Section A: ACTIVITIES

A CTIVITY A2
AIM
To measure resistance, voltage (ac/dc), current (ac) and check continuity of a given circuit
using multimeter.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

Amultimeter with test leads, three carbon resistors, abattery eliminator with tappings of 2V, 4V and 6V,
astep-down transformer with output tappings of 6Vand 12 V, aresistance box, ametre bridge, aplug
key, a microammeter, connecting wires.
WORKING DIAGRAMS
Carbon resistor 6V dc 6V ac

Black Black Red

Black Red Red
probe probe
probe probe probe probe

Multimeter
leads
(b) Multimeter as a dc voltmeter (c) Multimeter as an ac voltmeter
(a) Multimeter as ohm meter

6V ac 10kQ
Metre bridge
R
RB

Black Red Open

probe probe key

(d) Multimeter as an ac ammeter (e) Multimeter for checking continuity of a circuit.

Fig. 7Different uses of a multimete.

 Section A : ACTIVITIES

OBSERVATIONS
(a), Measurement of resistance
Range of resistance scale selected on the multimeter panel = 0to 2.

Least count of the scale =

Table A4 : Measurement of resistance with multimeter

Resistance value and Resistance measured
Colour code of rings Difference
tolerance as per colour code by multimeter (2)
Resistance
1st 2nd 3rd 4th (2) (2)
Yellew Vielet Brown Gold 47x10 Q+5%
R

(b) Measurement of dc voltage

Range of voltage scale selected on the multimeter panel = 0to
V.

Least count of the scale= V.

Table A5 : Measurement of dc voltage with multimeter

Output voltage marked Voltages measured by Difference
S.No. on battery eliminator multimeter V-Vo
V, (volt) V(volt) (Volt)
1. 2V

2 4 V

3. 6V 6:3
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

(e) To check continuity between different points of a circuit

MQ.
Range of resistance scale selected on the multimeter penal =0 to
Least count of the scale =

Table A8 : Checking continuity of the circuit between different points

S.No. Checking continuity Resistance reading Nature of resistance Nature of circuit
between pionts in multimeter
1 Aand B Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous
2 B and C
Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous
3 C and D Very low/High Continuous/Discontinuous

RESUT
1. Within the allowed limits of tolerance, the values of resistance measured by the multimeter are
equal to the corresponding decoded values.
2. The values of dc/ac voltages measured by the multimeter are equal to the marked values indicated
by the battery eliminator/step-down transformer.
3. The values of ac have been correctly measured by the multimeter.
4. As the multimeter shows zero resistance between different pairs of points on the
given open circuit,
the circuit is continuous between those pairs of points.

PRECAUTIONS
1. Instructions manual of the multimeter should be read thoroughly before
handling it.
2. For measuring voltage, current and resistance, an appropriate selection of function switch
and
range switch should be made.
3. Red and black probes should be connected to the proper polarities for
Current.
measuring dc voltage and
4. Whenever the meter is used as ohm meter or switched to a new range,
short-circuit its test probes
and set the pointer at zero with the zero adjustment knob.
5. Never use an ohm meter to measure resistance in an energised
circuit.
6. Before using the meter for resistance measurement, check that
the instrument cells are functionn5
properly.
7. If range of voltage, current or resistance to be measured is not
known, start with maximnum rans
and then go decreasing the range till easily observable deflection is obtained in
the multimeter
SovRCES OF ERROR
1. The scale used for measuring
voltage/current may not be proper.
2. Zero adjustment done for measuring resistance with
analog multimeter may not be accurae
 ACTIVITY A4
AIM

To assemble the components of a given electrical circuit (say Ohm's law circuit used to
measure resistance)

AprARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

A resistor, an ammeter (0-1.5 A), a voltmeter (0-5 V), a battery/battery eliminator, one-way key, rheostat,
connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.

THEORY
following order.
For assembling the components of any circuit, it is advisable toconnect thecomponents in the
1. Source of power (battery/battery eliminator).
2. Plug key (near the battery).
end).
3. Resistors, bulbs, inductors or any other load (to be connected end to
103
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XIl

4. Measuring instruments ammeter, voltmeter, metre bridge, potentiometer, etc. Ammeter is

connected in series and voltmeter in parallel with the load with positive ends of both towards the
positive terminal of the battery.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

Battery Plug key + Rh

Rheostat

Fig. 9 Assembling the components for measurement of resistance by Ohm's law.

PRÓCEDURE
1. Draw the circuit diagram required for the given activity and arrange the components accordingly
on the work table as shown in Fig. 9.
2. Clean the ends of the connecting wires with a piece of sarnd paper.
3. Connect the battery, ammeter A, resistance R, rheostat Rh and plug key Kall in series and voltmeter
Vin parallel with resistor R. See that the positive ends of ammeter and voltmeter are connected
towards the positive terminal of the battery.
4. Insert the plug in the key K. See that the ammeter and voltmeter show deflections on the right hand
(positive) side. Adjust the rheostat so that the deflections are within scale.
5. The deflections in ammeter and voltmeter verify the continuity of the
assembled circuit.
CONCLySÍON
The components of the given electrical circuit have been correctly assembled.
PRECAUTIONS
1. Before making the connections, clean the ends of the connecting
wires with a piece of sand paper.
2. Make neat and tight connections.
3. The ammeter should be connected in series and
voltmeter in parallel with the resistor.
4. The positive ends of both ammeter and voltmeter should be
the battery. connected to the positive terminal o
 A CT IVIT Y A6
AIM

Toaraw the diagram of given opencireuit comnrising at least a battery,

resistor/ rheostat,
key, ammeter and voltmeter. Mark the comnonents that arenot connected in
and correct the circuit and circuit proper order
diagram.
APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED
Agiven open circuit comprising at least abattery, plug key, resistor, rheostat, ammeter, voltmeter ; and
connecting wires and a piece of sand paper.
107
 LAB MANUAL PHYSICS-XII

Electrical circuits can be either functional or open type.

Functional electrical circuit. An electrical circuit is functional only if all the components are connected
in proper order, assuming that all circuit components/devices are in working condition and key is
dosed. With closed key, all components satisfy the property of continuity.
Open electrical circuit. An open circuit means there is a break in some part of the circuit. This break
may be either deliberate such as a key left in open position or afault such as broken wire, some burnt
out components or a loose connection. This circuit shows discontinuity for one or more components.
Some open circuit diagrams are given in Fig. 12. Students are advised to mark the components which
ncare not connected in proper order. Then draw correct circuit diagrams and assemble the circuit
accordingly by connecting components in proper order in each case.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS

A A K

Rh Rh

(a) ()

A Rh

Rh E K

() (d)

Fig. 12 Some open circuits.

 Section AÁ : ACTIVITIES
OBSERVATIONS

Table A10: For checking

order of connections of circuit componernts.
Mark a (v) in appropriate column
S.No. Circuit component Correct connection Incorrect connection
1
Battery
2. Resistor
3. Rheostat
4 Key
5. Ammeter
6 Voltmeter

For example, in given circuit diagram of Fig. 12(b), voltmeter has been wrongly connected. To measure
resistance R, it must be connected in parallel with R. Now students should draw the correct circuit
diagram.
RESULT

The circuit assembled by connecting components in proper order is functionally correct as verified by
passing current through it.

PRECAUJYNS
1. Before making the connections, ends of the connecting wires must be cleaned properly with a piece
of sand paper.
2. The ammeter should be connected in series with the resistor and the voltmeter in parallel with it.
3. The positive terminals of ammeter and voltmeter should be connected to the positive terminal of
the battery.
4. Rheostat should be connected in the circuit using its one end terminal and the other variable
terminal.
of checking the
5. The plug key should be kept open throughout. It should be closed only at the time
continuity of the circuit.
 SECTION B: AcTIVITIES

A CTIVIT Y BI
AIM

To identijya diode, an LED, a resistor and a capacitor from amixed collection of such
items.

APPARATUS AND MATERIAL REQUIRED

A multimeter, a mixed collection of diode, LED, resistor and capacitor.
THEORY
Diode. A two terminal device which conducts current when forward biased and not when reverse
biased. It does not emit light during its conduction.
LED. Alight emitting diode is a two terminal device which conducts current when forward biased and
not when reverse biased. It emits a characteristic light during its conduction.
Resistor. A two terminal device which conducts equally in both directions.
Capacitor. A two terminal device which offers infinite resistance to dc but has a finite reactance for ac.
When connected across a dc source, a multimeter shows a large current initially (for C >uF) which
decreases to zero quickly. This is because the capacitor initially draws a charge.
DAGRSYS
Violet -Orange
Red -Silver D

-D) Carbon resistor

D Diodes
LED
1000 uF

0.47 uF
Paper Electrolytic
Mica CAPACITORS

and capacitorS.
Fig. 1 Diagrams of carbon resistor, diodes, LED
 OBSERVATIONS
component
Table B1: State of conduction of each
Identified component
Item code State of conduction of a component
A Conducts equally in both directions
emission of light
B Conducts in one direction without
Conducts in one direction with emission
of light
C
deflection which
D Does not conduct, gives an initial
decays to zero

RESUET identified as
components marked A, B, Cand Dhave been
From the mixed grouping of components, the
resistor, diode, LED and capacitor respectively.
PREÇAUTIONS
properly.
1. While checking the conduction state of any component, clean its leads
option.
2. Use the selector switch of the multimeter in resistance mnode with highest range
multimeter probe. Body
3. While testing any component, avoid touching the metal end of either of conduction
resistance in parallel with the component resistance may create confusion about the
state of the component.