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Force and Translational Dynamics

The document covers various concepts of force and motion as described by Newton's laws, including inertia, acceleration, and friction. It presents problems related to real-world applications such as lawn mowers, rocket sleds, and elevators, requiring calculations of forces, accelerations, and tensions. Additionally, it explores centripetal acceleration and gravitational forces, providing a comprehensive overview of dynamics in physics.

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maodaojiang
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5 views8 pages

Force and Translational Dynamics

The document covers various concepts of force and motion as described by Newton's laws, including inertia, acceleration, and friction. It presents problems related to real-world applications such as lawn mowers, rocket sleds, and elevators, requiring calculations of forces, accelerations, and tensions. Additionally, it explores centripetal acceleration and gravitational forces, providing a comprehensive overview of dynamics in physics.

Uploaded by

maodaojiang
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Force and Translational Dynamics

Newton’s First Law of Motion: Inertia


1. Which has more mass: a kilogram of cotton balls or a kilogram of gold?

Newton’s Second Law of Motion: Concept of a System


2. Suppose that the external force (push minus friction) exerted on a lawn mower is 51 N (about
11 lb) parallel to the ground. The mass of the mower is 24 kg. What is its acceleration?

3. Prior to manned space flights, rocket sleds were used to test aircraft, missile equipment, and
physiological effects on human subjects at high speeds. They consisted of a platform that was
mounted on one or two rails and propelled by several rockets. Calculate the magnitude of force
exerted by each rocket, called its thrust 𝕋, for the four-rocket propulsion system shown in the
graph below. The sled’s initial acceleration is 49 𝑚/𝑠2 , the mass of the system is 2100 kg, and
the force of friction opposing the motion is known to be 650 N.

数学试题第 1 页（共 8 页）
Newton’s Third Law of Motion: Symmetry in Forces
4. A physics professor pushes a cart of demonstration equipment to a lecture hall, as seen in the
graph below. Her mass is 65.0 kg, the cart’s is 12.0 kg, and the equipment’s is 7.0 kg. Calculate
the acceleration produced when the professor exerts a backward force of 150 N on the floor.
All forces opposing the motion, such as friction on the cart’s wheels and air resistance, total
24.0 N.

Normal, Tension, and Other Examples of Force


5. Consider the skier on a slope shown in the graph below. Her mass including equipment is 60.0
kg.
（1） What is her acceleration if friction is negligible?
（2） What is her acceleration if friction is known to be 45.0 N?

数学试题第 2 页（共 8 页）
6. Calculate the tension in the wire supporting the 70.0 kg tightrope walker shown in the graph
below.

Further Applictions of Newton’s Laws of Motion


7. Suppose two tugboats push on a barge at different angles, as shown in the graph below. The
first tugboat exerts a force of 2.7 × 105 N in the 𝑥-direction, and the second tugboat exerts a
force of 3.6 × 105 N in the 𝑦-direction.

数学试题第 3 页（共 8 页）
8. Consider the traffic light (mass 15.0 kg) suspended from two wires as shown in the graph below.
Find the tension in each wire, neglecting the masses of the wires.

数学试题第 4 页（共 8 页）
9. The graph below shows a 75.0 kg man (weight of about 165 lb) standing on a bathroom scale
in an elevator. Calculate the scale reading:
（1） if the elevator accelerates upward at a rate of 1.20 m/s2 , and
（2） if the elevator moves upward at a constant speed of 1 m/s.

10. A soccer player starts from rest and accelerates forward, reaching a velocity of 8.00 m/s in 2.50
s.
（1） What was his average acceleration?
（2） What average force did he exert backward on the ground to achieve this acceleration?
The player’s mass is 70.0 kg, and air resistance is negligible.

数学试题第 5 页（共 8 页）
Friction
11. A skier with a mass of 62 kg is sliding down a snowy slope. Find the coefficient of kinetic
friction for the skier if friction is known to be 45 N.

Rotation Angle and Angular Velocity


12. Calculate the angular velocity of a 0.300 m radius car tire when the car travels at 15.0 m/s
(about 54 𝑘𝑚/ℎ).

Centripetal Acceleration
13. What is the magnitude of the centripetal acceleration of a car following a curve of radius 500
m at a speed of 25.0 m/s (about 90 km/h)? Compare the acceleration with that due to gravity
for this fairly gentle curve taken at highway speed.

数学试题第 6 页（共 8 页）
14. Calculate the centripetal acceleration of a point 7.50 cm from the axis of an ultracentrifuge
spinning at 7.5 × 104 rev/min. Determine the ratio of this acceleration to that due to gravity.

Centripetal Force
15.（1） Calculate the centripetal force exerted on a 900 kg car that negotiates a 500 m radius
curve at 25.0 m/s.
（2） Assuming an unbanked curve, find the minimum static coefficent of friction, between the
tires and the road, static friction being the reason that keeps the car from slipping (see
the graph below).

数学试题第 7 页（共 8 页）
16. Curves on some test tracks and race courses, such as the Daytona International Speedway in
Florida, are very steeply banked. This banking, with the aid of tire friction and very stable car
configurations, allows the curves to be taken at very high speed. To illustrate, calculate the
speed at which a 100 m radius curve banked at 65.0∘ should be driven if the road is frictionless.

Newton’s Universal Law of Gravitation


17.（1） Find the acceleration due to Earth’s gravity at the distance of the Moon.
（2） Calculate the centripetal acceleration needed to keep the Moon in its orbit, assuming a
circular orbit about a fixed Earth, and compare it with the value of the acceleration due
to Earth’s gravity that you have just found.

数学试题第 8 页（共 8 页）

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