the net
displacement is due North.)

Avg. Speed =

Avg. velocity =

(Avg. being positive 10m/s really implies a vector of 10m/s , which means 10m/s due North.)

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Speed, Time & Distance Conversions

Unit conversions are an important part of physics. While we may memorise the most common ones, what
will benefit you the most is to observe and develop the skill of converting from one unit to another. We all

1 km/hr m/s

By cross multiplication we also get, 1 m/s km/hr

To convert from km / hour to m / sec, we multiply by 5 / 18.

So, 1 km / hour = 5 / 18 m / sec

To convert from m / sec to km / hour, we multiply by 18 / 5.

So, 1 m / sec = 18 / 5 km / hour = 3.6 km / hour

Similarly, 1 km/hr = 5/8 miles/hour

1 kilometre= 1000 metres = 0.6214 mile

1 mile= 1.609 kilometre

1 hour= 60 minutes= 60*60 seconds= 3600 seconds

Key Points

1. Parallelogram law: To add/subtract two vectors by this law, we must join them tail-to-tail, and then
complete the parallelogram by drawing the remaining opposite sides, parallel to these vectors. The
diagonal from the common tail to the opposite end gives the addition of the two vectors, the other
diagonal gives the two subtraction vectors. To remember which is which, remember that "the head
comes first". So would have its head on , while would have its head on .

2. Polygon Law: To add more than 2 vectors at the same time, join all the vectors such that the head of
one coincides with the tail of the next. Then draw a vector from the available tail of the first vector
to the available head of the last vector, and this shall be the sum of all the vectors, also called as the
RESULTANT of the vectors.
3. Vector Subtraction: To find , reverse the direction of the second vector and add it to the first
vector.
4. The change in any quantity is always found by subtracting the initial value of the quantity from the
final value.

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5. A vector can be resolved into its x and y components and be written as
.

6. The magnitude of the vector written above, will be .

7. When we represent vectors with an arrow and its magnitude, we are representing them in their

8. When we represent vectors in terms of their components, we are representing them in their

9. Addition and subtraction in the coordinate form:

10. The position vector of a particle is the vector going from the origin of the reference frame to the
particle. It is represented by the symbol and it is measured in metres.
11. The displacement of a particle is defined as the change in its position vector. It is represented by the
symbol . Thus .

12. Displacement is also the vector going from starting position to final position. Its magnitude is the
distance between the starting and finishing points. Its direction is from the starting point to the
finishing point.
The SI unit of Displacement is metres.
13. Distance is the length of the actual path travelled by a particle. It is a scalar quantity and is also
measured in metres.
14. The rate of change of the distance travelled by a body with respect to time is called its speed. It is
a scalar quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is metre/second.
15. The speed defined at an instant (shown by the speedometer of a car) is called the instantaneous
speed. When one talks about an object's current speed, they are often referring to the instantaneous
speed.
16. The speed defined for an interval of time is called the average speed. The average speed is defined
as the total distance travelled by the object, divided by the total time taken to cover that distance.

Average speed where ' ' is the total distance travelled in time ' '

17. The rate of change of the displacement of a body with respect to time is called its velocity. It is a
vector quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is metre/second.
18. The velocity defined at an instant is called the instantaneous velocity. The magnitude of this vector
is equal to the instantaneous speed of the particle, and its direction is the same as the direction along
which the particle is moving at that instant.
19. The velocity defined for an interval of time is called the average velocity. The average velocity is
defined as the Displacement of the object, divided by the total time interval. Its direction is the same
as the direction of the Displacement.

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where
20. Note: The magnitude of the instantaneous velocity is equal to the average speed.
But the magnitude of the average velocity is not the same as the average speed.

Solved Examples

1. Convert into .

Solution.

2. The average speeds of a bicycle, an athlete and a car are and

respectively. Which of the three is the fastest and which is the slowest?

Solution.

Thus, the average speeds of the bicycle, the athlete and the car are and
respectively. So, the car is the fastest and the bicycle is the slowest.

3. The positions of a scooter along a straight road from a reference point at different times are given in
the following table. Is the motion uniform or nonuniform from . to .? From 10.35
a.m. to 10.55 a.m.?

Time 10.30 a.m 10.35 a.m 10.40 a.m 10.45 a.m 10.50 a.m 10.55 a.m

Position 5.0 km 7.0 km 11.0 km 15.0 km 19.0 km 23.0 km

Solution. From . to . the scooter covers , but from . to . it

covers . In both cases the time interval is 5 minutes. So, the scooter has not undergone equal
displacements in equal time intervals. So, the motion is nonuniform between . and 10.40
a.m.

Now look at the period . to . It is divided into time intervals of 5 minutes. The
distance covered is in each of these intervals. The displacements are also equal. So, the
motion seems to be uniform between . and .

Why do we say "seems" to be uniform? Because we do not know how exactly the scooter moved in
any given period like . to . It may have moved faster than its average speed from
. to ., and slower from . to . . So, from the given information we
can only say that the motion "seems" to be uniform.

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4. Consider the situation shown in Figure 2.3. (a) What is the position of a particle when it is at , and
when it is at ? (b) Are the two positions the same? (c) Are the two distances of the particle from
the origin the same?

Solution. (a) The position of the particle is when it is at , and when it is at .

(b) The two positions are not the same.
(c) The distances of the particle from the origin in the two positions are the same, and equal to .

5. A man leaves his house at 5.30 a.m. for a morning walk and returns at 6.15 a.m. Find his
displacement in this time.

Solution. The position of the man at . is the same as his position at . Thus, the distance of
the final position from the initial position is zero, and hence, his displacement is zero.

Note that the distance traversed by the person in the same time is not zero unless the person kept
sitting at the door for 45 minutes!

6. The position of a particle going along a straight line is at . and at

. Find the displacement between . and .

Solution. Here and . The displacement is .

7. A car covers in 30 minutes and the next in 40 minutes. Calculate the average speed for
the entire journey.

Solution. As given, the total time taken is , and the total distance traversed is
. The average speed is

8. A particle moves through a distance of due east and then due north. (a) How much is the
net distance traversed? (b) What is the magnitude of the net displacement?

Solution. The situation is shown in Figure 2. W1. The particle starts from . It moves through a distance of
due east to reach and then through a distance of due north
to reach .
(a) The total distance moved is .
(b) The magnitude of the net displacement is . In the right-angled
triangle ,

or

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9. An insect moves along a circular path of radius with a constant
speed. If it takes 1 minute to move from a point on the path to the
diametrically opposite point, find (a) the distance covered, (b) the
speed, (c) the displacement, and (d) the average velocity.

Solution. Suppose the insect was at initially, and it moved along

to reach the diametrically opposite point in 1 minute.
(a) The distance moved in 1 minute .

(b) The speed is .

(c) The displacement is in the direction to .

(d) The average velocity is

in the direction to .

10. Let s be the magnitude of displacement and d be the distance covered by a particle during an
interval.

(A) s >d (B) s < d

Solution. (C)

The displacement is always less than or equal to the total distance travelled. The equality holds when
the particle moves without turning.

11. An object moves with constant velocity for a certain interval of time. Its average speed is.

(A) (B) greater than (C) less than (D) None of these

Solution. (A)

Since the particle moves with a constant velocity, this means both the magnitude and the direction of
the velocity are constant. Since the particle moves without turning the displacement is equal to the
displacement. Dividing these two terms with the time interval we get that the magnitude of the
constant velocity is equal to the average speed.

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Practice for lecture -2

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

1. A car travels a distance km on a straight road in two hours and then returns to the starting point in
the next three hours. Its average velocity in km/hr is
(A) S/5 (B) 2S/5 (C) S/2 +S/3 (D) None of the above

2.* An athlete completes one round of a circular track of radius in 40 sec. What will be his
displacement at the end of
(A) Zero (B) (C) (D)

3. change. What is true about the

car?

(A) Car is at rest (B) Car is in motion

(C) Nothing can be said with this information (D) None of the above

4.* A truck travelling due to North at 20 m/s turns East and travels at the same speed. The change in its
velocity is

(A) North-East (B) South-East

(C) North-East (D) North-West

5. The necessary and sufficient condition for which the magnitude of displacement is always equal to
the distance is?

(A) Motion in a straight line (B) Motion in 1 direction

(C) Both of the above (D) None of the above

6. A quantity has value of . It will be the:

(A) Speed of a particle (B) Velocity of a particle

(C) Position of a particle (D) Displacement of a particle

7. An object moves with a constant speed V for a certain interval of time. The magnitude of its average
velocity is always

(A) V (B) greater than V (C) less than V (D) None of these

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8. An object moves with a constant speed V for a certain interval of time. Its average speed for any
duration (within the aforementioned interval of time) is

(A) V (B) greater than V (C) less than V (D) None of these

9. A girl swims in a swimming pool of length 100m. She swims from one end to another end and
reaches the starting point again in 2 minutes. The average speed of the swimmer is?

(A) 100 m/s (B) 0.83 m/s (C) 1.67 m/s (D) zero

10. The magnitude of velocity is called?

(A) Velocity (B) Displacement (C) Distance (D) Speed

More than One Correct:

(LEVEL II)

1. Consider the motion of the tip of the minute hand of a clock. In one hour

(A) the displacement is zero (B) the distance covered is zero

(C) the average speed is zero (D) the average velocity is zero

2. Mark the correct statements:

(A) The magnitude of the velocity of a particle is equal to its speed.

(B) The magnitude of average velocity in an interval is equal to its average speed in that interval.
(C) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of a particle is always zero but the average
speed is not zero.
(D) It is possible to have a situation in which the speed of the particle is never zero but the average
speed in an interval is zero

3. Which of the following is characteristic of displacement?

(A) It is always positive.

(B) It has both magnitude and direction.
(C) It can be zero.
(D) Its magnitude is less than or equal to the actual path length of the object.

4. In which of the cases, the motion of the particle is one with uniform velocity?

(A) A particle moving with constant speed in a circular path

(B) A ball thrown up from the surface

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(C) A lift going up with constant speed

(D) Motion of the Earth around Sun

5. An insect flies from the centre C of a ring to a point P on its periphery. Out of the innumerable
number of paths that it could take from C to P which of these need not be the same for all the paths?

(A) Magnitude of the Displacement (B) Distance

(C) Average Speed (D) Magnitude of the Average Velocity

Integer Type Questions

1.* A particle moves along the sides AB, BC and CD of a square of side 25 m with a speed of .
Its average velocity in m/s is

2.* If two people are moving towards each other with a speed of 10 m/s and 20 m/s respectively, and
they are 90 m apart initially. How much time in seconds will they take to meet

3.* A train passes over a 400 m long bridge. If the speed of the train is 30 m/s and the train takes 20s to
cross the bridge, and if the length of the train in metres is L, then find L/100.

4.* Two cars moving in the same direction on a straight road with constant speeds. Initial separation
between them is 100 m and the rear car is moving with 20 m/s while the front car with 10m/s. The
rear will cross the front in how many seconds?

5. A man walks 80 km northwards, then 40 km westwards and finally 50 km southwards. The

displacement of the man in km is?

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Match the Column

A person runs Northward with a velocity of 6m/s for 5 secs and then turns to his right and runs with
a speed of 8m/s for 5 secs. Match the following. (The entries of column 2 are in the SI Units).

Column A Column B
(A) Distance (P) 50
(B) Displacement (Q) 7
(C) Average speed (R) 70
(D) Average Velocity (S) 5

Bonus Questions

1. A wheel of radius 1 metre rolls forward one revolution on a horizontal ground. The magnitude of the
displacement of the point of the wheel initially in contact with the ground is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2.* An aeroplane flies 400 m north and 300 m south and then flies 1200 upwards then net
displacement is
(A) 1200 m (B) 1300 m (C) m (D) 1900 m

3. The maximum speed of a train is . It takes 10 hours to cover a distance of . Find the
ratio of Its maximum speed to its average speed.

4. A person walks along the sides of a square field. Each side is long. What is the maximum
magnitude of displacement of the person in any time interval?

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Hints for Challenging Questions

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)
Q.2 Hint:
First, determine how many complete rounds the athlete completes in minutes seconds given
that one round takes 40 seconds.

Then, recall that displacement is the shortest straight-line distance from the starting point to the final
position. Consider where the athlete will be after completing whole and partial rounds in the circular
track.

Q.4 Hint:
Define a coordinate system with the -axis along East and the -axis along North.

Represent the initial velocity as a vector along the Y -axis (North).

Represent the final velocity as a vector along the -axis (East).

Use vector subtraction to find the change in velocity and apply the Pythagorean theorem to
determine its magnitude. Finally, analyse the signs of the components to determine its direction.

Q.5 Hint:
Displacement is the shortest distance from the initial to the final position, while distance is the total
path travelled.

Think about whether the motion must be in a straight line or in one direction for these two quantities
to always be equal.

Q.7 Hint:
Think about how average velocity is related to displacement and time. Consider whether the
displacement is always equal to the total distance traveled in different types of motion.

Q.9 Hint:
Average speed is calculated using the formula:

Since the swimmer goes from one end of the pool to the other and comes back, think about how to
calculate the total distance and convert the given time into seconds before applying the formula.

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More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q.5 Hint:
Consider whether each quantity depends on the path taken or only on the initial and final positions.
Some quantities remain the same for all possible paths, while others vary based on the route chosen
by the insect.

Also, think about how the time taken to travel different paths can affect certain quantities. If the path
length changes, the time taken may also change, influencing some of the given options.

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 Hint:

Average velocity is defined as total displacement divided by total time taken.

Displacement is the vector going from the starting point (A) to the final point (D), not the total
path travelled.
Time taken depends on the total distance travelled and the given speed.

Use these ideas to compute the average velocity carefully.

Q.2 Hint:
Each person covers a certain distance before they meet. The total distance they cover together must
be equal to the initial separation between them.

Write an equation where the sum of the distances traveled by both people equals the initial gap and
solve for the time.

Q.3 Hint:
To completely cross the bridge, the train must travel a total distance equal to the sum of its own
length and the length of the bridge.

Use the relation:

to determine the length of the train, then divide by 100 to find the required value.

Q.4 Hint:
Both cars are moving in the same direction but with different speeds. The rear car must travel 100
meters more than the front car to catch up.

Write an equation where the distance traveled by the rear car is equal to the distance traveled by the
front car plus 100 meters, then solve for time.

Q.5 Hint:

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Represent each movement as a vector using unit vectors (east-west) and (north-south).
Add the vectors component-wise to find the resultant displacement.
Use the magnitude formula to determine the shortest straight-line distance from the start to the
endpoint.
Analyse the direction based on the final components.

Match the Column

Q.1 Hint:

Distance is the total length of the path travelled, so add the two segments separately.
Displacement is the straight-line distance from the starting to the final position; use the
Pythagorean theorem since the motion forms a right-angled triangle.
Average speed is the total distance divided by total time.
Average velocity is the total displacement divided by total time.

Match each calculation with the given options carefully!

Bonus Questions
Q.1 Hint:

The point initially in contact with the ground follows a cycloidal path as the wheel rolls.
After one complete revolution, the wheel moves forward by a distance equal to its
circumference.
The point starts and ends at the same height, so the displacement is purely horizontal.
Think about how far the point has shifted horizontally from its starting position.

Q.2 Hint:

First, determine the net movement in the north-south direction by considering the combined
effect of moving 400 m north and 300 m south.
Then, recognize that the upward movement is perpendicular to the net horizontal displacement.
Use the Pythagorean theorem to find the shortest straight-line distance from the initial to the final
position.

Q.3 Hint:
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The average speed is found by dividing the total distance traveled by the total time taken.
Once you have the average speed, the ratio of maximum speed to average speed is a simple
division.
Perform the calculations carefully and simplify!

Q.4 Hint:

Displacement is the shortest straight-line distance between the starting point and the ending
point.
The maximum displacement occurs when the person moves the farthest possible distance within
the square.
Think about the longest straight-line path inside the square and use the Pythagorean theorem to
find it.

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ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. D B C B B
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B D A C D

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. AD A BCD C BCD

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. 5 3 2 10 50

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans. (A) - R, (B) - P, (C) - Q, (D) - S

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4

Ans. A C C ( )

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Lecture 3
Uniform Motion (Motion with Uniform/Constant Speed):

When an object covers equal distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with uniform speed.

E.g. A car moves 10 m in every one second so that its speed is uniform, the motion of the tip of the seconds
hand of a clock (called as uniform circular motion).

Non-Uniform Motion (Motion with Non-Uniform / Variable Speed):

When an object does not cover equal distance in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with non-uniform
speed.

E.g. The falling of an apple from a tree, a cyclist moving on a rough road, an athlete running a race, a
vehicle starting from rest etc.

Motion with Uniform Velocity:

If a particle travels in the same direction covering equal displacement in equal intervals of time, however
small these intervals may be, the particle is said to move with uniform velocity. Thus, motion with uniform
velocity is like motion with uniform speed but in a fixed direction.

Motion with Non-uniform / variable velocity:

When a body does not cover equal displacements in equal intervals of time then it is moving with non-
uniform velocity. This happens if either the magnitude of the velocity changes, or the direction of the
velocity changes, or both change in the given time-interval.

In rectilinear motion there cannot be a change in the direction of the velocity, except for a reversal in the
direction of the velocity when the body begins to move backwards.

Note: a body can have variable velocity even when its speed is constant. This happens if the direction of
the velocity changes or gets reversed.

E.g.: A car moving on a circular road with constant speed. The direction of the velocity is changing, thus
the velocity is non-uniform.

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Average speed questions

Time based Average Speed

When a particle travels

fraction of the total time T with speed ,
fraction of the total time T with speed , and,
fraction of the total time T with speed ,

Then the distance travelled for each part is:

Speed X Time = [x1 fraction of time T means a time interval of length ]

Total Distance

Avg. Speed =

E.g. If a particle moves with speed for half the total time and speed for the remaining half then
find the average speed

Ans. Here =1/2 and =1/2 (..for half the total time..)
Avg. Speed =

Eg. If a particle moves with speed for one third of the total time and speed for the next one third and,
for the final one third of the total time, then find the average speed
Ans. Here (..for one third of the total time..)
Avg. Speed =

Distance based Average Speed

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When a particle travel

fraction of the total distance D with speed ,

fraction of the total distance D with speed , and,

fraction of the total distance D with speed ,

Then the time taken for each part is:

Distance / Speed = [ fraction of distance D means a distance of D]

= Distance / Speed =

= Distance / Speed =

Total Time

Avg. Speed =

1 x1 x2 x3
Avg. Speed v1 v2 v3

E.g. If a particle moves with speed for half the total Distance and speed for the remaining half then
find the average speed

Ans. Here and (..for half the total distance..)

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Avg. Speed =

E.g. If a particle moves with speed for one third of the total distance and speed for the next one third
and, for the final one third of the total distance, then find the average speed

Ans. Here (..for one third of the total distance..)

(on taking the LCM)

Avg. Speed =

ACCELERATION:

The rate of change of the velocity of a body with respect to time is called its acceleration. It is a vector
quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is .

The acceleration defined at an instant is called the instantaneous acceleration.

the net force applied on a body

divided by its mass is this instantaneous acceleration. When a person drives a car, the more he presses the
accelerator the faster the speed changes, the greater the instantaneous acceleration of the car. When one
talks about acceleration, they are often referring to the instantaneous acceleration.

However, the acceleration defined for an interval of time is called the average acceleration. The
average acceleration is defined as the change in the velocity of the object, in a time interval, divided by
the total time interval. Its direction is the same as the direction of the change in the velocity i.e. along

where is found by vectorially subtracting the final and initial velocity.

Eg. A person jogs around a circular track at a constant speed of 6 km/hr. The circumference of the track is
4 km.
Find his average acceleration in the time interval in which he completes one full rotation.
Ans.

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v
a avg 0
T
Eg.
which he completes half a rotation.

Ans.

12 km/hr

E.g.
one fourth of a full rotation.

Ans.

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Key Points

1. Uniform Motion (motion with uniform speed): When an object covers equal distance in equal
intervals of time, it is said to move with uniform speed.
2. Non-Uniform Motion (Motion with Variable Speed): When an object does not cover equal distance
in equal intervals of time, it is said to move with non-uniform speed.
3. Motion with Uniform Velocity: If a particle travels in the same direction covering equal
displacement in equal intervals of time, the particle is said to move with uniform velocity. It is like
motion with uniform speed but in a fixed direction.
4. Motion with Variable Velocity: When a body does not cover equal displacements in equal intervals
of time then it is moving with non-uniform velocity. This happens if either the magnitude of the
velocity changes, or the direction of the velocity changes, or both change in the given time-interval.
5. Note: a body can have variable velocity even when its speed is constant. This happens if the
direction of the velocity changes or gets reversed.
6. Time based Average Speed: When a particle travel-
fraction of the total time T with speed ,
fraction of the total time T with speed , and,
fraction of the total time T with speed ,
Avg. Speed =
7. Distance based Average Speed: When a particle travels-
fraction of the total distance D with speed ,
fraction of the total distance D with speed , and,
fraction of the total distance D with speed ,

8. The rate of change of the velocity of a body with respect to time is called its acceleration. It is a
vector quantity and its unit in the S.I. system is .

9. The acceleration defined at an instant is called the instantaneous acceleration. When one talks about
acceleration, they are often referring to the instantaneous acceleration.
10. The acceleration defined for an interval of time is called the average acceleration. The average
acceleration is defined as the change in the velocity of the object, in a time interval, divided by the
total time interval. Its direction is the same as the direction of the change in the velocity i.e. along

where is found by vectorially subtracting the final and initial velocity.

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Solved Examples

1. A car covers at a uniform speed of . What should be its speed for the next if
the average speed for the entire journey is ?
Solution.
The total distance .
The average speed for the entire journey .
Using

Thus, it takes 2 hours to complete the journey. The first is covered at a speed of .
Suppose the time taken to cover the first is . Using ,

Thus, the remaining must be covered in . The speed during this

should be

2. A boy runs for at a uniform speed of . At what speed should he run for the next
so that the average speed comes to ?
Solution.
Total time .
The average speed is .

Using , the total distance covered in is

The distance covered in the first is

Thus, he has to cover in the next . The speed required is

3. A particle was at rest from . to . It moved at a uniform speed of from

. to . Find the average speed between (a) . and ., (b) .
and .
Solution.
(a) The distance moved by the particle between . and . is
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This is also the distance moved between 9.00 a.m. and 10.00 a.m. Thus, the average speed during
this interval is

(b) The distance moved between . and . is . This is also the distance moved
in the interval . to . The average speed during this interval is

4. A bus between Vishakhapatnam and Hyderabad passed the and

checkpoints at 10.30 a.m., . and 1.30 p.m. Find the average speed of the bus during each of
the following intervals: (a) 10.30 a.m. to 11.30 a.m., (b) 11.30 a.m. to 1.30 p.m., and (c) 10.30 a.m.
to 1.30 p.m.
Solution.
(a) The distance covered between . and . is . The
time interval is 1 hour. The average speed during this interval is

(b) The distance covered between . and . is . The time

interval is 2 hours. The average speed during this interval is

(c) The distance covered between . and . is . The

time interval is 3 hours. The average speed during this interval is

5. A car covers at a uniform speed of and the next at a uniform speed of

. Find the total time taken.
Solution.
For uniform speed,

If the car takes time to cover the first ,

or
Similarly, if it takes time to cover the next ,
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or
The total time taken is

6. If a bike travelling at 20 m/s turns by 90 degrees in 2s, then what is the change in speed in m/s due to
turn?
(A) 0 (B) 20 m/s (C) 40 m/s (D) None of these
Solution. (A)

direction, the change in the speed = Final speed Initial speed = 20m/s 20m/s = 0

7. In the previous question, what is the magnitude of the change in velocity in m/s?
(A) 0 (B) 40 m/s (D) None of these
Solution. (C)

8. In the previous question, what is the average acceleration in m/s2?

2
(B) 0 m/s2 (C) 20 m/s2 (D) None of these
Solution. (A)

9. A man walks at a speed of for and for the next . What is his average
speed for the walk of ?
Solution.
Distance travelled is .

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10. The I.Sc. lecture theatre of a college is wide and has a door at a corner. A teacher enters at
12.00 noon through the door and makes 10 rounds along the wall back and forth during the
period and finally leaves the class-room at 1250 p.m. through the same door. Compute his average
speed and average velocity.
Solution.

Total distance travelled in 50 minutes . Average speed .

At 12.00 noon he is at the door and at he is again at the same door.

The displacement during the interval is zero. Average velocity zero.
11. A car is moving at a constant speed of along a straight road which heads towards a large
vertical wall and makes a sharp turn by the side of the wall. A fly flying at a constant speed of
, starts from the wall towards the car at an instant when the car is away, flies until it
reaches the glasspane of the car and returns to the wall at the same speed. It continues to fly between
the car and the wall till the car makes the turn. What is the total distance the fly has travelled
during this period?
Solution.

The time taken by the car to cover before the turn is . The fly moves at a

constant speed of during this time. Hence the total distance covered by it is

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Practice for lecture - 3

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

1.* Two particle start from the same point and move on a circle of radius R in opposite senses with
equal constant speed u. The time elapsed before their 1st meeting
(A) (B) (C) (D)

2.* The total time elapsed before their 2nd meeting (in the previous question)
(A) (B) (C) (D)

3. The displacement of one of the particles in the previous question (where they meet for the second
time).
(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these
4. A passenger travels along a straight line with velocity v1 for first half time and with velocity v2 for
next half time then, the mean velocity v is given by

(A) (B) (C) (D)

5. A bicyclist encounters a series of hills. Uphill speed is always v1 and downhill speed is always v2. If
the total distance travelled uphill and downhill portions are of equal length. The cyclist's average
speed is

(A) (B) (C) (C)

6.
for
(A) A (B) B (C) Same for both (D) None of these
7. A body completes one circumference of a circle of radius R in time T. Its average speed is

(A) (B) (C) (D) zero

8. Average velocity in the above question

(A) Zero (B) (C) (D)

9. Two bodies A and B have the same average speed over a certain interval of time. Let VA and VB be
the maximum speed of A and B respectively, then
(A) VA= VB (B) VA>VB (C) VA< VB (D) None of these
10. *
the other half.
travels at 30 km/hr for half the time and 20km/hr for the
other half. Then?
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(A) A > B (B) A< B (C) A=B (D) Can not comment

More than One Correct:

(LEVEL II)

1. A particle is constrained to move on a straight-line path. It returns to the starting point after .
The total path length covered by the particle during this time is . Which of the following
statements about the motion of the particle are true.
(A) Displacement of the particle is zero
(B) Average speed of the particle is
(C) Average velocity of the particle is
(D) Distance travelled is 30m.
2. Acceleration of a body moving with constant speed
(A) May be zero (B) Must be zero (C) Cannot be zero (D) Maybe non-zero
3. Acceleration of a body moving with constant velocity
(A) Cannot be non-zero (B) Must be zero
(C) Cannot be zero (D) Maybe non-zero
4.* Consider the tip of the minute hand of a clock. Which of the following quantities are constant for this
point?
(A) Speed
(B) Velocity
(C) Average acceleration in any one-hour interval
(D) Average velocity in any one-hour interval
5.* Consider the tip of the minute hand of a clock. Which of the following quantities are constant for this
point?
(A) Average speed in any time interval

(B) Average velocity in any time interval

(C) Magnitude of the average velocity in any half-an-hour interval

(D) Average velocity in any half-an-hour interval

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Integer Type Questions

1. A car travels for the first 1/3rd of the total trip time with 30 km/hr, next 1/3rd with 40 km/hr, and the
last 1/3rd with 26 km/hr. Its average speed in km/hr for the whole journey is?

2.* A car travels for the first 1/3rd of the total trip distance with 30 km/hr, next 1/3rd with 40 km/hr, and
the last 1/3rd with 24 km/hr. Its average speed in km/hr for the whole journey is?

3. One car moving on a straight road covers one third of the distance with and the rest with
. The average speed in km/hr is?

4. A car covers 2 km in 2.5 minutes. If it covers half of the distance with a speed 40 km/hr, the
remaining distance it will cover with what speed (in km/hr)?

5.* In the hare-tortoise race, the hare ran for at a speed of , slept for and again
ran for at a speed of . Find the average speed of the hare in the race.

Answer the question in metres/hr.

Match the Column

Column 1 describes the motion of the particle and Column 2 the corresponding average speeds.
Match the following -
Column A Column B
(A) Speed is V1 for half the time and V2 for the other (P)
half.
(B) Speed is V1 for 1/3rd of the time, and V2 for the (Q)
remaining time.
(C) Speed is V1 for half the distance and V2 for the other (R)
half.
(D) Speed is V1 for 1/3rd of the distance, and V2 for the (S)
remaining distance.

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Bonus Questions

1.* A man walks on a straight road from his home to a market away with a speed of .
Finding the market closed, he instantly turns and walks back home with a speed of . The
average speed of the man over the interval of time 0 to . is equal to

(A) (B) (C) (D)

2. * A car moves with a velocity of 10m/s for half the total time of the trip, and for the remaining time,
the car moves with a velocity of 20m/s for half the remaining distance and 30m/s for the other half.
Find the average speed for the entire trip in m/s.

3. * A car moves with a velocity of 30m/s for half the total distance of the trip, and for the remaining
distance, the car moves with a velocity of 20m/s for one fourth of the remaining time and 60m/s for
three fourth of that remaining time. Find the average speed for the entire trip in m/s.

4. A point transversed half the distance with velocity . The remaining part of the distance was
covered with velocity for half the time and with velocity for the other half of the time. Find the
average velocity of the point over the whole time of motion.

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Hints for Challenging Questions

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)
Q.1 Hint:

Each particle travels along the full circular path, but since they move in opposite directions, they
meet sooner.
Think about how much distance they must cover in total before encountering each other.
Use basic speed and distance relations to determine when that happens.

Q.2 Hint:

Think about the distance they must have collectively travelled to meet again.
The first meeting occurs when their combined motion covers one full circular distance.
When would they meet for the second time? Consider how much more distance they need to
travel together.
Use the result from the previous question to estimate when the second meeting will occur.

Q.3 Hint:

The total distance travelled is different from the displacement.

Think about where the particle is relative to the starting point after the second meeting.

Q.9 Hint:

Average speed does not determine maximum speed.

A high maximum speed in short bursts may still give the same average speed as a lower but more
consistent speed.

Q.10 Hint:

1. For A (Equal Distance Case):

Assume a total distance .
Divide the distance into two equal parts.
Calculate how much time it takes to cover each part.
Add up these times to get the total time.

Use to find .

2. For B (Equal Time Case):

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Assume a total time .
Divide the time into two equal parts.
Find the distances travelled in each time interval.
Add up these distances to get the total distance.
Use to find .

3. Compare the two speeds and determine which one is greater.

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q.1 Hint:

Think about the difference between displacement and distance travelled.

Recall that average speed uses total distance, while average velocity uses displacement.
Use the given values to calculate the required quantities.

Q.2 Hint:

Think about what acceleration means in terms of velocity change.

Consider both straight-line motion and curved motion with constant speed.

Q.3 Hint:

Ask yourself: does constant velocity mean no change in direction?

What must happen for an object to have acceleration?

Q.4 Hint:

Instantaneous speed is different from average speed; focus on whether speed varies at any given
instant.
Velocity includes direction, so ask yourself if direction stays the same.
Acceleration depends on velocity change, and average acceleration over a full cycle is based on
net velocity change.
Average velocity depends on displacement, so what happens when the motion returns to the
starting point?

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Q.5 Hint:

Think about how speed is defined. Does the rate at which the tip moves around the circle change
over time?
Velocity involves direction as well. If you pick different time intervals, does the straight-line
distance from start to end remain the same? What about the direction?
For a half-hour interval, consider how far the tip moves. Does the total change in position depend
on which half-hour you pick?
Compare average velocity and its magnitude. If displacement changes direction in different
intervals, does that affect only the velocity or also its magnitude?

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 Hint:

Since the time intervals are equal, you can directly average the speeds.
Think about how total distance is related to total time when time segments are equal.

Q.2 Hint:

When distances are equal, total time is the sum of individual times.
Convert each distance into time taken, then find total time.

Q.3 Hint:

Since the car covers different distances at different speeds, average speed depends on total time
taken, not just the speeds.

Convert each distance segment into time taken using .

Add up these times to find total time for the journey.

Use total distance total time to get the correct average speed.

Q.4 Hint:

Find time spent on first half, then use remaining time to find missing speed.
Q.5 Hint:

Convert time into distance covered. The hare only moves for 4 minutes; the rest of the time is
idle.
Sleeping does not contribute to distance but affects total time.
Use the definition of average speed: total distance travelled divided by total time.

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Match the Column
Q.1 Hints:

A (Equal time at and )

Since time intervals are equal, write total distance as the sum of the distances traveled at each
speed.
Use total distance total time to derive the result.
B rd time at rd at
More time is spent at , so the average should be weighted more toward .
Express total distance in terms of and , then use the total distance total time approach.
C (Equal distance at and )
Since distance is equal, find the time taken for each segment using .
Sum the times and use total distance total time to derive the formula.
rd distance at rd at
Write time taken for each segment in terms of speed and distance fraction.
Add the times and compute total distance total time to find the average speed.

Bonus Questions
Q.1 Hint:

Find the time for each journey separately, then determine how far the man has travelled in
minutes.
Use distance speed time for the remaining journey.
Finally, apply average speed total distance total time using the first 40 minutes only.

Q.2 Hint:

First, calculate the effective speed for the second half of the journey by considering the total distance
and total time for that segment separately.

Then, since the first and second halves take equal time, the overall average speed can be found by
taking the simple average of the two speeds.

Q.3 Hint:

First, determine the effective speed for the second half of the motion by computing the total time
taken for that part.
Then, break the journey into two sections: the first half and the second half, and compute the
total time for the full journey.
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Finally, use total distance total time to compute the overall average speed.

Q.4 Hint:

First, determine the effective speed for the second half of the motion by computing the total time
taken for that part.
Then, break the journey into two sections: the first half and the second half, and compute the total
time for the full journey.
Finally, use total distance total time to compute the overall average speed.

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ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B A D A D
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B C A D B

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. ABD AD AB ACD AC

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. 32 30 36 60 500

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans. A - Q, B - S, C - P, D - R

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4

Ans. D 17 37.5

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Lecture 4
The slope of a line segment

In life we have come across flat surfaces and inclined surfaces. While one may prefer flat surfaces like a
sofa to sit on, or a bed to sleep on, or a football ground to play on, but a lot of the fun and excitement in our
childhood would not be possible without an inclined surface called the slide. We may have also encountered
inclined surfaces, when we had taken our cycles out for a ride. We may remember painfully labouring our
way up an ascent, and enjoying the fruits of our efforts, as gravity brought us downhill speedily, during the
descent.

We understand the slope to be a measure of the steepness of an inclined surface. Typically, the sign
convention followed is that when the surface goes up, the slope is positive and when it goes down the slope
is negative.

The more positive the slope, the steeper the rise (and more the hard work needed to cycle up such an
incline).

The more negative the slope, the steeper the fall (and thus more the fun and thrill in riding down the
incline).

In a similar way, in coordinate geometry, the slope of a line passing through two points and
is defined as the ratio of to . It is represented by the symbol m.

For example, consider a line passing through the points (2,3) and (5,9). What would be the slope of this
line?

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along y twice as fast as it moves ahead along x .

E.g. What would be the slope of a line joining points (3, 3) and (5, 1)

-1. The negative sign implies the line is going down. The 1 implies it
falls along y just as fast as it moves ahead along x.

Note: A horizontal line has zero slope. This is because all points on the line have the same y-coordinate.
Thus thus

SLOPE OF AN S-t GRAPH

-
convention where, any vector along our X-axis is taken to be positive, and any vector opposite our X-axis is
taken to be negative.

For instance, if our X-axis is towards the right, and a particle moves towards the right with a speed of 5m/s,
we will take its velocity as 5m/s (positive since it is along X). But if it moves with a speed of 10 m/s
towards the left, then we will say the velocity is -10m/s (negative since it is opposite X).

Consider a particle that moves along positive X with a speed of 2m/s for 3 secs, and then turns around and
returns with a speed of 3m/s for 2 secs.

Using our sign convention what is its velocity in the parts of the motion?

In the first 3 secs the velocity is 2m/s (positive as it is along the X-axis), and in the next 2 secs it is -3m/s
(negative as it is opposite the X-axis).

Using Displacement = Velocity x Time, can you find the displacement at t = 0, 1s, 2s, 3s, 4s, and 5s, and
plot the same on the graph?
We know At t=0, its displacement S=0.

For the first 3 seconds, it moves along X by covering 2m every second. Thus S=2m at t=1s, S=4m at t=2s,
and S=6m at t =3s. It then turns around and returns covering 3m every second for 2 secs. As can be seen
from the diagram below this leads to S=3m at t=4s, and S=0m at t=5s.
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Plotting these points on an S vs t graph we get.

S t graph

Now can you find the slope of these 2 lines?

We can take the coordinates of any 2 points on the first line, to find its slope. Say we take (0s, 0m) and (3s,
6m). Using the formula for m we get: -

Similarly, we can take the coordinates of any 2 points on the second line, to find its slope. Say we take (3s,
6m) and (5s, 0m). Using the formula for m we get: -

This is how this would look on the graph

S t graph

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Did you notice something interesting about the values of these slopes?

Yes, they are the same as the velocities in those intervals.

The above observation was not a coincidence. We can easily prove that the slope of a displacement vs time
graph gives us the velocity.

of after
secs, and a displacement of after secs. The slope of the line passing through these points will be

E.g. Consider the following Displacement vs time graph for a cycle moving along a straight road. Take the
positive X axis to be towards the East. Find the speed and the direction of the motion of the car at t=2s.

Ans. To find the velocity at t = 2s, we must find the slope of the line at t = 2s. We can take any two points
on this line for this purpose. For instance, take (0,0) and (4, 4).

= velocity at 2s

Thus, speed is 1m/s and the direction is towards East. (along positive X as v is positive)

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E.g. In the previous question find the speed and the direction of the motion of the car at t=5s.

Ans. To find the velocity at t = 5s, we must find the slope of the line at t = 5s. This line is horizontal. If you
remember that horizontal lines had no slope. And since the slope is zero, the velocity and the speed at t=5s
will be zero.

Also,
cycle has halted in that time interval?

E.g. Now in the previous question find the speed and the direction of the motion of the car at t=7s.

Ans. To find the velocity at t = 7s, we must find the slope of the line at t = 7s. We can take any two points
on this line for this purpose. For instance, let's take (6,4) and (8,3).

= velocity at 7s

Thus, speed is m/s and the direction is towards West. (opposite positive X as v is negative)

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E.g. What would be the average velocity for the entire trip in the previous question?

Ans. To find the average velocity we must find the total displacement and divide it by the time taken. We
know that the trip is 8s long, and at the end of 8s, the cycle has been displaced by S = 3m.

This makes the average velocity =

Graphically the average velocity in an interval t1 to t2, is the slope of the line joining the point at t1 to the
point at t2. For instance, in the above question, the average velocity from 0 to 8s is the slope of the line
joining the points (0,0) and (8,3).

The slope of a v-t graph

Ever noticed that the way velocity is defined in terms of the displacement, in a similar way the acceleration
is defined in terms of the velocity? Velocity being defined as the rate of change of displacement with respect
to time, made it the slope of the displacement vs time graph.

What would then be the slope of the velocity vs time graph?

Acceleration! Since in a similar way acceleration is defined as the rate of change of velocity, acceleration
would end up being the slope of the velocity vs time graph.

A large positive acceleration would mean the velocity quickly increases. As you can see a Velocity vs time
graph in this case would have a large positive slope.

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A large negative acceleration would mean the velocity quickly decreases. As you can see again, the Velocity
vs time graph in this case would have a large negative slope.

What would the velocity vs time graph look like when the acceleration is zero?

When acceleration is zero, the velocity is constant. Thus its graph would appear as a horizontal line where
the y coordinate, that is velocity, does not change as time progresses. Note that the slope of such a line
would be zero, and once again the slope is equal to the acceleration.

Note that the above Velocity vs time graphs were straight lines. This will only be the case when the slope of
the curve that is the acceleration is uniform.

E.g. Consider the velocity vs time graph of a particle. At which of the two instances will its acceleration be
more?

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Ans. Since acceleration is the slope of the v-t graph, in the above case, the slope is greater at time , and
thus. . Note, that in the above graph, acceleration (slope) is increasing, and so is the velocity (y-
coordinate).

E.g. Comment on whether the velocity, and the acceleration are increasing or decreasing in the following
graph.

Ans. Since the y coordinate is increasing, the velocity which is the y coordinate, is also increasing.
Moreover, the graph rises steeply at the beginning, which implies a large positive slope (acceleration). The
steepness decreases as time progresses and the graph rises more and more gradually, leading to a decrease in
the slope (acceleration). Thus, acceleration decreases while velocity increases in the above graph.

E.g. Now comment on whether the velocity, and the acceleration are increasing or decreasing in the next
graph.

Ans. Here the y coordinate decreases, which means the velocity decreases as time progresses. As for the
slope (acceleration) it is a large negative number at the start (descends steeply), and a small negative number
towards the end (descends gradually). Thus, the slope becomes less negative, which means the slope and
thus the acceleration increases. (-5 to -1 is an increase).

E.g. Can you picture and plot a v-t graph where both, the velocity and the acceleration, decrease?

Ans. If velocity must decrease our y-coordinate must decrease as we move towards the right (as time
increases). Since such a graph goes downward, we are dealing with a negative slope, and thus a negative
acceleration. To further make it decrease, it must become more and more negative. (eg. -1 to -5 would be a
decrease). Thus, if the slope becomes more and more negative, the graph starts to descend more and more

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Note: If the v-t graph curves upwards (like a smile ), the acceleration is increasing.

Note: If the v-t graph curves downwards (like a frown ), the acceleration is decreasing.

Note: If the v-t graph goes upwards (irrespective of how it curves), its velocity increases, and thus the
acceleration (slope of the graph) will be positive.

Note: If the v-t graph goes downwards (irrespective of how it curves), its velocity decreases, and thus the
acceleration (slope of the graph) will be negative.

Area under a graph

Consider a cyclist riding on a straight road with a constant speed of 20m/s. If he rides for 10 seconds, what
would be his Displacement?
Taking the X-axis to be along the direction of the motion we can say the velocity is also (positive) 20m/s.
Thus, the Displacement = Velocity x Time = 20m/s x 10s = 200m.

Can you plot the v-t graph for the above motion?

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terval where x goes from a to b, refers to

the area bounded by the following four curves:-

1. the y vs x curve

2. the horizontal X-axis

3. the vertical line x = a

4. the vertical line x = b

In the example below, the area under the graph from x = a to x= b, is the area of the shaded trapezium.

One more point before returning to the displacement example, is that when the graph is above the X-axis,
the area under the graph is considered to be positive, and when the graph is below the X-axis, the area under
the graph is taken to be negative.

E.g. What is the area under the following graph from x=0 to x=5

Ans. The area of the rectangle from x=0 to x=3 is Length x Breadth = 3 x 2 = 6

Similarly, the area of the rectangle from x=3 to x=5 is 1 x 2 = 2

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But the area under the graphs in the two intervals are respectively +6 (above X) and -2 (below X). This
makes the total area under the graph = 6 2 = 4

(total area under the graph = total area above X total area below X).

E.g. Now returning to our example of the v-t graph of the cyclist, what is the area under this graph?

Ans. The area under the graph is the area of the rectangle = 20m/s x 10s = 200m

Did we see something else that was 200m?

Yes, the displacement was 200m. This is not a mere coincidence.

In fact, the area under a velocity vs time graph, from time to , is the displacement for the time
interval to .

We shall be able to prove the above result in higher classes, when we learn the mathematical tool Newton
developed, called Calculus. However, if the above result originated from velocity being displacement by
time, can you draw similar parallels and conclude what should be the area under the speed vs time graph?

If you guessed the distance, you are correct! Since speed is distance by time, this time, the area under a
speed vs time graph from time to gives us the distance travelled in the time interval to .

E.g. From the following v-t graph, find the displacement. Plot the corresponding speed vs time graph and
find the distance travelled.

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Ans. First let us find the area of the shapes. One may view the shape above the X-axis as a triangle (of
height 2 and base 2), plus a square (of side 2). While this may give the area above X as
, a quicker approach could be using the area of a trapezium

perpendicular distance Sum of parallel sides

The shape below the axis, is a rectangle of length 4 and breadth 2, this makes the area

= 4 x 2 = 8.

Displacement = area under the vs t graph = area above X area below X = 6 - 8 = - 2m

(since v and t were in SI units, the displacement will inevitably come out to be in its SI unit viz. metres.
Thus, after calculating the numerical value, you may add in the appropriate units at the end.)

For speed vs t, we will convert the negative parts in the v-t graph to positive. (Speed = |velocity|)

Distance = Area under this graph = area above - area below = (6 + 8) - 0 = 14m

(This graph will never be below the X-axis).

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The motion described by the above graph, is of a particle which moves 6m along positive X (graph above
X), turns around and then moves 8m along negative X (graph below X). Thus the displacement was -2m,
while the distance was 14m.

E.g. Was there a way by which we could have found the distance directly from the velocity vs time graph,
without having to draw the speed vs time graph?

Ans. Yes. We could simply have added area above X and area below X to give us 6 + 8 = 14m.

Distance in a v-t graph = Area above X + Area below X

Acceleration vs time graph

Consider the cyclist now reaches a stretch of road that slopes downwards. Due to gravity he now accelerates
with a constant acceleration of . If his velocity was at the start of the descent. If he descends
for 4s what will his final velocity be? (use .

We get a

E.g. Now try plotting the acceleration vs time graph, and find the area of the curve. What is interesting
about the area under the curve result? Is this a mere coincidence?

Ans. The graph of a vs t would look like this

The area under the graph is .

This appears to be the same as the change in velocity 22m/s 2m/s = 20m/s.
And this is NOT a mere coincidence.
Like how, the area under the v-
Similarly, the area under the acceleration vs time graph from time to , will be the change in
velocity observed during the time interval to . (since acceleration = change in velocity / time).

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E.g. Consider the given acceleration vs time graph of a cyclist. If his final velocity at t=6s was 2m/s, what
was his velocity at the start viz. t=0s?

Ans. The area above the graph = area of the rectangle = 3 x 4 = 12

The area below the graph = area of the triangle = ½ x 3 x2 = 3

Area under the graph = area above X area below X = 12 3=9

The change in the velocity = the area under the graph = 9m/s

Thus

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Key Points:

1. The slope of a line passing through two points and is defined as the ratio of to
. It is represented by the symbol .

Thus,

2. When the line goes up it has positive slope, and when the line goes down it has negative slope. The
more positive the slope, the steeper the rise, the more negative the slope, the steeper the fall. A
horizontal line has zero slope.
3. The slope of a displacement vs time graph gives us the velocity.
4. In a displacement vs time graph, the average velocity in an interval to , is the slope of the line
joining the point at to the point at .
5. The slope of a velocity vs time graph gives us the acceleration.
6. If the velocity vs time graph is a straight line, the acceleration is uniform. If the graph curves
upwards (like a smile ), the acceleration is increasing. If the graph curves downwards (like a
frown ), the acceleration is decreasing.
7. The area under a velocity vs time graph, from time to , is the displacement for the time interval
to . For finding the distance we will add the areas above the X-axis and the areas below the X-
axis.
8. The area under a speed vs time graph from time to gives us the distance travelled in the time
interval to .
9. The area under the acceleration vs time graph from time to , will be the change in velocity
observed during the time interval to .

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Solved Examples

1. What is wrong with the following graphs?

Solution.
(a) 50 runs are shown at the end of the 0th over, i.e., at the beginning. This is not possible in a one-
day cricket match under the present rules.
(b) If we draw a perpendicular on the time-axis at the point corresponding to 12 hours, it cuts the
graph at two points. One corresponds to and the other corresponds to . Thus, according
to the graph, the distance travelled in 12 hours is as well as , which is not possible.
(c) According to the graph, the height of a person gradually decreases as his age increases. Such a
thing does not happen.
2. The distance-time table for a car is given. Assuming that the
car moves with uniform speed between the indicated times,
answer the following questions.
(a) Plot the graph of the distance travelled with time.
(b) During which period was the car travelling at the greatest
speed?
(c) During which period was the car moving with the least
speed?
(d) What is the average speed of the car between 10.05 a.m. and 11.00 a.m.?

(e) What is the average speed of the car for the entire journey?

Solution.

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The graph is shown in Figure 2.W4. The consecutive points are joined by straight lines. This is
because we have assumed that the car moves with uniform speed in each interval.
(b) The greatest inclination (slope) with the time-axis occurs in the part of the graph. Thus, the
speed is the greatest in this part, i.e., between . and .
(c) The least inclination with the time-axis occurs in the part EF. Thus, the speed is the least in this
part, i.e., between . and .
(d) The distance travelled between . and . is . The time interval is .
The average speed is

(e) The total distance travelled is and the total time taken is . The average speed is

3. Figure W6 shows the speed-time graph of a particle. Find the distance travelled in the time interval 0
to .

Solution.
The distance travelled is equal to the area under the graph. From Figure 2.W6, this area is equal to
the area of the triangle + the area of the rectangle + the area of the triangle . The
area of the triangle is

The area of the rectangle is

The area of the triangle is

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The total area is .
The total distance covered is .

4. The velocity-time graph of a particle moving along a straight line is

shown in Figure 2. W7.
(a) Is the motion uniform?
(b) Is the acceleration uniform?
(c) Does the particle change its direction of motion?
(d) Find the distances covered from 0 to and from 4 to .

Solution.

(a) The velocity is changing with time. So, the motion is not uniform.
(b) The acceleration is given by the slope of the velocity-time graph. The slopes are different before
and after . So, the acceleration is not uniform for the entire time shown. It is uniform between
0 and and also between 4 and as the slope does not change in these periods.
(c) The velocity always remains positive. It means that the particle keeps moving in the positive
direction. In other words, it does not change direction.
(d) The displacement during the period 0 4 s is equal to the area under the velocity time graph for
this period. This area is in the shape of a triangle.

As the particle moves in the same direction, this is also the distance moved. For the period ,
the area is

So, the particle moves in this period.

5. Figure shows distance-time graphs of two objects and . Which object is moving with a greater
speed when both are moving?

Solution.
The line for object B makes a larger angle with the time-axis. Its slope is, therefore, larger than the
slope of the line for object A. Thus, the speed of B is greater than that of A.

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6. Two friends A and B started from the same location and went along a road in the same
direction. Figure shows their motions through graphs. Answer the following questions.
(a) When did A start?
(b) When did B start?
(c) When B started, how far away was A from B?
(d) Did any of them move with uniform speed?
(e) Which of the two had greater speed at 10.30 a.m.? Which had greater speed at 11.15 a.m.?
(f) When and where did B overtake A?
(g) How long did B wait for A after reaching the destination?

Solution.

(a) A started at 10.00 a.m., when the distance covered by him was zero.
(b) B started at 11.00 a.m., when the distance covered by him was zero.
(c) B started at . We draw a line perpendicular to the time-axis from the point .
(Figure 2.14). This line cuts the graph of at . We now draw a line perpendicular to the
distance-axis from . This cuts the distance-axis at . The value of the distance at is . Thus,
A had covered a distance of by . So, A was ahead of B when B started his
journey.
(d) Both the graphs are straight lines. So, both of them moved with uniform speeds.
(e) At 10.30 a.m., A was moving with some speed whereas B had not yet started his journey. The
speed of B was zero. Thus, the speed of A was greater than the speed of B. At 11.15 a.m., both were
moving with uniform speeds. The slope of the graph of B is greater than that of the graph of A.
Thus, B was moving at a greater speed.

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(f) At the instant B overtook A, both were at the same place on the road. The distances covered by
the two friends from the starting point were the same at this instant. From Figure 2.14 we see that
is the point where the two distances are the same at the same time. To get this time, we draw a
perpendicular from to the time-axis. This cuts the time-axis at . The time corresponding to this
point is . To get the distance from the starting point, we draw a perpendicular from to
the distance-axis. It cuts the distance-axis at , which corresponds to . Thus, B overtook A at
. at a point away from the starting point.
(g) From the graph, we can read the time when B completed his journey. This time is 11.30
a.m. Similarly, A completed his journey of at 12.00 noon. So, B waited for 30 minutes for ,
after reaching the destination.

7. Figure a represents the speed-time graph for a particle. Find the distance covered by the particle
between and .
Solution.

We draw perpendicular lines from the 10 -minute point and the 30 -minute point to the time-
axis (Figure). The distance covered is equal to the area of the rectangle . Its value is

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8. Find the distance covered by a particle during the time interval to for which the
speed-time graph is shown in Figure.

Solution.

The distance covered in the time interval 0 to is equal to the area of the shaded triangle. It is

9. What can you say about the nature of the motions of the particles for which the velocity-time graphs
are given below?

Solution.

In case of Figure a, as time passes, the velocity decreases continuously. So, the particle is slowing
down continuously. We see this type of motion when we throw a ball up. The ball slows down
continuously on its way up.

In case of Figure , the velocity increases and decreases alternately. As the velocity remains positive
throughout, the particle keeps moving in the same direction. You have this type of motion when a
driver drives a car on a straight, busy road. He has to slow down (brake) and speed up (accelerate)
alternately for a large part of the drive.

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10. Figure shows the velocity-time graphs for two objects, A and B, moving along the same direction.
Which object has greater acceleration?

Solution.

The slope of the velocity-time graph for B is greater than that for A. Thus, the acceleration of B is
greater than that of A.

11. From the velocity-time graph of a particle given in figure (3-W1), describe the motion of the particle
qualitatively in the interval 0 to . Find (a) the distance travelled during first two seconds, (b)
during the time to , (c) during the time 0 to , (d) displacement during 0 to
acceleration at and (f) acceleration at .

Solution.

At , the particle is at rest, say at the origin. After that the velocity is positive, so that the particle
moves in the positive direction. Its speed increases till 1 second when it starts decreasing. The
particle continues to move further in positive direction. At , its velocity is reduced to zero,
it has moved through a maximum positive distance. Then it changes its direction, velocity being
negative, but increasing in magnitude. At velocity is maximum in the negative direction
and then the magnitude starts decreasing. It comes to rest at .
(a) Distance during 0 to Area of

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(b) Distance during 2 to Area of . The particle has moved in negative direction
during this period.
(c) The distance travelled during 0 to .
(d) displacement during 0 to .
(e) at acceleration slope of line .
(f) at acceleration slope of line .

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Practice for lecture - 4

MCQ / Objective:
(LEVEL I)

1. Which of the following curves do not represent motion in one dimension:

(v = velocity, t = time)?

2. For the velocity-time graph shown in figure, the distance covered by the body in the last two seconds
of its motion is what fraction of the total distance covered in all the seven seconds?

(A) 1/2 (B) 1/4 (C) 1/3 (D) 2/9

3. In the previous question find the difference between the acceleration at t=2s and t=6s

(A) 0m/s2 (B) 5m/s2 (C) 10m/s2 (D) 2m/s2

4.* Find the average speed for the first 5 seconds in the previous question

(A) 4 m/s (B) 5 m/s (C) 6 m/s (D) 7 m/s

5. Find the average velocity for the entire trip in the previous question

(A) 0 m/s (B) 5.71 m/s (C) 8 m/s (D) 6.67 m/s

6. Which of the following (distance vs time) curves are not possible.

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7.* If at then V at will be

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

8.* V at will be (in the previous question)

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

9. Let be the acceleration between and and be the acceleration between and
. (Given t2 > 2t1)

(A (B) (C) (D)

10. Figure shows the displacement-time graph of a particle moving on the -axis.

(a) the particle is continuously going in positive direction

(b) the particle is at rest
(c) the velocity increases up to a time , and then becomes constant
(d) the particle moves at a constant velocity up to a time , and then stops.

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More than One Correct:
(LEVEL II)

1. Pick the correct statements for this graph

(A) Acceleration is constant (B) Velocity is positive at some instants

(C) Velocity is zero at some instants (D) Velocity is negative at some instants

2. The velocity-time plot for a particle moving on a straight line is shown in the figure

(A) The particle has a constant acceleration.

(B) The particle has never turned around.
(C) The particle has zero displacement.
(D) The average speed in the interval 0 to is the same as the average speed in the interval
to .

3.* The acceleration time plot for a particle (starting from rest) moving on a straight line is shown in
figure. For the given time interval

(A) The particle has zero average acceleration (B) The particle has never turned around.
(C) The particle has zero displacement (D) The particle has max speed at t = 10s

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4.* A man moves in plane along the path shown. At what point is his average velocity vector in
the same direction as his instantaneous velocity vector. The man starts from point .

(A) (B) (C) (D)

5.* Figure shows the position of a particle moving on the -axis as function of time. Pick the incorrect
statement.

(A) The particle has come to rest 5 times

(B) Initial speed of particle was zero
(C) The velocity remains positive for to
(D) The average velocity for the total period shown is negative.

Integer Type Questions

1. The velocity-time graph of a body moving in a straight line is shown in the figure. The displacement
by the body in 6 seconds is? (Answer in metres)

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2. The velocity-time graph of a body is shown in the figure. The maximum magnitude (ignore the sign)
of the acceleration (in m/s2) for t < 6s is?

3. Fig. shows the time acceleration graph for a particle in rectilinear motion. The change in velocity in
m/s, in the first twenty seconds?

4. Fig. shows the time acceleration graph for a particle in rectilinear motion. The maximum velocity (in
m/s) of a particle starting from rest is?

5. The following shows the time-velocity graph for a moving object. The maximum acceleration (in
m/s2) in the given interval will be (ignore the negative sign)? Maximum velocity = 4 m/s

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Match the Column

1. From the velocity time graph drawn below, match the time intervals in Column A, with the
corresponding distance travelled in Column B

Column A Column B
(A) 0s to 1s (P) 20m
(B) 1s to 2s (Q) 5m
(C) 2s to 3s (R) 10m
(D) 3s to 4s (S) 15m

Bonus Questions

1.* The V-t graph of a particle moving in a straight line is shown, find the time when the particle reaches
the starting point approximately is?

(A) 27s (B) 36.2s (C) 30s (D) 40s

2. * What is the average speed (for the following v-t graph) between and

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

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3. Average acceleration in the above question between and is

(A) (B) (C) (D) None of these

4.* The velocity - time graph of the particle moving along a straight line is shown. The rate of
acceleration and deceleration is constant and it is equal to . If the displacement during the
motion is , then the value of is

(A) (B) (C) (D)

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Hints for Challenging Questions

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)
Q.1 Hint:

In one-dimensional motion, velocity can change in magnitude and direction but must be a function of time.
Look for graphs where:

Velocity has a single unique value at any given time.

There are no loops or breaks in the function.
The motion remains well-defined over time.

A graph that violates these principles does not represent one-dimensional motion.
Q.2 Hint:

Find the total area under the velocity-time graph to get the total distance.
Focus on the last 2 seconds and compute its corresponding area.
Use the formula for triangles and rectangles to calculate areas.
Find the fraction of the last 2 seconds' distance relative to the total distance.

Q.3 Hint:

Acceleration is the slope of the velocity-time graph.

Find the slope (acceleration) at (during acceleration phase).
Find the slope (acceleration) at (during deceleration phase).
Compute the difference between the two accelerations.
Q.4 Hint:

Average speed is given by:

Find the total distance covered in the first 5 seconds using the area under the velocity-time graph.
Consider both the acceleration phase (triangle) and the constant velocity phase (rectangle).
Divide the total distance by 5 seconds to get the answer.

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Q.5 Hint:

Average velocity is given by:

Find the total displacement by calculating the area under the velocity-time graph (all positive).
Consider the three phases:
1 Acceleration phase (Triangle, is to 3 s)
2 Constant velocity phase (Rectangle, 3s to 5 s)
3 Deceleration phase (Triangle, 5 s to 7 s)
Divide the total displacement by total time (7s) to get the answer.
Q.6 Hint:

In a distance vs time graph, distance can never decrease, since distance is a scalar quantity and
always increases or remains constant.
The slope of the graph represents speed; a flat region means zero speed, while a steeper slope means
higher speed.
Check if any of the graphs show distance decreasing or behaving in an unrealistic way.

Q.7 Hint:

The change in velocity is given by the area under the acceleration-time graph.
Find the area of the rectangle from to .
Use the formula:

Add this change to the initial velocity at to find the velocity at .

Q.8 Hint:

The change in velocity is given by the area under the acceleration-time graph.
Compute the total area from to directly.
Use the formula for rectangles:

Add this total change in velocity to the initial velocity to find at .

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Q.9 Hint:

Acceleration is the slope of the velocity-time graph:

The first phase ( ) corresponds to the upward slope (acceleration), while the second phase ( )
corresponds to the downward slope (deceleration).
Since , compare the magnitudes of and by considering their time intervals.

Q.10 Hint:

The slope of the displacement-time graph represents velocity.

The graph shows an initially increasing displacement (positive slope), followed by a flat region (zero
slope).
Identify whether the particle stops moving or continues at a constant velocity after .

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q.1 Hint:

Acceleration is the slope of this graph; check if it remains constant.

Velocity is zero where the curve crosses the time axis.
Look for regions where velocity is positive (above the time axis) and negative (below the time axis).
Q.2 Hint:

The slope of a velocity-time graph represents acceleration. A straight-line graph indicates constant
acceleration.
The particle changes direction when the velocity crosses the time axis .
Displacement is the area under the velocity-time graph. Calculate areas carefully over the full
interval.
Average speed is total distance travelled divided by total time. Compare values in different time
intervals.
Q.3 Hint:

Acceleration is given as a function of time. The change in velocity over a time interval is determined
by the area under the acceleration-time graph in that interval.
To find the total change in velocity, break the graph into separate triangular regions and calculate
their individual contributions.
Average acceleration is the total change in velocity divided by total time.
Turning around means the velocity changes sign (positive to negative or vice versa).
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Maximum speed occurs at the moment when the absolute value of velocity is the highest.
Q.4 Hint:

Average velocity is given by:

It is a vector that points from the starting point to the final position.
Instantaneous velocity at any point is tangent to the curve at that point.
The question asks us to find the point where the instantaneous velocity vector is in the same
direction as the average velocity vector.
This happens when the tangent to the path at a point is parallel to the displacement vector from .
Q.5 Hint:

Velocity is the slope of the position-time graph.

The particle comes to rest at points where the slope is zero (peaks and valleys). Count these points.
Initial speed refers to the velocity at . Check if the graph is horizontal or sloped at that point.
If the graph always slopes upward, velocity remains positive. If it slopes downward, velocity
becomes negative at times.
Average velocity over the entire time interval is given by:

Integer Type Questions

Q.1 Hint:
Displacement is given by the area under the velocity-time graph.
Break the graph into separate rectangular sections for easier calculations.
The positive areas represent forward displacement, and the negative areas represent backward
displacement.
Sum up all the areas, keeping the signs in mind, to get the total displacement.

Q.2 Hint:
Acceleration is the slope of the velocity-time graph, given by:

Identify the time intervals where velocity changes the fastest.

Compute acceleration for each segment and find the maximum absolute value (ignoring signs).

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Q.3 Hint:

Change in velocity is determined by the area under the acceleration-time graph.

The graph consists of two distinct shapes: a triangle and a rectangle.
Calculate the area of each shape separately using simple formulas:
Triangle area Base Height

Rectangle area Base Height

The total change in velocity is the sum of these areas.
Q.4 Hint:

Velocity changes based on the area under the acceleration-time graph.

Since acceleration remains positive, velocity will keep increasing.
To find when velocity is maximum, consider how acceleration varies over time.
Identify the total effect of acceleration up to different points in time.
Q.5 Hint:

Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity over time.

Look at the steepest section of the velocity-time graph to determine where acceleration is maximum.
Use the formula:

Compare acceleration in different intervals to find the highest value.

Match the Column

Q.1 Hint:
The distance travelled in each time interval is found using the area under the velocity-time graph.
The graph consists of triangles, rectangles, and a trapezium-calculate each area separately.
Use these formulas:
Triangle: Base Height

Rectangle: Base Height

Trapezium: Height

Sum up the areas in each interval to determine the corresponding distances.

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Bonus Questions

Q.1 Hint:
The particle returns to the starting point when the total displacement is zero.
Displacement is calculated as the area under the velocity-time graph, where:

Positive areas (above the time axis) contribute forward displacement.

Negative areas (below the time axis) contribute backward displacement.

Find the time when the sum of positive and negative areas equals zero.

Q.2 Hint:
Average speed is found using the formula:

The distance travelled is given by the area under the velocity-time graph, considering absolute
values.
Since velocity changes sign, compute the areas of the two triangular sections separately and add
them instead of subtracting.
Use the formula for the area of a triangle:

Finally, divide the total distance by the total time interval to find the average speed.
Q.3 Hint:
Average acceleration is given by the formula:

Find the initial velocity at and the final velocity at .

Use the total time interval .
Pay attention to the sign of the acceleration, as velocity is decreasing.
Q.4 Hint:
The total displacement is given by the area under the velocity-time graph.
The graph consists of two triangles and one rectangle corresponding to:
1 Acceleration phase (0 to )
2 Constant velocity phase ( to 25)
3 Deceleration phase (25 to )
Use the slope method to find the maximum velocity:

Calculate the areas of the triangles and rectangle using:

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Triangle:

Rectangle:

Solve for by equating the total area to the given displacement of 1250 m .

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ANSWER KEY

MCQ/Objective

(Level I)

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B B C C B
Q. No. 6 7 8 9 10
Ans. B A A D D

More than One Correct

(Level II)
Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. BCD AD ABD C BCD

Integer Type Questions

Q. No. 1 2 3 4 5

Ans. 8 6 300 400 2

Match the Column

Q. No. 1

Ans. A-R, B-P, C-S, D-R

Bonus Questions
Q. No. 1 2 3 4

Ans. B B A C

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