GROUP 1

IA Periodic Table of the Elements 18

VIIIA
1 1.00794 Atomic Number 1 1.00794 †Atomic Weight 2 4.002602

H H S1/2 †Ground-State Level

He
2 2
S1/2 Symbol 1
S0
2.2 2.2 *Electronegativity (Pauling) -
Hydrogen Name Hydrogen Free Downloads at Vertex42.com Helium
1 0.0899 13.5984 *Density [Note] 0.0899 13.5984 †Ionization Energy (eV) 0.1785 24.5874
-259.14 -252.87 *Melting Point (°C) -259.14 -252.87 *Boiling Point (°C) - -268.93
(v) 37 - Atomic radius (pm)[Note] (v) 37 FCC Crystal Structure [Note] (v) 32 -
1s1
2 1s1
†
Electron Configuration
13 14 15 16 17 1s2
+1,-1 IIA +1,-1 Possible Oxidation States [Note] IIIA IVA VA VIA VIIA 0
3 6.941 4 9.012182 5 10.811 6 12.0107 7 14.0067 8 15.9994 9 18.9984032 10 20.1797

Li Be B C N O F Ne
2 1
S1/2 S0 Phase at STP †
Common Constants Source: physics.nist.gov 2
P°1/2
3
P0
4
S°3/2
3
P2
2
P°3/2
1
S0
0.98 1.57 Gas Liquid Solid Synthetic Absolute Zero -273.15 °C Gravitation Constant G 6.67428x10 m kg s -11 3 -1 -2 2.04 2.55 3.04 3.44 3.98 -
Lithium Beryllium Atomic Mass Unit mu 1.660539x10-27 kg Molar Gas Constant R 8.314472 J mol-1 K-1 Boron Carbon Nitrogen Oxygen Fluorine Neon
2 0.535 5.3917 1.848 9.3227 Categories Avogadro Constant 6.022142x1023 mol-1 Molar Volume (Ideal Gas) 0.02241410 m3/mol 2.46 8.2980 2.26 11.2603 1.251 14.5341 1.429 13.6181 1.696 17.4228 0.9 21.5645
180.54 1342 1287 2470 Base of Natural Logarithms e 2.718281828 PI π 3.14159265358979 2075 4000 3550 4027 -210.1 -195.79 -218.3 -182.9 -219.6 -188.12 -248.59 -246.08
Alkali Metals Noble Gas
(m) 152 BCC (m) 112 HCP Boltzmann constant k 1.380650x10-23 J/K Planck Constant h 6.626069x10-34 J s (v) 82 rhom. (v) 77 hex (v) 75 - (v) 73 - (v) 71 - (v) 69 -
[He] 2s1 [He] 2s2 Alkaline Earth Electron Mass me 9.10938215x10-31 kg Proton-Electron Mass Ratio m p/m e 1836.15267389 [He] 2s2 2p1 [He] 2s2 2p2 [He] 2s2 2p3 [He] 2s2 2p4 [He] 2s2 2p5 [He] 2s2 2p6
+1 +2 Halogens +3 +2,4,-4 +2,3,4,5,-2,-3 -2 -1 0
Metals mec 2 0.5110 MeV Rydberg Constant R∞ 10 973 732 m-1
11 22.989770 12 24.3050
Transition Metals Non Metals
Electron Radius (Classical) re 2.8179403x10-15 m R ∞c 3.289842x1015 Hz 13 26.981538 14 28.0855 15 30.97361 16 32.065 17 35.453 18 39.948

Na Mg Electron Volt eV R ∞hc

Al Si P S Cl Ar
2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
S1/2 S0 1.602176x10-19 J 13.6057 eV P°1/2 P0 S°3/2 P2 P°3/2 S0
0.93 1.31 Rare Earth Elementry Charge e 1.602176x10-19 C Second Radiation Constant ch/k 0.01438769 m K 1.61 1.90 2.19 2.58 3.16 -
Sodium Magnesium Metals Faraday Constant F 96 485.3399 C/mol Speed of Light in a Vacuum c 299 792 458 m/s Aluminum Silicon Phosphorus Sulfur Chlorine Argon
3 0.968 5.1391 1.738 7.6462 fine-structure constant  0.0072973525 Speed of sound in air at STP 343.2 m/s 2.7 5.9858 2.33 8.1517 1.823 10.4867 1.96 10.3600 3.214 12.9676 1.784 15.7596
Poor Metals Metalloids
97.72 883 650 1090 [42] First Radiation Constant 2  hc 2 3.7417749x10-16 W m2 Standard Pressure 101 325 Pa {42} 660.32 2519 1414 2900 44.2 280.5 115.21 444.72 -101.5 -34.04 -189.3 -185.8
(m) 186 BCC (m) 160 HCP (m) 143 FCC (v) 111 cubic (v) 106 § (v) 102 FCO (v) 99 - (v) 97 -
[Ne] 3s1 [Ne] 3s2
3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 [Ne] 3s2 3p1 [Ne] 3s2 3p2 [Ne] 3s2 3p3 [Ne] 3s2 3p4 [Ne] 3s2 3p5 [Ne] 3s2 3p6
+1 +2 IIIB IVB VB VIB VIIB VIII VIII VIII IB IIB +3 +2,4,-4 +3,4,5,-3 +2,4,6,-2 +1,3,5,7,-1 0
19 39.0983 20 40.078 21 44.955910 22 47.867 23 50.9415 24 51.9961 25 54.938049 26 55.845 27 58.933200 28 58.6934 29 63.546 30 65.409 31 69.723 32 72.64 33 74.92160 34 78.96 35 79.904 36 83.798

K Ca Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
2 1 2 3 4 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
S1/2 S0 D3/2 F2 F3/2 S3 S5/2 D4 F9/2 F4 S1/2 S0 P°1/2 P0 S°3/2 P2 P°3/2 S0
Period

0.82 1.00 1.36 1.54 1.63 1.66 1.55 1.83 1.88 1.91 1.90 1.65 1.81 2.01 2.18 2.55 2.96 3
Potassium Calcium Scandium Titanium Vanadium Chromium Manganese Iron Cobalt Nickel Copper Zinc Gallium Germanium Arsenic Selenium Bromine Krypton
4 0.856 4.3407 1.55 6.1132 2.985 6.5615 4.507 6.8281 6.11 6.7462 7.14 6.7665 7.47 7.4340 7.874 7.9024 8.9 7.8810 8.908 7.6398 8.92 7.7264 7.14 9.3942 5.904 5.9993 5.323 7.8994 5.727 9.7886 4.819 9.7524 3.12 11.8138 3.75 13.9996
63.38 759 842 1484 1541 2830 1668 3287 1910 3407 1907 2671 1246 2061 1538 2861 1495 2927 1455 2913 1084.62 2927 419.53 907 29.76 2204 938.3 2820 817 614 221 685 -7.3 59 -157.36 -153.22
(m) 227 BCC (m) 197 FCC (m) 162 HCP (m) 147 HCP (m) 134 BCC (m) 128 BCC (m) 127 §cubic (m) 126 BCC (m) 125 HCP (m) 124 FCC (m) 128 FCC (m) 134 §hex (m) 135 §BCO (v) 122 §cubic (v) 119 rhom. (v) 116 §hex (v) 114 BCO (v) 110 -
[Ar] 4s1 [Ar] 4s2 [Ar] 3d1 4s2 [Ar] 3d2 4s2 [Ar] 3d3 4s2 [Ar] 3d5 4s1 [Ar] 3d5 4s2 [Ar] 3d6 4s2 [Ar] 3d7 4s2 [Ar] 3d8 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s1 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p1 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p2 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p3 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p4 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p5 [Ar] 3d10 4s2 4p6
+1 +2 +3 +2,3,4 +2,3,4,5 +2,3,6 +2,3,4,6,7 +2,3 +2,3 +2,3 +1,2 +2 +3 +2,4 +3,5,-3 +2,4,6,-2 +1,5,-1 0
37 85.4678 38 87.62 39 88.90585 40 91.224 41 92.90638 42 95.94 43 (98) 44 101.07 45 102.90550 46 106.42 47 107.8682 48 112.411 49 114.818 50 118.710 51 121.760 52 127.60 53 126.90447 54 131.293

Rb Sr Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd In Sn Sb Te I Xe
2 1 2 3 6 7 6 5 4 1 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
S1/2 S0 D3/2 F2 D1/2 S3 S5/2 F5 F9/2 S0 S1/2 S0 P°1/2 P0 S°3/2 P2 P°3/2 S0
0.82 0.95 1.22 1.33 1.60 2.16 1.9 2.20 2.28 2.20 1.93 1.69 1.78 1.96 2.05 2.10 2.66 2.60
Rubidium Strontium Yttrium Zirconium Niobium Molybdenum Technetium Ruthenium Rhodium Palladium Silver Cadmium Indium Tin Antimony Tellurium Iodine Xenon
5 1.532 4.1771 2.63 5.6949 4.472 6.2173 6.511 6.6339 8.57 6.7589 10.28 7.0924 11.5 7.28 12.37 7.3605 12.45 7.4589 12.023 8.3369 10.49 7.5762 8.65 8.9938 7.31 5.7864 7.31 7.3439 6.697 8.6084 6.24 9.0096 4.94 10.4513 5.9 12.1298
39.31 688 777 1382 1526 3345 1855 4409 2477 4744 2623 4639 2157 4265 2334 4150 1964 3695 1554.9 2963 961.78 2162 321.07 767 156.6 2072 231.93 2602 630.63 1587 449.51 988 113.7 184.3 -111.8 -108
(m) 248 BCC (m) 215 FCC (m) 180 HCP (m) 160 HCP (m) 146 BCC (m) 139 BCC (m) 136 HCP (m) 134 HCP (m) 134 FCC (m) 137 FCC (m) 144 FCC (m) 151 §hex (m) 167 §tetra. (v) 141 §tetra. (v) 138 §rhom. (v) 135 hex (v) 133 BCO (v) 130 -
[Kr] 5s1 [Kr] 5s2 [Kr] 4d1 5s2 [Kr] 4d2 5s2 [Kr] 4d4 5s1 [Kr] 4d5 5s1 [Kr] 4d5 5s2 [Kr] 4d7 5s1 [Kr] 4d8 5s1 [Kr] 4d10 [Kr] 4d10 5s1 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p1 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p2 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p3 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p4 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p5 [Kr] 4d10 5s2 5p6
+1 +2 +3 +4 +3,5 +2,3,4,5,6 +4,7 +2,3,4,6,8 +2,3,4 +2,4 +1 +2 +3 +2,4 +3,5,-3 +2,4,6,-2 +1,5,7,-1 0
55 132.90545 56 137.327 72 178.49 73 180.9479 74 183.84 75 186.207 76 190.23 77 192.217 78 195.078 79 196.96655 80 200.59 81 204.3833 82 207.2 83 208.98038 84 (209) 85 (210) 86 (222)

Cs Ba Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl Pb Bi Po At Rn
2 1 3 4 5 6 5 4 3 2 1 2 3 4 3 2 1
S1/2 S0 F2 F3/2 D0 S5/2 D4 F9/2 D3 S1/2 S0 P°1/2 P0 S°3/2 P2 P°3/2 S0
0.79 0.89 1.3 1.5 2.36 1.9 2.2 2.2 2.28 2.54 2 1.62 2.33 2.02 2.0 2.2 -
Cesium Barium Hafnium Tantalum Tungsten Rhenium Osmium Iridium Platinum Gold Mercury Thallium Lead Bismuth Polonium Astatine Radon
6 1.879 3.8939 3.51 5.2117 Lanthanide Series 13.31 6.8251 16.65 7.5496 19.25 7.8640 21.02 7.8335 22.61 8.4382 22.65 8.9670 21.09 8.9588 19.3 9.2255 13.534 10.4375 11.85 6.1082 11.34 7.4167 9.78 7.2855 9.196 8.414 - - 9.73 10.7485
28.44 671 727 1870 2233 4603 3017 5458 3422 5555 3186 5596 3033 5012 2466 4428 1768.3 3825 1064.18 2856 -38.83 356.73 304 1473 327.46 1749 271.3 1564 254 962 302 - -71 -61.7
(m) 265 BCC (m) 222 BCC (m) 159 HCP (m) 146 BCC (m) 139 BCC (m) 137 HCP (m) 135 HCP (m) 136 FCC (m) 139 FCC (m) 144 FCC (m) 151 §rhom. (m) 170 HCP (m) 175 FCC (v) 146 §rhom. - §cubic - - (v) 145 -
[Xe] 6s1 [Xe] 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d2 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d3 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d4 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d5 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d6 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d7 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d9 6s1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s1 [Xe] 4f14 5d10 6s2 [Hg] 6p1 [Hg] 6p2 [Hg] 6p3 [Hg] 6p4 [Hg] 6p5 [Hg] 6p6
+1 +2 +4 +5 +2,3,4,5,6 +2,4,6,7,-1 +2,3,4,6,8 +2,3,4,6 +2,4 +1,3 +1,2 +1,3 +2,4 +3,5 +2,4 +1,3,5,7,-1 0
87 (223) 88 (226) 104 (261) 105 (262) 106 (266) 107 (264) 108 (277) 109 (268) 110 (281) 111 (272) 112 (285) 113 114 (289) 115 116 (292) 117 118
Fr Ra Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Uuq Mc Lv Ts Og
2 1 3
S1/2 S0 F2 ?
0.7 0.9
Francium Radium Actinide Rutherfordium Dubnium Seaborgium Bohrium Hassium Meitnerium Darmstadtium Roentgenium Copernicium Nihonium Ununquadium Moscovium Livermorium Tennessine Oganesson
7 - 4.0727 5 5.2784 6.0 ?
Series
- - 700 1737
- - - BCC
[Rn] 7s1 [Rn] 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d3 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d4 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d5 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d6 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 6d7 7s2 ? [Rn] 5f14 6d8 7s2 ? [Rn] 5f14 6d9 7s2 ? [Rn] 5f14 6d10 7s2 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p1 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p2 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p3 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p4 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p5 ? [Rn]5f146d107s27p6 ?
+1 +2 +4

Notes:
3 3
- Density units are g/cm for solids and g/L or kg/m at 57 138.9055 58 140.116 59 140.90765 60 144.24 61 (145) 62 150.36 63 151.964 64 157.25 65 158.92534 66 162.500 67 164.93032 68 167.259 69 168.93421 70 173.04 71 174.967
0° Celsius for gases
La Ce Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
2 1 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 2
G°4 I°9/2 I4 H°5/2 F0 S°7/2 D°2 H°15/2 I8 I°15/2 H6 F°7/2 S0
Lanthanides

D3/2 D3/2
12
- Atomic Weight based on C 1.10 1.12 1.13 1.14 - 1.17 - 1.20 - 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 - 1.27
- ( ) indicate mass number of most stable isotope Lanthanum Cerium Praseodymium Neodymium Promethium Samarium Europium Gadolinium Terbium Dysprosium Holmium Erbium Thulium Ytterbium Lutetium
- Common Oxidation States in bold 6.146 5.5769 6.689 5.5387 6.64 5.473 7.01 5.5250 7.264 5.582 7.353 5.6437 5.244 5.6704 7.901 6.1498 8.219 5.8638 8.551 5.9389 8.795 6.0215 9.066 6.1077 9.321 6.1843 6.57 6.2542 9.841 5.4259
- Electron Config. based on IUPAC guidelines 920 3464 798 3360 931 3290 1021 3100 1100 3000 1072 1803 822 1527 1313 3250 1356 3230 1412 2567 1474 2700 1497 2868 1545 1950 819 1196 1663 3402
- § indicates crystal structure is unusual or may require (m) 187 §hex (m) 182 FCC (m) 182 §hex (m) 181 §hex (m) 183 HCP (m) 180 §hex (m) 180 BCC (m) 180 HCP (m) 177 HCP (m) 178 HCP (m) 176 HCP (m) 176 HCP (m) 176 HCP (m) 176 FCC (m) 174 HCP
explanation [Xe] 5d1 6s2 [Xe] 4f1 5d1 6s2 [Xe] 4f3 6s2 [Xe] 4f4 6s2 [Xe] 4f5 6s2 [Xe] 4f6 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 6s2 [Xe] 4f7 5d1 6s2 [Xe] 4f9 6s2 [Xe] 4f10 6s2 [Xe] 4f11 6s2 [Xe] 4f12 6s2 [Xe] 4f13 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 6s2 [Xe] 4f14 5d1 6s2
- (m) Metallic radius, (v) Covalent radius +3 +3,4 +3,4 +3 +3 +2,3 +2,3 +3 +3,4 +3 +3 +3 +2,3 +2,3 +3
89 (227) 90 232.0381 91 231.0359 92 238.0289 93 (237) 94 (244) 95 (243) 96 (247) 97 (247) 98 (251) 99 (252) 100 (257) 101 (258) 102 (259) 103 (262)

Ac Th Pa U Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 6 5 4 3 2 1 2
References: D3/2 F2 K11/2 L°6 L11/2 F0 S°7/2 D°2 H°15/2 I8 I°15/2 H6 F°7/2 S0 P°1/2 ?
Actinides

†Nist.gov, *Wolfram.com (Mathematic), 1.1 1.3 1.5 1.38 1.36 1.28 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 -
CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics Actinium Thorium Protactinium Uranium Neptunium Plutonium Americium Curium Berkelium Californium Einsteinium Fermium Mendelevium Nobelium Lawrencium
81st Edition, 2000-2001, and others 10.07 5.17 11.724 6.3067 15.37 5.89 19.05 6.1941 20.45 6.2657 19.816 6.0260 - 5.9738 13.51 5.9914 14.78 6.1979 15.1 6.2817 - 6.42 - 6.50 - 6.58 - 6.65 - 4.9 ?
1050 3200 1750 4820 1572 4000 1135 3927 644 4000 640 3230 1176 2011 1345 3110 1050 - 900 - 860 - 1527 - 827 - 827 - 1627 -
Periodic Table of the Elements - FCC (m) 179 FCC (m) 163 §tetra (m) 156 BCP (m) 155 SO (m) 159 §mono. (m) 173 HCP (m) 174 HCP (m) 170 hex - hex - - - - - - - - - -
Design by Vertex42.com [Rn] 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 6d2 7s2 [Rn] 5f2 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 5f3 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 5f4 6d1 7s2 [Rn] 5f6 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 7s2 [Rn] 5f7 6d 7s2 [Rn] 5f9 7s2 [Rn] 5f10 7s2 [Rn] 5f11 7s2 [Rn] 5f12 7s2 [Rn] 5f13 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 [Rn] 5f14 7s2 7p1
© 2011-2022 Vertex42 LLC. All rights reserved. +3 +4 +4,5 +3,4,5,6 +3,4,5,6 +3,4,5,6 +3,4,5,6 +3 +3,4 +3 +3 +3 +2,3 +2,3 +3
 44. Clebsch-Gordan coefficients 1

44. Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients, Spherical Harmonics, and d Functions

p
Note: A square-root sign is to be understood over every coefficient, e.g., for −8/15 read − 8/15.
r
3
Y10 = cos θ
4π
r
3
Y11 =− sin θ eiφ
8π
r 
5 3 1
Y20 = cos2 θ −
4π 2 2
r
15
Y21 =− sin θ cos θ eiφ
8π
r
1 15
Y22 = sin2 θ e2iφ
4 2π

Yℓ−m = (−1)m Yℓm∗ r hj1 j2 m1 m2 |j1 j2 JM i

4π
d ℓm,0 = Y m e−imφ = (−1)J−j1 −j2 hj2 j1 m2 m1 |j2 j1 JM i
2ℓ + 1 ℓ
j ′ j j θ 1 + cos θ
d m′ ,m = (−1)m−m d m,m′ = d −m,−m′ d 10,0 = cos θ
1/2
d 1/2,1/2 = cos d 11,1 =
2 2
1/2 θ 1 sin θ
d 1/2,−1/2 = − sin d 1,0 = − √
2 2
1 1 − cos θ
d 1,−1 =
2

3/2 1 + cos θ θ
d 3/2,3/2 = cos
2 2
√ 1 + cos θ  1 + cos θ 2
3/2 θ d 22,2 =
d 3/2,1/2 = − 3 sin 2
2 2
√ 1 − cos θ θ 1 + cos θ
3/2
d 3/2,−1/2 = 3 cos d 22,1 =− sin θ
2 2 2
√ 1 + cos θ
3/2 1 − cos θ θ 6 d 21,1 = (2 cos θ − 1)
d 3/2,−3/2 = − sin d 22,0 = sin2 θ 2
2 2 4 r
3/2 3 cos θ − 1 θ 1 − cos θ 3
d 1/2,1/2 = cos d 22,−1 = − sin θ d 21,0 = − sin θ cos θ
2 2 2 2
3/2 3 cos θ + 1 θ  1 − cos θ 2 1 − cos θ 3 1
d 1/2,−1/2 = − sin d 22,−2 = d 21,−1 = (2 cos θ + 1) d 20,0 = cos2 θ −
2 2 2 2 2 2

Figure 44.1: The sign convention is that of Wigner (Group Theory, Academic Press, New York, 1959), also used by Condon and Shortley (The
Theory of Atomic Spectra, Cambridge Univ. Press, New York, 1953), Rose (Elementary Theory of Angular Momentum, Wiley, New York, 1957),
and Cohen (Tables of the Clebsch-Gordan Coefficients, North American Rockwell Science Center, Thousand Oaks, Calif., 1974).
TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW SHEET ©2005 Jon Wittwer, www.vertex42.com ___________________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________________ PLANE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS
QUADRANTS & SIGNS OF FUNCTIONS a b c
Law of sines: ----------- = ----------- = ------------
sin A sin B sin C
sin & csc pos.
All positive c B Law of cosines: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 – 2ab cos C ,
others neg.
a
C = acos  ---------------------------
II I a2 + b2 – c2
A 2ab
III IV C 1
tan --- ( A + B )
b
tan & cot pos. cos & sec pos. a+b 2
Law of tangents: ------------ = ------------------------------
a–b 1
others neg. others neg. tan --- ( A – B )
2
___________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________
RIGHT-ANGLE TRIANGLE RELATIONSHIPS INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
a = opposite side
b = adjacent side Function Domain Range Quadrants
c = hypotenuse
c 90° - θ y = cos x
–1
–1 ≤ x ≤ 1 0≤y≤π I and II
side opposite θ a
a sin θ = ------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c –1
–1 ≤ x ≤ 1 –π ⁄ 2 ≤ y ≤ π ⁄ 2 I and IV
y = sin x
side adjacent to θ b
θ 90° cos θ = ------------------------------------------ = ---
hypotenuse c y = tan x
–1 all reals –π ⁄ 2 < y < π ⁄ 2 I and IV

b side opposite θ a
tan θ = ------------------------------------------ = --- –1
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1 0≤y≤π, y≠π⁄2 I and II
side adjacent to θ b y = sec x
Pythagorean theorem: c 2 = a 2 + b 2 y = csc x
–1
x ≥ 1 or x ≤ – 1 –π ⁄ 2 ≤ y ≤ π ⁄ 2 , y ≠ 0 I and IV
___________________________________________________________________________
FUNDAMENTAL IDENTITIES y = cot x
–1 all reals 0<y<π I and II

sin x 1 1 1 cos x
1. tan x = ----------- 2. sec x = ----------- 3. csc x = ---------- 4. cot x = ----------- = -----------
cos x cos x sin x tan x sin x PRINCIPAL VALUES FOR INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
2 2 2 2 2 2
5. cos x + sin x = 1 6. 1 + tan x = sec x 7. cot x + 1 = csc x
Principal values for x ≥ 0 Principal values for x < 0
8a. cos ( π ⁄ 2 – x ) = sin x 8b. cos ( π ⁄ 2 + x ) = – sin x
9a. sin ( π ⁄ 2 – x ) = cos x 9b. sin ( π ⁄ 2 + x ) = cos x 0 ≤ sin x ≤ π ⁄ 2
–1
– π ⁄ 2 ≤ sin x < 0
–1

10. tan ( π ⁄ 2 – x ) = cot x

0 ≤ cos x ≤ π ⁄ 2 π ⁄ 2 < cos x ≤ π
–1 –1
OPPOSITE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
1. cos ( – x ) = cos x 2. sin ( – x ) = – sin x 3. tan ( – x ) = – tan x 0 ≤ tan x < π ⁄ 2
–1
– π ⁄ 2 < tan x < 0
–1

4. sec ( – x ) = sec x 5. csc ( – x ) = – csc x 6. cot ( – x ) = – cot x

0 < cot x ≤ π ⁄ 2 π ⁄ 2 < cot x < π
–1 –1
ADDITION LAWS
1. cos ( x ± y ) = cos x cos y + − sin x sin y 2. sin ( x ± y ) = sin x cos y ± cos x sin y 0 ≤ sec x < π ⁄ 2
–1
π ⁄ 2 < sec x ≤ π
–1

tan x ± tan y
3. tan ( x ± y ) = ------------------------------- 0 < csc x ≤ π ⁄ 2 – π ⁄ 2 ≤ csc x < 0
1−
–1 –1
+ tan x tan y
DOUBLE-ANGLE IDENTITIES
2 2 2 2
INVERSE IDENTITIES (ASSUMING PRINCIPAL VALUES ARE USED)
1a. cos 2x = cos x – sin x 1b. cos 2x = 2 cos x – 1 1c. cos 2x = 1 – 2 sin x
1. sin x + cos x = π ⁄ 2 7. sin ( – x ) = – sin x
–1 –1 –1 –1
1 1
1d. sin x = --- ( 1 – cos 2x ) 1e. cos x = --- ( 1 + cos 2x )
2 2

2. tan x + cot x = π ⁄ 2 8. cos ( – x ) = π – cos x

–1 –1 –1 –1
2 2
2 tan x 3. sec x + csc x = π ⁄ 2
–1 –1
9. tan ( – x ) = – tan x
–1 –1
2. sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x 3. tan 2x = --------------------
2
-
1 – tan x
4. csc x = sin ( 1 ⁄ x ) 10. cot ( – x ) = π – cot x
–1 –1 –1 –1

HALF-ANGLE IDENTITIES
5. sec x = cos ( 1 ⁄ x ) 11. sec ( – x ) = π – sec x
–1 –1 –1 –1

x 1 + cos x  + if x/2 is in quadrant I or IV 6. cot x = tan ( 1 ⁄ x )

–1 –1
12. csc ( – x ) = – csc x
–1 –1
1. cos --- = ± --------------------- 
2 2  - if x/2 is in quadrant II or III
___________________________________________________________________________
x 1 – cos x  + if x/2 is in quadrant I or II COMPLEX IDENTITIES
2. sin --- = ± -------------------- 
2 2  - if x/2 is in quadrant III or IV e iw + e –iw e iw – e –iw
cos w = --------------------- i sin w = -------------------- Euler Identity: e iw = cos w + i sin w
2 2
x 1 – cos x  + if x/2 is in quadrant I or III
3a. tan --- = ± ---------------------  ___________________________________________________________________________
2 1 + cos x  - if x/2 is in quadrant II or IV
QUADRATIC FORMULA
x 1 – cos x sin x – b ± b 2 – 4ac
3b. tan --- = -------------------- = --------------------- = csc x – cot x x = --------------------------------------
Solution to ax 2 + bx + c = 0 :
2 sin x 1 + cos x 2a
PRODUCT IDENTITIES ___________________________________________________________________________
1. 2 cos x cos y = cos ( x – y ) + cos ( x + y ) 2. 2 sin x sin y = cos ( x – y ) – cos ( x + y ) EXACT VALUES
3. 2 sin x cos y = sin ( x + y ) + sin ( x – y ) 4. 2 cos x sin y = sin ( x + y ) – sin ( x – y )
Angle (deg) Angle (rad) cos(x) sin(x) tan(x)
5. cos mx cos nx = cos ( m + n )x + cos ( m – n )x
0° 0 1 0 0
SUM IDENTITIES
π⁄6 1⁄2
1. cos x + cos y = 2 cos  ----------- cos  ----------- 2. cos x – cos y = – 2 sin  ----------- sin  -----------
x+y x–y x+y x–y 30° 3⁄2 3⁄3
 2   2   2   2 
45° π⁄4 2⁄2 2⁄2
1
3. sin x + sin y = 2 sin  ----------- cos  ----------- 4. sin x – sin y = 2 sin  ----------- cos  -----------
x+y x–y x–y x+y
 2   2   2   2 
60° π⁄3 1⁄2 3⁄2 3
___________________________________________________________________________
REDUCTION IDENTITY 90° π⁄2 0 1 ±∞

1. a sin x + b cos x = a 2 + b 2 sin ( x + y ) , where y is chosen so that 180° π -1 0 0

a b
cos y = -------------------- and sin y = -------------------- 270° 3π ⁄ 2 0 -1 ±∞
a2 + b2 a2 + b2

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Indefinite Integral Table https://www.vertex42.com/ExcelTemplates/education.html © 2005 Jon Wittwer
Note: u, v, and w are functions of x. a, c, n, are constants. All 1 n–2 2 1 2
∫ csc x dx = – -----------
- csc n – 2x cot x + ------------ ∫ csc n – 2x dx ∫ 2c. ∫ -----------------------------
n
trigonometric functions use radians. A constant must be added 4. 1. a + bx dx = ------ ( a + bx ) 3 / 2 dx = – ------------------ b 2 – 4ac = 0
to the result of every integration. n–1 n–1 3b ax 2 + bx + c 2ax + b

∫ csc 2
–1 –1
5. x dx = x csc x + ln x + x – 1 2. ∫ x a + bx dx = -----------2 ( 3bx – 2a ) ( a + bx ) 3 / 2
2
General and Basic Integrals
Integrals Involving a 2 ± b 2 x 2
1. ∫ af ( x ) dx = a ∫ f ( x ) dx 15b
1 1 –1
Combined Trig Functions 2x n ( a + bx ) 3 / 2 2an
3. ∫ x n a + bx dx = ---------------------------------- – ------------------------ ∫ x n – 1 a + bx dx - dx = ------ tan bx
1. ∫ -------------------- ------ ( a > 0, b > 0 )
2. ∫ ( u ± v ) dx = ∫ u dx ± ∫ v dx a2 + b2x2 ab
1. ∫ sin x cos x dx = ( sin x ) ⁄ 2 a
2
b ( 2n + 3 ) b ( 2n + 3 )
3. ∫ u dv = uv – ∫ v du
dx = ------ tanh ------ = --------- ln  ---------------
cos ( a – b ) x cos ( a + b ) x x 2 1 - 1 –1
bx 1 a + bx
2. ∫ sin ax cos bx dx = – ----------------------------- – ----------------------------- 4. ∫ ------------------
- dx = -------
- ( bx – 2a ) a + bx 2. ∫ --------------------
g′ ( x ) 2(a – b) 2(a + b) a + bx 3b 2 a 2 – b 2 x2 ab a 2ab  a – bx 
5. ∫ ------------ dx = ln g ( x )
g(x) for ( a > 0, b > 0 )
3. ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x 4. ∫ csc x cot x dx = – csc x xn 2x n a + bx 2an xn – 1
5. ∫ ------------------- dx = ---------------------------- – ------------------------ ∫ ------------------- dx
{ [ g ( x) ]r + 1 } ⁄ ( r + 1 ) r ≠ 1 b ( 2n + 1 ) b ( 2n + 1 ) a + bx
a 2 + b 2 x 2 dx = --- a 2 + b 2 x 2 + ------ ln  ------ + 1 + ---------
x a2 bx b 2 x 2
∫
m+1 n–1 a + bx
6. ∫ [ g ( x ) ] r g′ ( x ) dx =  sin x cos x n – 1 3. -
5a. ∫ sin x cos x dx = -------------------------------------- + ------------- ∫ sin x cos x dx 2b  a a2 
m n m n–2
ln g ( x ) 2
 r = 1 m+n m+n  1 a + bx – a
 ------- ln --------------------------------- for ( a > 0 )
4. ∫ -------------------------- dx = --- ln  ------ + 1 + ---------
sin x cos x m – 1
m–1 n+1 1 1 bx b 2 x-2
xn + 1  a
∫ sin x cos x dx = – -------------------------------------- + ------------- ∫ sin x cos x dx
m n m–2 n
7. ∫ x n dx = ------------ ( n ≠ –1 ) 1
6. ∫ ---------------------- dx = 
a + bx + a
a2 + b2x2 b a a2 
n+1 m+n m+n
 ---------
–1
x a + bx 2
dx  - tan a-------------- + bx
- for ( a < 0 ) x a2
5. ∫ a 2 – b 2 x 2 dx = --- a 2 – b 2 x 2 + ------ sin ------
–1
bx
6. ∫ ------------------------------------------ dx = ----------------------- ln tan ---  cx + tan ---
8. ∫ ----- = ∫ x –1 dx = ln x (x ≠ 0) 1 1 1 –1
b
 –a –a 2 2b a
x a sin cx + b cos cx c a2 + b2 2 a
1 1 –1bx
dx
9. ∫ ----n- = ∫ x –n dx =
x1 – n
------------ ( n ≠ 1 ) 1 a + bx b ( 2n – 3 ) 1 6. ∫ ------------------------- dx = --- sin ------
7. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – ------------------------------
a ( n – 1 )x n – 1 2a ( n – 1 ) ∫ x n – 1 a + bx
x 1–n Integrals Involving e x e ax – ----------------------- ------------------------------ dx 2
a –b x 2 2 b a
x n a + bx
a x ) dx = 1 F (u)
SIN ∫ F ( e
a∫ u
--
- ----------- d u , u = ea x a + bx 1
8. ∫ ------------------- dx = 2 a + bx + a ∫ ---------------------- dx Integrals Involving 2ax – x 2
1
1. ∫ sin x dx = – cos x 2.
a ∫ sin ax dx
= – --- cos ax
1. ∫ e x dx = e x 2. ∫ e ax dx = --- e ax
1
3. ∫ xe x dx = xe x – e x
x x a + bx a2 –1
2ax – x 2 dx = ----------- 2ax – x 2 + ----- cos  1 – ---
x–a x
1 1 1 1 sin 2ax a a + bx ( a + bx ) 3 /2b ( 2n – 5 ) a + bx
1. ∫ 2 2  a
9. ∫ ------------------
3. ∫ sin x dx = x – sin 2x 4. ∫ sin ax dx = x – --- ----------------- a ( n – 1 )x n – 1 2a ( n – 1 ) ∫ x n – 1
2
--
- --
- 2
--
- - dx = – ------------------------------ – ----------------------- ------------------- dx
e ax xn
4. ∫ xe dx = -----2- ( ax – 1 ) 5. ∫ x e dx = x n e x – n ∫ x n – 1 e x dx
–1
2 4 2 4 a
2. ∫ x 2ax – x 2 dx = ---------------------------------- 2ax – x 2 + ----- cos  1 – ---
a x n x 2x 2 – ax – 3a 2 a3 x
a  a
c ( ax + b )
–1
1--- 3 3--- 3 1 2 6 2
5. ∫ sin x dx = – sin x cos x – sin x cos x + --- x 10. ∫ --------------------------------------- dx = ---------- tanh -----------------------
4

4 8 8 d x x--- ----- 1- a ( cx + d )
6. ∫ ------------------
- = – ln ( a + be cx ) ax + b cx + d ac –1
2ax – x 2 + a cos  1 – ---
2ax – x 2 x
a + be cx a ac 3. ∫ ------------------------ dx =
1 n–1 n–1
6. ∫ sin x dx = – --- sin x cos x + ------------ ∫ sin x dx
n n–2
x  a
n n a + ex ax a – b
7. ∫ -------------x dx = ------ – ------------ ln ( b + e x ) Integrals Involving a 2 – x 2 a2 – x2 –1
- dx = – ---------------------------- – cos  1 – ---
b+e b b 2ax – x 2 2 2ax – x 2 x
7. ∫ x sin x dx = sin x – x cos x 4. ∫ -----------------------
a + be x + ce 2x ax a – bd + cd 2 ∫F( a 2 – x 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a cos u ) cos u du, x = a sin u x2 x  a
sin ax- x-----------------
cos ax- 8. ∫ -------------------------------- - dx = ------ + ce x – ------------------------------ ln ( d + e x ) 1 1
8. ∫ x sin ax dx = ------------- – d+e x d d 1. ∫ --------------- x+a –1
5. ∫ ------------------------ dx = cos  1 – ---
2 dx = ------ ln -----------
- 1 x
a a a2 – x2 2a x – a
x 1 ex + 1 2ax – x 2  a
9. ∫ x sin x dx = – x cos x + 2x sin x + 2 cos x
2 2 9. ∫ -------------------
- dx = – --- ------------- –1
( e x – 1 )2
a 2 – x 2 dx = --- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  ---
2
2 ex – 1 x a x
∫
–1
2.
6. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – 2ax – x 2 + a cos  1 – ---
 a x x
2 2
10. ∫ x sin x dx = – x cos x + n ∫ x  a
n n n–1
cos x d x 2 1 1 + e ax + 1
10. ∫ 1 + e ax dx = --- 1 + e a x + --- ln -----------------------------
a a 1
2ax – x 2
1 + e ax – 1 3. ∫ x a 2 – x 2 dx = – --- ( a 2 – x 2 ) 3 / 2
∫ sin
–1 –1 –1
11. x dx = x sin x + 1 – x 2
7. ∫ ------------------------ dx = – --------------- 2ax – x 2 + -------- cos  1 – ---
3 x2 x + 3a 3a 2 x
1 2 x
11. ∫ -------------------- dx = --- ln ( e x + a 2 – a ) – --- 2ax – x 2 2 2  a
1 a 4 –1 x
∫ sin ax dx = x ( sin ax ) + --a- 1 – a 2 x 2 a – x dx = --- ( 2x 2 – a 2 ) a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  ---
–1 –1 x
12. ex + a2 a a 4. ∫ x 2 2 2
8 8  a 1 2ax – x 2
1--- 8. ∫ --------------------------- dx = – ------------------------
dx ax
13. ∫ ---------------
- = – cot ax Integrals Involving a x xn a2 – x2 x 2ax – x 2
sin ax
2 a 5. ∫ -------------------- dx = + a2 – x2
a 2 – x 2 – a ln a----------------------------
-
ax xnax n x 1 x–a
1. ∫ a x dx = -------- 2. ∫ x n a x dx = ---------- – -------- ∫ x n – 1 a x dx x 9. ∫ ------------------------------ dx = ------------------------------
sin ( a + b )x sin ( a – b )x ln a ln a ln a ( 2ax – x ) 2 3/2
14. ∫ sin ax sin bx dx = – ---------------------------- + ---------------------------- –1 a 2 2ax – x 2
- dx = – --- a 2 – x 2 – sin  ---
2(a + b) 2(a – b) a2 – x2 1 x
x n
2 2n – 4 xn – 3 6. ∫ -------------------
3. ∫ ------------------ dx = --------------- x n – 2 x 3 + 1 – --------------- ∫ ------------------ dx x2 x  a
π ax 2n – 1 2n – 1 x 3 + 1 Miscellaneous Integrals
15. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- tan  --- – ------
1 1 x3 + 1 –1
4 2  a+x 2a + x a 2 –1 x
7. ∫ -------------------- dx = sin  ---
1 + sin ax a 1 x 1. ∫ x ------------ dx = – --------------- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin ---
xn xn – 3 n – 3 xn – 4  a
4. ∫ ------------------ dx = ------------ x 4 + 1 – ------------ ∫ ------------------ dx a2 – x2 a–x 2 2 a
x4 + 1 n–1 n – 1 x4 + 1
COS x x dx = 2--- ln ( x 3 / 2 + x 3 – a )
1. ∫ cos x dx = sin x
1
2. ∫ cos ax dx
= --- sin ax
8. ∫ -------------------- dx = – a 2 – x 2 2. ∫ -------------
x3 – a 3
a Integrals Involving ln ( x ) a2 – x2
∫ F ( ln x ) dx = ∫ F ( u )e du, u = ln x x
–1
∫
u
9. ∫ -------------------- dx = – --- a 2 – x 2 + ----- sin  ---
1 1 1 1 sin 2ax x 2 x a x 2
3. ------------ dx = x 2 + ax – a ln ( x + a + x )
3. ∫ cos x dx = --- x + --- sin 2x 4. ∫ cos ax dx = --- x + --- -----------------
2 2

2 4 2 4 a 2 2  a x+a
1 3 3
1. ∫ ln x dx = – x + x ln x 2. ∫ ln ax dx = – x + x ln ax a2 – x2
1 + x2 1 2x + 1 + x-4
5. ∫ cos x dx = --- cos x sin x + --- cos x sin x + --- x
4 3
3. ∫ ( ln x ) n dx = x ( ln x ) n – n ∫ ( ln x ) n – 1 dx
1 1 + a2 – x2
10. ∫ ----------------------- dx = – --- ln a---------------------------- 4. ∫ ------------------------------------- dx = ------- ln ----------------------------------
4 8 8 - ( 1 – x2) 1 + x4 2 1 – x2
x a 2 – x2 a x
1 n–1 1 1
6. ∫ cos x dx = --- cos x sin x + ------------ ∫ cos x dx
n n–1 n–2
4. ∫ --- dx = ln x 5. ∫ ----------- dx = ln ln x 1 1
n n x x ln x 11. ∫ ------------------------
- -------
dx = – 2 a – x- 2 2

x2 a 2 – x 2 a x
7. ∫ x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x 1 1
6. ∫ x n ln x dx = ------------ x n + 1 ln x – -------------------2 x n + 1
( n + 1) 3a 4 –1 x
12. ∫ ( a 2 – x 2 ) 3 / 2 dx = – --- ( 2x 2 – 5a 2 ) a 2 – x 2 + -------- sin  --- 
n+1 x
cos ax x sin ax
8. ∫ x cos ax dx = --------------
- + ----------------- ax 8 8  a
e
a2 a 7. ∫ e ax sin bx dx = --------------- - ( a sin bx – b cos bx )
a2 + b 2 1 x DERIVATIVES
9. ∫ x 2 cos x dx = x 2 sin x + 2 x cos x – 2 sin x 13. ∫ -------------------------
- dx = ------------------------
-
e ax ( a 2 – x2 ) 3 / 2 a 2 a 2 – x2
8. ∫ e cos bx d x = ---------------
ax - ( a cos b x – b sin bx ) dw dw du
------- = ------- ------ : Chain Rule
du dx –1
------ =  ------ = ----------------
1
10. ∫ x cos x dx = x sin x – n ∫ x
n n n–1
sin x dx a2 + b2  du
dx du dx dx dx ⁄ du
Integrals Involving x 2 ± a 2 x2 ± a2
∫ cos
–1 –1
11. x dx = x cos x – 1 – x 2 Hyperbolic Functions d du d d du dv
–1 ------ f ( u ) = ------ ------ f ( u ) ------ ( u + v ) = ------ + ------
Note: ln x + x 2 + a 2 = sinh  --- ,
e x – e–x e x + e –x sinh x x
Note: sinh x = ----------------- , cosh x = ----------------- , tanh x = -------------- dx dx du dx dx dx
1  a
∫ cos ax dx = x ( cos ax ) – --- 1 – a 2 x 2
–1 –1
12. 2 2 cosh x
d-  --
u-
= ----2  v ------ – u ------
a d- dv du 1 du dv
1 1 –1 –1 ----- ( uv ) = u ------ + v ------ -----
1. ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x 2. ∫ sinh x dx = --- sinh 2x – --- x ln x + x 2 – a 2 = cosh  ---  , ln -----------------------------
x a + x 2 + a 2 = sinh  -- a- dx  v  v  dx dx
2
dx 1 dx dx dx
13. ∫ ----------------
- = --- tan ax 4 2  a x  x
cos ax
2 a d du dv
1 1 ------ ( u v ) = vu v – 1 ------ + u v ln u ------
3. ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x 4. ∫ cosh x dx = --- sinh 2x + --- x
2
∫F( x 2 + a 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a sec u ) sec u du, x = a tan u
2
sin ( a + b )x sin ( a – b )x 4 2 dx dx dx
14. ∫ cos ax cos bx dx = ---------------------------- + ----------------------------
2 (a + b ) 2(a – b) d 1 d
1 1
5. ∫ tanh x dx = ln ( cosh x ) ∫F( x 2 – a 2 ) dx = a ∫ F ( a tan u ) sec u tan u du, x = a sec u ------ ln x = ---
dx x
------ e x = e x
dx
ax
15. ∫ ------------------------ dx = --- tan ------
∫ coth x dx = ln sinh x
–1
- dx = --- tan  ---
6. 1 1 x 1 1 x–a
1 + cos ax a 2 1. ∫ --------------- 2. ∫ --------------- dx = ------ ln -----------
- d d du
------ ( u n ) = nu n – 1 ------
x 2 + a2 a  a x2 – a2 2a x + a ------ a x = a x ln a
dx dx dx
∫ sech x dx = tan ( sinh x ) ∫ sech x dx
–1 2
7. 8. = tanh x
sin x x 1 d ( log au )
TAN tan x = ----------- 3. ∫ ---------------
- dx = --- ln x 2 + a 2 1 du
--------------------- = ( log ae ) --- ------
cos x 9. ∫ sech x tanh x dx = – sech x x 2 + a2 2 dx u dx
1 10. ∫ csch x coth x dx = – csch x x a2
1. ∫ tan x dx = – ln cos x 2. ∫ tan ax dx = – --- ln ( cos ax )
a 4. ∫ x ± a dx = --- x 2 ± a 2 ± ----- ln x + x 2 ± a 2
2 2
2 2
d ( sin x ) ⁄ dx = cos x d ( cos x ) ⁄ dx = – sin x
2 2
1 d ( tan x ) ⁄ dx = sec x d ( cot x ) ⁄ dx = – csc x
3. ∫ tan
2
x dx = tan x – x 4. ∫ tan
2 1
ax dx = – x + --- tan ax
11. ∫ csch x dx= ln tanh --- x
2 1
5. ∫ x x 2 ± a 2 dx = --- ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 / 2
a 3 d ( sec x ) ⁄ dx = sec x tan x d ( csc x ) ⁄ dx = – csc x cot x
e ax
12. ∫ e ax sinh bx dx = ---------------
- ( a sinh bx – b cosh bx ) d ( sin u )
–1
π π
----------------------- = ------------------ ------ for  – --- ≤ sin –1u ≤ ---
1 x a4 1 du
∫ tan
x dx = ------------ tan x – ∫ tan x dx
n n–1 n–2
5.
n–1
a2 – b2 6. ∫ x 2 x 2 ± a 2 dx = --- ( 2x 2 ± a 2 ) x 2 ± a 2 – ----- ln x + x 2 ± a 2 dx  2 2
8 8 1 – u 2 dx
eax
1 13. ∫ e cosh bx dx = ---------------
ax - ( a cosh bx – b sinh bx ) –1
6. ∫ tan x dx = x tan x – --- ln ( x 2 + 1 ) d ( cos u )
–1 –1 –1
x 2 + a 2 – a sinh  ---
a2 – b2 x2 + a2 a – 1 du
2 7. ∫ -------------------- dx = ------------------------ = ------------------ ------ for ( 0 ≤ cos – 1u ≤ π )
x  x dx 1 – u 2 dx
1 1 1 Integrals Involving a + bx
7. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- x + --- ln ( cos ax + sin ax ) x2 – a2 –1
d ( tan u )
–1
π π
1 + tan ax 2 a 1 8. ∫ -------------------- dx = x 2 – a 2 – a sec --x- ----------------------- = -------------2- ------ for  – --- < tan –1u < ---
1 du
∫ F ( a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ F ( u ) du, u = a + bx x a dx 1 + u dx  2 2
cos x 1 x2 ± a2 x2 ± a 2 d ( cot u )
–1
COT cot x = ----------- = ----------- 1 1
1. ∫ --------------- dx = --- ln a + bx 9. ∫ -------------------
- dx = – -------------------- + ln x + x 2 ± a 2 – 1 du
----------------------- = -------------2- ------ for ( 0 < cot –1u < π )
sin x tan x a + bx b x2 x dx 1 + u dx
1 1
∫ cot x dx 2. ∫ cot ax dx = --- ln ( sin ax ) 1 –1 10. ∫ -------------------- dx = ln x + x 2 ± a 2
–1
1. = ln sin x ( sec u ) π π
2. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = ----------------------- = --------------------- ------  0 ≤ sec u < ---  – π ≤ sec u < – ---
d----------------------- 1 du –1 –1
a ( a + bx ) b ( a + bx ) x2 ± a2
1
dx u u 2 – 1 dx  2  2
∫ cot x dx 4. ∫ cot ax dx = – x – --- cot ax
2 2
3. = – cot x – x 3. ∫
1 –1
- (n ≠ 1 ) 1 x2 ± a 2
− -------------------
---------------------- ----------------------------------------------- 11. ∫ ------------------------- dx = +
–1
dx = - d ( csc u ) π π
= --------------------- ------  0 < csc u ≤ ---  – π < csc u ≤ – ---
a ( a + bx ) n ( n – 1 )b ( a + bx ) n – 1 – 1 du –1 –1
x2 x 2 ± a 2 a2x -----------------------
1 dx u u 2 – 1 dx  2  2
∫ cot x dx = – -----------
- cot n – 1x – ∫ cot n – 2x dx
n
5. x 1
4. ∫ --------------- dx = -----2 [ a + bx – a ln a + bx ] –1
12. ∫ ----------------------- dx = – --- sinh  ---
n–1 1 1 a
a + bx b d ( sinh x ) ⁄ dx = cosh x d ( cosh x ) ⁄ dx = sinh x
x x2 + a 2 a  x
1
6. ∫ cot x dx = x cot x + --- ln ( x 2 + 1 ) d ( tanh x ) ⁄ dx = sech x d ( coth x ) ⁄ dx = – csch x
–1 –1 2 2
x 1 a
2 5. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = -----2 --------------- + ln a + bx 1 1 –1
( a + bx ) b a + bx 13. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- sec --x- d ( sech x ) ⁄ dx = – sech x tanh x
x x2 – a2 a a
1 x a + 2bx - d ( csch x ) ⁄ dx = – csch x coth x
SEC sec x = ----------- 6. ∫ ----------------------3 dx = – ------------------------------ x
cos x ( a + bx ) 2b 2 ( a + bx ) 2 14. ∫ -------------------- dx = x 2 ± a 2 d 1 du
------ sinh –1u = ------------------ ------
x2 ± a2
1. ∫ sec x dx = ln sec x + tan x x2 1 1
7. ∫ --------------- dx = -----3 --- ( a + bx ) 2 – 2a ( a + bx ) + a 2 ln a + bx x2 x a2
dx u 2 + 1 dx
1 a + bx b 2 15. ∫ -------------------- dx = --- x 2 ± a 2 + − ---- - ln x + x 2 ± a 2 d 1 du
------ cosh –1u = ------------------ ------ for u > 1 and cosh –1u ≥ 0
2. ∫ sec ax dx = --a- ln ( sec ax + tan ax ) x2 1 a2
x2 ± a2 2 2
dx u 2 – 1 dx
8. ∫ ----------------------2 dx = -----3 a + bx – --------------- – 2a ln a + bx 16.
( a + bx ) d 1 du
∫ sec x dx
2
3. = tan x b a + bx x 3a 4 ------ tanh –1u = --------------2 ------ for – 1 < u < 1
( a + bx ) n + 1 ∫ ( x 2 ± a 2 ) 3 / 2 dx = --8- ( 2x 2 ± 5a2 ) x 2 ± a2 + ------- 8
- ln x + x 2 ± a 2 dx 1 – u dx
1 1 9. ∫ ( a + bx ) n dx = ---------------------------- ( n ≠ – 1 )
∫ sec x dx
3
4. = --- sec x tan x + --- ln sec x + tan x b ( n + 1) 1 x
2 2 17. ∫ -------------------------
- d x = ± -------------------------
1 1 x - ( x2 ± a2 ) 3 / 2 a2 x2 ± a2
1 n–2
5. ∫ sec x dx = ------------ sec x tan x + ------------ ∫ sec x dx
n n–2 n–2 10. ∫ ----------------------- dx = --- ln --------------
n–1 n–1 x ( a + bx ) a a + bx
1 1 b Integrals Involving ax 2 + bx + c
∫ sec - dx = – ------ + -----2 ln a--------------
+ bx
–1 –1
6. x dx = x sec x – ln x + x 2 – 1 11. ∫ ------------------------ - –1
x 2 ( a + bx ) ax a 1
- dx = ---------- tan  x a---
1
x 1. ∫ ----------------
ax 2 + c ac  c
1 1 1 1 x
CSC csc x = ---------- 12. ∫ -------------------------2 dx = ----------------------- + -----2 ln --------------
-
x ( a + bx ) a ( a + bx ) a –1
dx = ------------------------ tan  ------------------------
sin x a + bx 1 2 2ax + b
2a. ∫ -----------------------------
ax 2 + bx + c  4ac – b 2
1. ∫ csc x dx = – ln csc x + cot x
Integrals Involving a + bx
4ac – b 2
1 for 4ac – b 2 > 0
2. ∫ csc ax dx = --- ln ( csc ax – cot ax ) 2
a ∫ F ( a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ uF ( u ) du, u = a + bx 1
2b. ∫ -----------------------------
1 2ax + b – b 2 – 4ac-
dx = ------------------------ ln -------------------------------------------------
ax 2 + bx + c
∫ csc x dx
2 b 2 – 4ac 2ax + b + b 2 – 4ac
3. = – cot x n
∫ F ( n a + bx ) dx = --b- ∫ u n – 1 F ( u ) du, u = n a + bx for b 2 – 4ac > 0
Formulário

2 sin (a) sin (b) = cos (a b) cos (a+b) 2 cos (a) cos (b) = cos (a b) + cos (a + b)

2 sin (a) cos (b) = sin (a + b) + sin (a b) sin2 (a) = 12 (1 cos (2a))

cos2 (a) = 12 (1 + cos (2a))

´ +1 ax2
p⇡ ´ +1 ax2 1.3.5...(2n 1) p ⇡
1
e dx = a 1
x2n e dx = 2n an a
q
2 n⇡ n 2 ~2 ⇡ 2
n (x) = a
sin a
x En = 2ma2

q q
~
x= 2m!
(â+ + â ) p̂ = i m~!
2
(â+ â )

N̂ = â+ â N̂ |ni = n |ni hn| n0 i= n,n0 n é inteiro positivo

p p
â+ |ni = n + 1 |n + 1i â |ni = n |n 1i

â+ = p 1 ( ip̂ + m!x) â = p 1 (ip̂ + m!x)

2~m! 2~m!

m! 2
n (x) = An (â+ )n e 2~
x
En = n + 1
2
~! n = 0, 1, 2, ...
i~ d ⇤ ⇤d
j (x) = 2m dx dx
p
L± |l mi = ~ l(l + 1) m(m ± 1) |l m ± 1i Lx = 21 (L+ + L )
1
Ly = 2i
(L+ L ) L2 L2z = 12 (L+ L + L L+ )
⇣ ⌘
@ @
L± = ±~e±i @✓
± i cot (✓) @

⇣ ⌘ ⇣ ⌘
~ @ ~
Lx = i
sin @✓
cos cot ✓ @@ Ly = i
cos @
@✓
sin cot ✓ @@
✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
0 1 0 i 1 0
x = y = z =
1 0 i 0 0 1
 ⇣ ⌘2
me e2 1 13.6 eV
En = 2~2 4⇡✏0 n2
= n2

D E
D E P 0 Hˆ0 0
2
0 m n
En1 = 0
n Ĥ 0
n En2 = 0
En 0
Em
m6=n

D E
P 0 ˆ0 0
1 (n) 0 (n) m H n
n = cm m cm = En0 E0
m
m6=n

1
 Fı́sica Atómica e Molecular
Formulário

h = 6.6260755 ⇥ 10 34 J.s = 4.1356692 ⇥ 10 15 eV.s

~ = 1.05457266 ⇥ 10 34 J.s = 6.5821220 ⇥ 10 16 eV.s
kB = 1.380658 ⇥ 10 23 J.K 1
µ0 = 4⇡ ⇥ 10 7 N.A 2
e = 1.60217733 ⇥ 10 19 C
me = 9.1093897 ⇥ 10 31 kg
mp = 1.6726219 ⇥ 10 27 kg
gp = 5.58569471
c = 299792458 m.s 1
e 4 me ~2 18
Eh = = = 2, 179872325(27) ⇥ 10 J = 13, 60569301(9) eV
32⇡ 2 "20 ~2 2me a02
4⇡"0 ~2
a0 = = 0, 52917721092(17) Å
e~ e2 me
24 5
µB = = 9.27408⇥10 J/T = 5.78842⇥10 eV/T p
2me Jb± |j mi = ~ j(j + 1) m(m ± 1)|j m ± 1i
e~ 27 8 Jb± = Jbx ± iJby
µN = = 5.0507837⇥10 J/T = 3.152451255⇥10 eV/T
2mp Z 1
n!
2 2 dx xn e ax
= se n 1ea>0
Ans = µ0 ge µe gp µp | n (r = 0)| 0 an+1
3 Z r
1
j(j + 1) + s(s + 1) `(` + 1) 2n ax2 1 · 3 · 5 · · · (2n 1) ⇡
g =1+ dx x e = se a > 0
2j(j + 1) 0 2n+1 an a
Z 1
e2 1 1 ax2 n!
↵= = 7.2973525664(17) ⇥ 10 3
⇠ dx x2n+1 e = se a > 0
4⇡"0 ~c 137 0 2an+1

✓ ◆ ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆
~ 0 1 ~ 0 i ~ 1 0
Sx = . Sy = . Sz = .
2 1 0 2 i 0 2 0 1

2
(0) b (1) (0)
X h m |H | n i
(0) b (1) (0)
En ⇡ En(0) + h n |H | n i + (0) (0)
m6=n En Em

X h (0) b (1) (0)

m |H | n i (0)
(0)
| ni ⇡ | n i + (0) (0)
| m i+
m6=n En Em
2 3
X 6 X h (0) |H b (1) | m (0) (0) b (1) (0)
ih m |H | n i h
(0) b (1) (0) (0) b (1) (0)
⇣` ⌘⇣ ⌘ ` |H | n ih n |H | n i 7 (0)
+ 4 (0) (0) (0) (0)
⇣ ⌘2 5| ` i
E E E E (0) (0)
`6=n m6=n n ` n m En E`

Z t 2
1 b (1) (t0 )|ii ei!f i t 0
Pf i (t) = dt0 hf |H
~2 0
✓  ◆
(Z↵)2 n 3
Enj = +En 1 +
Z 2 Eh n2 j + 1/2 4
En = ✓ ◆
n2 (Z↵)2 3 n
8 EEc = +En +
< `, j =`+ 1 n2 4 l + 1/2
(Z↵)2 2
ESO,`6=0 = En ⇥ (Z↵)2
n`(` + 1/2)(` + 1) : 1 EDarwin,`=0 = En
` 1, j=` 2 n
 ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆
✓ ◆3/2 Z 2Zr 2Z 2 r2 Zr/3a0
Z R30 (r) = 2 1 + e
R10 (r) = 2 e Zr/a0 3a0 3a0 27a02
a0 p ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆✓ ◆
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ 4 2 Z Zr Zr Zr/3a0
Z Zr R31 (r) = 1 e
R20 (r) = 2 1 e Zr/2a0 9 3a0 6a0 a0
2a0 2a0
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆2
1 Z Zr 4 Z Zr
R21 (r) = p e Zr/2a0 R32 (r) = p e Zr/3a0
3 2a0 a0 27 10 3a0 a0
r
r 15
1 Y2±2 (✓, ) = sin2 ✓ e±2i
Y00 (✓, ) = 32⇡
4⇡ r
r 7
3 Y30 (✓, )= 5 cos3 ✓ 3 cos ✓
Y10 (✓, ) = cos ✓ 16⇡
4⇡ r
r 21
3 Y3±1 (✓, )=⌥ sin ✓ 5 cos2 ✓ 1 e±i
Y1±1 (✓, ) = ⌥ sin ✓ e±i 64⇡
8⇡
r r
5 ±2 105
Y20 (✓, )= 3 cos2 ✓ 1 Y3 (✓, ) = sin2 ✓ cos ✓ e±2i
16⇡ 32⇡
r r
±1 15 ±3 35
Y2 (✓, ) = ⌥ sin ✓ cos ✓ e±i Y3 (✓, ) = ⌥ sin3 ✓ e±3i
8⇡ 64⇡
p ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆✓ ◆
✓ ◆3/2 2 2 Z Zr Zr
1 Z 3p0 (r) = p 1 e Zr/3a0 cos ✓
e Zr/a0 27 ⇡ a0 6a0 a0
1s (r) = p
⇡ a0 ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆✓ ◆
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ 2 Z Zr Zr
1 Z Zr 3p±1 (r) = ⌥ p 1 e Zr/3a0
sin ✓ e±i
2s (r) = p 1 e Zr/2a0 27 ⇡ a0 6a0 a0
2 2⇡ a0 2a0
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆2
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ 1 Z Zr Zr/3a0
1 Z Zr 3d0 (r) = p e 3 cos2 ✓ 1
2p0 (r) = p e Zr/2a0 cos ✓ 81 6⇡ a0 a0
4 2⇡ a0 a0
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆2
1 Z Zr 1 Z Zr
2p±1 (r) = ⌥ p e Zr/2a0 sin ✓ e±i 3d±1 (r) = ⌥ p e Zr/3a0
sin ✓ cos ✓ e±i
8 ⇡ a0 a0 81 ⇡ a0 a0
✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆ ✓ ◆3/2 ✓ ◆2
1 Z 2Zr 2Z 2 r2 1 Z Zr
3s (r) = p 1 + e Zr/3a0 3d±2 (r) = p e Zr/3a0
sin2 ✓ e±2i
3 3⇡ a0 3a0 27a02 162 ⇡ a0 a0

2 1 2 Z3
| n00 (0)| = |Rn0 (0)| =
4⇡ ⇡a03 n3

Z
⇤
hrk in`m = dr rk n`m (r)
n`m (r)
Z 1 Z ⇡ Z 2⇡
2 2
= dr d✓ d r2 sin ✓ |Rn` (r)| |Y`m (✓, )| rk
Z0 1 0 0
2 k+2
= dr |Rn` (r)| r
0

⇢  ✓ ◆
3 n6 3 27 1 35 10 1
hr in`m = a0 3 1+ 1 (` + 2)(` 1) + (` + 2)(` + 1)`(` 1)
Z 8 n2 27 9 9n4
⌧
1 Z
=
⇢  r n`m a 0n 2
n2 1 `(` + 1) ⌧
hrin`m = a0 1+ 1 1 Z2
Z 2 n2 =
r2 n`m a02 n3 (` + 1/2)
⇢  ⌧
n4
3 `(` + 1) 1/3 1 Z3
hr2 in`m = a02 1+ 1 =
Z2 2 n2 r3 n`m a03 n3 `(` + 1/2)(` + 1)
 constantes fı́sicas
1 2
dF = dq(E + v ◊ B); K = 4 ⇥0 c 2, 997924 ◊ 108 m/s; 0 8, 854188 ◊ 10 12 F/m; µ0 = 4⇥ ◊ 10 7 N/A
⇤ = dq/dv, ⌅ = dq/ds, ⇧ = dq/dl e 1, 60218 ◊ 10 19 C; me 9, 1093837 ◊ 10 31 kg
E = K |⇤r⇤r ⇤r⇤r |3 dq ⇥ ; V = K |⇤rdq⇤r | trigonom.: cos(x + y) = cos x cos y ⇥ sin x sin y; sin(x + y) = sin x cos y + cos x sin y
⇥
E · ds = qint /⌃0 ; ⇤ · E = ⇤/⌃0 cos2 (x) = [cos(2x) + 1]/2; sin2 (x) = [1 ⇥ cos(2x)]/2
E = ⇥⇤V ; ⇤ ◊ E = 0; ⇤2 V = ⇥⇤/⌃0 2 sin x cos y = sin(x + y) + sin(x ⇥ y); sin( 2 ⇥ x) = cos(x) ; cos( 2 ⇥ x) = sin(x)
n̂ · (E2 ⇥ E1 ) = ⌅/⌃0 coordenadas cartesianas r = x x̂ + y ŷ + z ẑ x̂, ŷ, ẑ constantes
n̂ ◊ (E2 ⇥ E1 ) = 0 dr = dx x̂ + dy ŷ + dz ẑ; dv = dx dy dz
U = 12 ⇤⇤ V dv; uE = ⇥20 E 2 ⌅ grad: ⇤f = ⌥x f x̂ + ⌥y f ŷ + ⌥z f ẑ
⇥
U = ⇥20 E 2 dv + V E · ds div: ⇤ · A = ⌥x Ax + ⌥y Ay + ⌥z Az
1 qtot ⇤·⇤
p r xi Qij xj
V = 4 ⇥0 ( r
+ +r3 2r 5 + ...) rot: ⇤ ◊ A = (⌥y Az ⇥ ⌥z Ay ) x̂ + (⌥z Ax ⇥ ⌥x Az ) ŷ + (⌥x Ay ⇥ ⌥y Ax ) ẑ
qtot = dq; p = r dq lap: ⇤2 f = ⌥x2 f + ⌥y2 f + ⌥z2 f
⇧
Qij = (3xi xj ⇥ ij r2 )dq coordenadas cilı́ndricas r = ⇤ ⇤ˆ + z ẑ ⇤ = x2 + y 2 ; = tg 1 (y/x)
⌦ = p ◊ E; U = ⇥p · E dr = d⇤ ⇤ˆ + ⇤ d ˆ + dz ẑ; ⇤ˆ = cos x̂ + sin ŷ; ˆ = ⇥ sin x̂ + cos ŷ; dv = ⇤ d⇤ d dz
p ·r̂)r̂ p
F = (p · ⇤)E; E = 3(⇤ 4 ⇥0 r 3
⇤
grad: ⇤f = ⌥⌅ f ⇤ˆ + ⌅1 ⌥⇧ f ˆ + ⌥z f ẑ
1
U = 4 ⇥0 r3 [p1 · p2 ⇥ 3(p1 · r̂)(p2 · r̂)] div: ⇤ · A = ⌅1 ⌥⌅ (⇤A⌅ ) + ⌅1 ⌥⇧ A⇧ + ⌥z Az
F = 3K
r 4 [(p2 · r̂)p1 + (p1 · r̂)p2 + rot: ⇤ ◊ A = ( ⌅1 ⌥⇧ Az ⇥ ⌥z A⇧ ) ⇤ˆ + (⌥z A⌅ ⇥ ⌥⌅ Az ) ˆ + ⌅1 (⌥⌅ (⇤A⇧ ) ⇥ ⌥⇧ A⌅ ) ẑ
⇥5(p1 · r̂)(p2 · r̂)r̂ + (p1 · p2 )r̂] lap: ⇤2 f = ⌅1 ⌥⌅ (⇤⌥⌅ f ) + ⌅12 ⌥⇧2 f + ⌥z2 f
p
⇤
rcc = qtot coordenadas esféricas r = r r̂ dr = dr r̂ + rd↵ ↵ˆ + r sin ↵d ˆ; dv = r2 sin ↵ dr d↵ d
⌃ ⇧ ⇧
U = QV0 ⇥ p · E0 ⇥ 16 Qij (⌥j Ei )0 r = x2 + y 2 + z 2 ; ↵ = tg 1 ( x2 + y 2 /z); = tg 1 (y/x)
q = CV ; U = CV 2 /2 r̂ = s↵(c x̂ + s ŷ) + c↵ ẑ; ↵ˆ = c↵(c x̂ + s ŷ) ⇥ s↵ ẑ; ˆ = ⇥s x̂ + c ŷ;
⇤b = ⇥⇤ · P ; ⌅b = P · n̂; grad: ⇤f = ⌥r f r̂ + 1r ⌥⌃ f ↵ˆ + r sin1
⌃ ⌥⇧ f ˆ
1 2 1 1
D = ⌃ 0 E + P ; ⇤ · D = ⇤f div: ⇤ · A = r2 ⌥r (r Ar ) + r sin ⌃ ⌥⌃ (A⌃ sin ↵) + r sin ⌃ ⌥ ⇧ A⇧
P = ⌃0 e E; D = ⌃E; ⌃r = ⌃/⌃0 rotA = r sin ⌃ (⌥⌃ (A⇧ sin ↵) ⇥ ⌥⇧ A⌃ ) r̂ + r ( sin ⌃ ⌥⇧ Ar ⇥ ⌥r (rA⇧ )) ↵ˆ + 1r (⌥r (rA⌃ ) ⇥ ⌥⌃ Ar ) ˆ
1 1 1

n̂ · (D2 ⇥ D1 ) = ⌅f lap: ⇤2 f = r12 ⌥r (r2 ⌥r f ) + r2 sin

1 1 2
⌃ ⌥⌃ (sin ↵⌥⌃ f ) + r 2 sin2 ⌃ ⌥⇧ f
⇥
⇤ · B = 0; ⇤ ◊ B = µ0 ; B · d = µ0 i teoremas fundamentais
n̂ · (B2 ⇥ B1 ) = 0; n̂ ◊ (B2 ⇥ B1 ) = µ0 k teorema do gradiente: (⇤f ) · d = f (rf ) ⇥ f (ri )
= ⇤vd ; i = S · ds, i = k · d teorema de Gauss: (⇤ · A)dV = A · ds
= ⌅ E; id = dv = kds teorema do Stokes: (⇤ ◊ A) · ds = A · d
dP/dv = · E = ⌅ E 2 corolário 1: ⇤ ◊ AdV = A ◊ ds
⇥
⇤ · + ⌥t ⇤ = 0; = S B · dS corolário 2: f d = ds ◊ (⇤f )
21 = M21 i1 ; = Li identidades vetorais
µ0
⇥⇥ d⇤r1 ·d⇤r2
M=4 r21 A · (B ◊ C) = C · (A ◊ B) = B · (C ◊ A); A ◊ (B ◊ C) = (A · C)B ⇥ (A · B)C
A = 4µ0r3 m ◊ r; m = 12 r ◊ dv ⇤(A · B) = (A · ⇤)B + (B · ⇤)A + A ◊ (⇤ ◊ B) + B ◊ (⇤ ◊ A)
U = ⇥m · B, ⌦ = m ◊ B ⇤(f g) = f ⇤g + g ⇤f ; ⇤ · (f A) = f ⇤ · A + A · ⇤f
⇤ r̂
F = ⇤(m · B); B = P 4µ0 id⌥◊ r2 ⇤ · (A ◊ B) = B · (⇤ ◊ A) ⇥ A · (⇤ ◊ B)
⇤ r̂
µ0 J◊ ⇥
B = V 4 r2 dv ; dF = id ◊ B ⇤ ◊ (f A) = f ⇤ ◊ A ⇥ A ◊ ⇤f
B =⇤◊A ⇤ ◊ (A ◊ B) = (B · ⇤)A ⇥ (A · ⇤)B + A(⇤ · B) ⇥ B(⇤ · A)
⇤ · A = 0 ⌅ ⇤2 A = ⇥µ0 ⇤ · (⇤ ◊ A) = 0; ⇤ ◊ (⇤f ) = 0; ⇤ ◊ (⇤ ◊ A) = ⇤(⇤ · A) ⇥ ⇤2 A
⇥
A = (µ0 /4⇥) dv ⇥ /|r ⇥ r ⇥ | múltiplos e submúltiplos
2
Um = Li /2; um = · A/2; k (quilo)⇧ 103 ; M (mega)⇧ 106 ; G (giga)⇧ 109 ; T (tera)⇧ 1012 m
um = B 2 /2µ (mili)⇧ 10 3 ; µ (micro)⇧ 10 6 ; n (nano)⇧ 10 9 ; p (pico)⇧ 10 12 ; f (fento)⇧ 10 15
⇤ ◊ M = b ; rotS M = kb delta de Dirac
⌥
M = m H; ⇤ ◊ H = f ⇤ · rr̂2 = 4⇥ 3 (r); f (r) 3 (r ⇥ r0 ) = f (r0 ) 3 (r ⇥ r0 ); (⇥x) = (x); H ⇥ (x) = (x)
B = µ0 (H + M ); B = µH expansão geradora dos polinómios de Legendre
1
⌃
+⌅
⌃ = ⇥d /dt; ⇤ ◊ E = ⇥⌥t B ⇤
1 2xt+t 2
= Pn (x)tn
n
⇤ ◊ B = µ 0 + µ0 ⌃ 0 ⌥ t E P0 = 1; P1 = x; P2 = 12 (3x2 ⇥ 1); P3 = 12 (5x3 ⇥ 3x); P4 = 18 (35x4 ⇥ 30x2 + 3)
⇤2 E ⇥ µ0 ⌃0 ⌥t2 E = 0 nPn = (2n ⇥ 1)xPn 1 ⇥ (n ⇥ 1)Pn 2
B = ⇤ ◊ A; E = ⇥⇤V ⇥ ⌥t A circuitos DC e AC
A ⇥ = A + ⇤⇥; V ⇥ = V ⇥ ⌥t ⇥ VR = Ri; VC = Cq ; VL = L dt
di
; P =Vi
1
⌃ ⌃
⇤ · A = 0 (p. de Coul.) ZR = R; ZC = j C ; ZL = j✏L; j 2 = ⇥1; Zeq ser
= par
Zi ; 1/Zeq = 1/Zi
i i
⇤ · A + µ0 ⌃0 ⌥t V = 0 (p. de Lor.) força, momento linear e momento angular
⌃
⇥
⌃
⇥ ⇤
S
⇤2 V ⇥ µ0 ⌃0 ⌥t2 V = ⇥⇤/⌃0 Tij = ⌃0 (Ei Ej ⇥ ij E 2 /2) + (1/µ0 )(Bi Bj ⇥ ij B 2 /2); f = ⇤ · T ⇥ ⌃0 µ0 t
⇤2 A ⇥ µ0 ⌃0 ⌥t2 A = ⇥µ0 S = E ◊ B/µ0 ; P = ⌃0 µ0 S; L = r ◊ P
Primitivas:
⌥ ⌥ ⌥
dx/ 1 + x2 = log(x + 1 + x2 ); dx/(1 + x2 )3/2 = x/ 1 + x2
 1. Physical constants 101

1. PHYSICAL CONSTANTS
Table 1.1. Reviewed 2010 by P.J. Mohr (NIST). Mainly from the “CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants:
2006” by P.J. Mohr, B.N. Taylor, and D.B. Newell in Rev. Mod. Phys. 80 (2008) 633. The last group of constants (beginning with the Fermi
coupling constant) comes from the Particle Data Group. The figures in parentheses after the values give the 1-standard-deviation uncertainties
in the last digits; the corresponding fractional uncertainties in parts per 109 (ppb) are given in the last column. This set of constants (aside
from the last group) is recommended for international use by CODATA (the Committee on Data for Science and Technology). The full 2006
CODATA set of constants may be found at http://physics.nist.gov/constants. See also P.J. Mohr and D.B. Newell, “Resource Letter
FC-1: The Physics of Fundamental Constants,” Am. J. Phys, 78 (2010) 338.

Quantity Symbol, equation Value Uncertainty (ppb)

speed of light in vacuum c 299 792 458 m s 1 exact⇤
Planck constant h 6.626 068 96(33)⇥10 34 J s 50
Planck constant, reduced ~ ⌘ h/2⇡ 1.054 571 628(53)⇥10 34 J s 50
= 6.582 118 99(16)⇥10 22 MeV s 25
electron charge magnitude e 1.602 176 487(40)⇥10 19 C = 4.803 204 27(12)⇥10 10 esu 25, 25
conversion constant ~c 197.326 9631(49) MeV fm 25
conversion constant (~c)2 0.389 379 304(19) GeV2 mbarn 50
electron mass me 0.510 998 910(13) MeV/c2 = 9.109 382 15(45)⇥10 31 kg 25, 50
proton mass mp 938.272 013(23) MeV/c2 = 1.672 621 637(83)⇥10 27 kg 25, 50
= 1.007 276 466 77(10) u = 1836.152 672 47(80) me 0.10, 0.43
deuteron mass md 1875.612 793(47) MeV/c2 25
unified atomic mass unit (u) (mass 12 C atom)/12 = (1 g)/(NA mol) 931.494 028(23) MeV/c2 = 1.660 538 782(83)⇥10 27 kg 25, 50
permittivity of free space ✏0 = 1/µ0 c2 8.854 187 817 . . . ⇥10 12 F m 1 exact
permeability of free space µ0 4⇡ ⇥ 10 7 N A 2 = 12.566 370 614 . . . ⇥10 7 N A 2 exact
fine-structure constant ↵ = e2 /4⇡✏0 ~c 7.297 352 5376(50)⇥10 3 = 1/137.035 999 679(94)† 0.68, 0.68
classical electron radius re = e2 /4⇡✏0 me c2 2.817 940 2894(58)⇥10 15 m 2.1
1 3.861 592 6459(53)⇥10 13 m
(e Compton wavelength)/2⇡ e = ~/me c = re ↵ 1.4
Bohr radius (mnucleus = 1) a1 = 4⇡✏0 ~2 /me e2 = re ↵ 2 0.529 177 208 59(36)⇥10 10 m 0.68
wavelength of 1 eV/c particle hc/(1 eV) 1.239 841 875(31)⇥10 6 m 25
Rydberg energy hcR1 = me e4 /2(4⇡✏0 )2 ~2 = me c2 ↵2 /2 13.605 691 93(34) eV 25
Thomson cross section 2
T = 8⇡re /3 0.665 245 8558(27) barn 4.1
Bohr magneton µB = e~/2me 5.788 381 7555(79)⇥10 11 MeV T 1 1.4
nuclear magneton µN = e~/2mp 3.152 451 2326(45)⇥10 14 MeV T 1 1.4
electron cyclotron freq./field e /B = e/m
!cycl 1.758 820 150(44)⇥1011 rad s 1 T 1 25
e
p
proton cyclotron freq./field !cycl /B = e/mp 9.578 833 92(24)⇥107 rad s 1 T 1 25

gravitational constant‡ GN 6.674 28(67)⇥10 11 m3 kg 1 s 2 1.0 ⇥ 105

= 6.708 81(67)⇥10 39 ~c (GeV/c2 ) 2 1.0 ⇥ 105
standard gravitational accel. gN 9.806 65 m s 2 exact
Avogadro constant NA 6.022 141 79(30)⇥1023 mol 1 50
Boltzmann constant k 1.380 6504(24)⇥10 23 J K 1 1700
= 8.617 343(15)⇥10 5 eV K 1 1700
molar volume, ideal gas at STP NA k(273.15 K)/(101 325 Pa) 22.413 996(39)⇥10 3 m3 mol 1 1700
Wien displacement law constant b = max T 2.897 7685(51)⇥10 3 m K 1700
Stefan-Boltzmann constant = ⇡ 2 k 4 /60~3 c2 5.670 400(40)⇥10 8 W m 2 K 4 7000
Fermi coupling constant⇤⇤ GF /(~c)3 1.166 37(1)⇥10 5 GeV 2 9000
weak-mixing angle b Z ) (MS)
sin2 ✓(M 0.231 16(13)†† 5.6 ⇥ 105
W ± boson mass mW 80.399(23) GeV/c2 2.9 ⇥ 105
Z 0 boson mass mZ 91.1876(21) GeV/c2 2.3 ⇥ 104
strong coupling constant ↵s (mZ ) 0.1184(7) 5.9 ⇥ 106
⇡ = 3.141 592 653 589 793 238 e = 2.718 281 828 459 045 235 = 0.577 215 664 901 532 861
1 in ⌘ 0.0254 m 1 G ⌘ 10 4 T 1 eV = 1.602 176 487(40) ⇥ 10 19 J kT at 300 K = [38.681 685(68)] 1 eV
1 Å ⌘ 0.1 nm 1 dyne ⌘ 10 5 N 1 eV/c2 = 1.782 661 758(44) ⇥ 10 36 kg 0 C ⌘ 273.15 K
1 barn ⌘ 10 28 m2 1 erg ⌘ 10 7 J 2.997 924 58 ⇥ 109 esu = 1 C 1 atmosphere ⌘ 760 Torr ⌘ 101 325 Pa
⇤ The meter is the length of the path traveled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299 792 458 of a second.
† At Q2 = 0. At Q2 ⇡ m2W the value is ⇠ 1/128.
‡ Absolute lab measurements of G have been made only on scales of about 1 cm to 1 m.
N
⇤⇤ See the discussion in Sec. 10, “Electroweak model and constraints on new physics.”
†† The corresponding sin2 ✓ for the e↵ective angle is 0.23146(12).