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Lesson 1

The document provides an introduction to differential calculus, explaining its significance in analyzing curved shapes and its historical development by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It covers the basic concepts of relations and functions, illustrating how functions are defined and represented graphically. Additionally, it includes examples of function evaluations to demonstrate the application of calculus principles.

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Dave Bacani
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6 views18 pages

Lesson 1

The document provides an introduction to differential calculus, explaining its significance in analyzing curved shapes and its historical development by Isaac Newton and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz. It covers the basic concepts of relations and functions, illustrating how functions are defined and represented graphically. Additionally, it includes examples of function evaluations to demonstrate the application of calculus principles.

Uploaded by

Dave Bacani
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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MATH 211

Differential
Calculus
Lesson 1
The Calculus

Calculus can be thought of as the analysis of


curved shapes. It is a branch of mathematics that
uses derivatives to analyze the way in which
values of function vary
The Calculus
Its development grew out of attempts to solve physical problems. For
example, suppose that an object at rest 100 ft above the ground is
dropped. Ignoring air resistance and wind, the object will fall straight down
until it hits the ground
The Calculus

The word Calculus comes from It was developed in the 17th


Latin meaning "small stone", century by Isaac Newton and
Because it is like understanding Gottfried Wlihelm Leibiz working
something by looking at small independently. It has a wide
pieces.. application in almost all areas of
human endeavor such as:
engineering, physics, business,
economics, astronomy, chemistry,
biology, psychology, sociology
and many others.
The Calculus

Calculus is broadly classified into two different


sections:
✓ Differential Calculus
✓ Integral Calculus
Relation and Function
A relation is a set of inputs
and outputs, often written as
ordered pairs (input, output).
We can also represent a
relation as a mapping
diagram or a graph. For
example, the relation can be
represented as:
Relation and Function
Example
A function is a relation
in which each input has A= 2,3 , (3,2), 1,4 , (4,6)
only one output. Thus,
B= 1,1) (2,2), 3,4 , (6,6)
all functions are
relations but not all C= 1,0 , (3,7), 2,4 , (4,5)
relations are functions.
Relation and Function
FUNCTIONS
Relation and Function
NOT A FUNCTION
Relation and Function
➢ The most common graphs, name the input value x and the
output value y, and we say y is a function of x, or y = f(x) when
the function is named f.
➢ The graph of the function is the set of all points (x,y) in the
plane that satisfies the equation y=f(x).
➢ If the function is defined for only a few input values, then the
graph of the function is only a few points, where the x-
coordinate of each point is an input value and the y-coordinate
of each point is the corresponding output value.
Example #1

If 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥 2 + 𝑥 − 3, Solution
find
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3
a. 𝑓 0
𝑓 0 = 02 + 0 − 3
b. 𝑓 2
𝑓 𝑥 = −3
c. 𝑓 −1
d. 𝑓(2𝑥)
Example #1
Solution Solution
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3 𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 2 = 22 + 2 − 3 𝑓 −1 = (−1)2 +(−1) − 3
𝑓 2 = 4+2−3 𝑓 −1 = 1 − 1 − 3
𝑓 2 = 3 𝑓 −1 = −3
Example #1
Solution
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑥2 + 𝑥 − 3
𝑓 2𝑥 = (2𝑥)2 + 2𝑥 − 3
𝑓 2𝑥 = 4𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3
Example #2
Solution
𝑥−𝑥 2
If 𝑓 𝑥 =
1+ 𝑥 2 (1/2)−(2)2
1
𝑓 1/2 =
find 1
1+ (2)2

1 1/2−1/4
𝑎. 𝑓 𝑓 1/2 =
2 1+ 1/4

𝑏. 𝑓(𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑓 1/2 =
2−1
4
=
1
4
4+1 5
4 4

1 4 1
𝑓 1/2 = x =
4 5 5
Example #2
𝑥−𝑥 2 sin 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑥 sin 𝑥
𝑓 𝑥 = 𝑓 tan 𝑥 = ( )(1 − )
1+ 𝑥 2 cos 𝑥 1 cos 𝑥

𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥 𝑓 tan 𝑥 = (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥) (1 −


sin 𝑥
)
𝑓 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = cos 𝑥
1+ 𝑡𝑎𝑛2 𝑥
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥 (1−𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑥) 𝑓 tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 −
𝑓 tan 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥
𝑠𝑒𝑐 2 𝑥
𝑓 tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑥
sin 𝑥 sin 𝑥
(1− )
𝑓 tan 𝑥 =
cos 𝑥 cos 𝑥 𝑓 tan 𝑥 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥 (𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥)
1
𝑐𝑜𝑠2 𝑥
End
Thank You!
Slide Title

Product A Product B
• Feature 1 • Feature 1
• Feature 2 • Feature 2
• Feature 3 • Feature 3

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