A Calculus Refresher

v1. March 2003

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 Contents

Foreword 2

Preliminary work 2

How to use this booklet 2

Reminders 3

Tables of derivatives and integrals 4

1. Derivatives of basic functions 5

2. Linearity in differentiation 7
3. Higher derivatives 9
4. The product rule for differentiation 10
5. The quotient rule for differentiation 11
6. The chain rule for differentiation 13
7. Differentiation of functions defined implicitly 15
8. Differentiation of functions defined parametrically 16
9. Miscellaneous differentiation exercises 17
10. Integrals of basic functions 20
11. Linearity in integration 21
12. Evaluating definite integrals 23
13. Integration by parts 24
14. Integration by substitution 26
15. Integration using partial fractions 29
16. Integration using trigonometrical identities 33
17. Miscellaneous integration exercises 35
Answers 39
Acknowledgements 46

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 Foreword
The material in this refresher course has been designed to enable you
to cope better with your university mathematics programme. When
your programme starts you will find that the ability to differentiate and
integrate confidently will be invaluable. We think that this is so impor-
tant that we are making this course available for you to work through
either before you come to university, or during the early stages of your
programme.

Preliminary work
You are advised to work through the companion booklet An Algebra
Refresher before embarking upon this calculus revision course.

How to use this booklet

You are advised to work through each section in this booklet in or-
der. You may need to revise some topics by looking at an AS-level or
A-level textbook which contains information about differentiation and
integration.
You should attempt a range of questions from each section, and check
your answers with those at the back of the booklet. The more questions
that you attempt, the more familiar you will become with these vital
topics. We have left sufficient space in the booklet so that you can do
any necessary working within it. So, treat this as a work-book.
If you get questions wrong you should revise the material and try again
until you are getting the majority of questions correct.

If you cannot sort out your difficulties, do not worry about this. Your
university will make provision to help you with your problems. This may
take the form of special revision lectures, self-study revision material or
a drop-in mathematics support centre.

Level
This material has been prepared for students who have completed an
A-level course in mathematics
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 Reminders
Use this page to note topics and questions which you found difficult.
Seek help with these from your tutor or from other university support services as
soon as possible.

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 Tables
The following tables of common derivatives and integrals are provided for revision
purposes. It will be a great advantage to know these derivatives and integrals because
they are required so frequently in mathematics courses.

Table of derivatives
f (x) f ′ (x)
xn nxn−1
1
ln kx
x
ekx kekx
ax ax ln a
sin kx k cos kx

cos kx −k sin kx

tan kx k sec2 kx

Table of integrals
Z
f (x) f (x) dx

xn+1
xn (n 6= −1) + c
n+1
1
x−1 = ln |x| + c
x
ekx
ekx (k 6= 0) + c
k
cos kx
sin kx (k 6= 0) − + c
k
sin kx
cos kx (k 6= 0) + c
k
tan kx
sec2 kx (k 6= 0) + c
k

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 1. Derivatives of basic functions
Try to find all the derivatives in this section without referring to a table of derivatives.
The derivatives of these functions occur so frequently that you should try to memorise
the appropriate rules. If you are really stuck, consult the table on page 4.

1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.

√
(a) x (b) x6 (c) 6 (d) x (e) x−1 (f) x1/7
1 1 1
(g) (h) x79 (i) x1.3 (j) √ (k) x−5/3 (l)
x3 3
x x0.71

2. Differentiate each of the following with respect to θ.

2θ
(a) cos θ (b) cos 4θ (c) sin θ (d) sin (e) tan θ (f) tan πθ
3
!
θ 5θ
(g) sin(−8θ) (h) tan (i) cos 3πθ (j) cos − (k) sin 0.7θ
4 2

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3. Find the following derivatives.
d x d 2y d −7t d −x/3
(a) (e ) (b) (e ) (c) (e ) (d) (e )
dx dy dt dx
d 2z/π d −1.4x d x
(e) (e ) (f) (e ) (g) (3 )
dz dx dx

4. Find the following derivatives.

d d d 2x
 
(a) (ln x) (b) (ln 5z) (c) ln
dx dz dx 3

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 2. Linearity in differentiation
The linearity rules enable us to differentiate sums and differences of functions, and
constant multiples of functions. Specifically
d d d d d
(f (x) ± g(x)) = (f (x)) ± (g(x)), (kf (x)) = k (f (x)).
dx dx dx dx dx
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
(a) 3x + 2 (b) 2x − x2 (c) − cos x − sin x (d) 3x−3 + 4 sin 4x
1
(e) 2ex + e−2x (f) − 4 − 3 ln x (g) 4x5 − 3 tan 8x − 2e5x
x

2. Find the following derivatives.

t8 3e3x/5
! ! !
d d θ d
(a) 5t1/5 + (b) 2 cos − 3e−θ/4 (c)
dt 8 dθ 4 dx 5

d 2 3x 3 d 1 4/3 1 −4z/3
   
(d) tan − cos 8x (e) z − e
dx 9 2 4 dz 4 3

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In Questions 3-5 you don’t need the product rule, quotient rule or chain rule to
differentiate any of these if you do the algebra first!
3. Expand the powers or roots and hence find the following derivatives.
d √
! 4 !
d q d 1 d 1 y
   
(2x)3 −
3
(a) 2y (b) (c) e (d) 5e−2t
dy dx (2x)3 dy 2 dt

4. Simplify or expand each of the following expressions, and then differentiate with
respect to x.
x − x2 √ 2 3
  
(a) (b) x( x − x2 ) (c) 2x − +x
x3 x x2
1 − e−2x
(d) (e2x − 1)(3 − e3x ) (e)
e−4x

5. Use the laws of logarithms to find the following derivatives.

t3
!! !!
d  d 1 d d
  1/3  
(a) ln x9/2 (b) ln √ (c) ln 3t (d) ln te−2t
dx dx 6x dt e dt

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 3. Higher derivatives
1. Find the following second derivatives.
d2 5 d2 d2 2z
(a) (x ) (b) (cos 3x) (c) (e − e−2z )
dx2 dx2 dz 2
d2 d2

1

d2 √
(d) 2 (8 − 13y) (e) − 3x − 3x3 (f) (ln 2t − 6t)
dy dx2 x dt2
d2 1 d2 x d2 1 1
   
(g) 2
x3/2 − 3/2 (h) (e + e−x + sin x + cos x) (i) 2 sin 2t − ln 4t
dx x dx2 dt 2 4

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 4. The product rule for differentiation
The rule for differentiating the product of two functions f (x) and g(x) is
d
(f (x)g(x)) = f ′ (x)g(x) + f (x)g ′ (x).
dx
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
(a) x sin x (b) x3 cos 2x (c) x−1/3 e−3x
√ 1

x x

(d) x ln 4x (e) (x2 − x) sin 6x (f) tan − cos
x 3 3

2. Find the following derivatives.

d d d d x
 
(a) (sin θ cos θ) (b) (sin 2t tan 5t) (c) (sin z ln 4z) (d) e−x/2 cos
dθ dt dz dx 2
d 6x d d
(e) (e ln 6x) (f) (cos θ cos 3θ) (g) (ln t ln 2t)
dx dθ dt

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 5. The quotient rule for differentiation
The rule for differentiating the quotient of two functions f (x) and g(x) is
!
d f (x) f ′ (x)g(x) − f (x)g ′(x)
= .
dx g(x) (g(x))2
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
√
x x4 2−x 3x2 − 2x3 1+ x
(a) (b) (c) (d) (e) √
1 − x2 1−x 1 + 2x 2x3 + 3 x−x

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2. Find the following derivatives.
θ2 ez x2
! ! ! !
d sin x d ln x d d d
 
(a) (b) (c) (d) √ (e)
dx x dx x4/3 dθ tan 2θ dz z dx ln 2x

3. Find the following derivatives.

! ! !
d sin 2t d e−2x d ln x d ln 3x
 
(a) (b) (c) (d)
dt sin 5t dx tan x dx cos 3x dx ln 4x

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 6. The chain rule for differentiation
The chain rule is used to differentiate a “function of a function”:
d
(f (g(x))) = f ′ (g(x)).g ′ (x).
dx
1. Differentiate each of the following with respect to x.
1 √
(a) (4 + 3x)2 (b) (1 − x4 )3 (c) (d) 1 + x2
(1 − 2x)2
√
−1/3
1 1
 q
5/2
(e) x − (f) (2x2 − 3x + 5) (g) x−2 x (h) √
x 4x2 − x4

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2. Find the following derivatives. (Remember the notation for powers of trigono-
metric functions: “sin2 x” means (sin x)2 , etc.)

d d d d
(a) (sin2 θ) (b) (sin θ2 ) (c) (sin(sin θ)) (d) (tan(3 − 4x))
dθ dθ dθ dx
d d 1 d
 
(e) (cos5 5z) (f) (g) (sin(2 − t − 3t2 ))
dz dx cos3 x dt

3. Find the following derivatives. (The notation “exp x” is used rather than “ ex ”
where it is clearer.)
d   d d d
(a) exp(−y 2 ) (b) (exp(cos 3x)) (c) (cos(e3x )) (d) (ln(sin 4x))
dy dx dx dx
d d d √ 3t 
(e) (sin(ln 4x)) (f) (ln(ex − e−x )) (g) e − 3 cos 3t
dx dx dt

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 7. Differentiation of functions defined implicitly
dy
1. Find dx in terms of y when x and y are related by the following equations. You
dy
will need the formula dx = 1/ dx
dy
.

1
(a) x = y − y 3 (b) x = y 2 + (c) x = ey + e2y (d) x = ln(y − e−y )
y

dy
2. Find dx
in terms of x and/or y when x and y are related by the following
equations.

(a) cos 2x = tan y (b) x + y 2 = y − x2 (c) y − sin y = cos x

(d) ex − x = e2y + 2y (e) x + ey = ln x + ln y (f) y = (x − y)3

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 8. Differentiation of functions defined parametrically
If x and y are both functions of a parameter t, then
dy dy dx
= ÷
dx dt dt
dy
1. Find dx in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric
equations.
1
(a) x = sin t, y = cos t (b) x = t − , y = 1 − t2
t
(c) x = e2t + t, y = et + t2 (d) x = ln t + t, y = t − ln t

2. Find dx dy
in terms of t when x and y are related by the following pairs of parametric
equations.

(a) x = 3t + t3 , y = 2t2 + t4 (b) x = cos 2t, y = tan 2t

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 9. Miscellaneous differentiation exercises
1. Find the following derivatives, each of which requires one of the techniques cov-
ered in previous sections. You have to decide which technique is required for each
derivative!
!
d 3 d d d 3θ
(a) (x tan 4x) (b) (tan3 4t) (c) (exp(3 tan 4x)) (d)
dx dt dx dθ tan 4θ
y 4 + y −4
!
d d d x 2 d 1
 
(e) (exp(x − ex )) (f) (g) (2 x ) (h)
dx dy y + y −1 dx dx ln x − x
2 !
d  −3x  d d 1−z

(i) 5 (j) (ln(ln t)) (k) ln
dx dt dz 1+z

2. Find the following derivatives, which require both the product and quotient rules.
ez
!
d x cos x d d sin 3θ cos 2θ
   
(a) (b) (c)
dx 1 − cos x dz z ln z dθ tan 4θ

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3. Find the following derivatives, which require the chain rule as well as either the
product rule or the quotient rule.
 !3/2 
d d d  1 − x2
(a) (e−t ln(et + 1)) (b) (sin2 3θ cos4 3θ) (c) 
dt dθ dx 1 + x2

d d  d 1−x
   
(d) (exp(θ cos θ)) (e) (x ln x)3 (f) exp
dθ dx dx 1+x
!
d 1
(g) 2
√ 2
dy y y −1

4. Find the following derivatives, which require use of the chain rule more than once.
d √ d  d 1
    
(a) ( 1 − cos3 x) (b) exp (x − x2 )1/4 (c) ln tan
dx dx dθ θ

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5. Find the following second derivatives.
d2 √ d2 d2 d2
!
1
(a) ( 1 + x2 ) (b) 2 (exp(z 2 )) (c) 2 (sin3 θ) (d)
dx2 dz dθ dx2 (1 − x4 )4

1 1 cos x
6. Remembering that cosec x = , sec x = and cot x = , find the
sin x cos x sin x
following derivatives.
d d d √
(a) (cosec 2x) (b) (sec2 θ) (c) ( 1 + cot z)
dx dθ dz
d d d
(d) (cosec 2 θ cot3 θ) (e) (ln(sec x + tan x)) (f) (tan(sec θ))
dθ dx dθ

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 10. Integrals of basic functions
Try to find all the integrals in this section without referring to a table of integrals.
The integrals of these functions occur so frequently that you should try to memorise
the appropriate rules. If you are really stuck, consult the Tables on page 4.

1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x.

√ √
(a) x4 (b) x7 (c) x1/2 (d) x1/3 (e) x (f) x−1/2 (g) 4
x
1 1 1 1
(h) (i) x0.2 (j) (k) √ (l) √ (m) x−2 (n) x4/3
x3 x0.3 x x3

2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x.

x 1
(a) cos 5x (b) sin 2x (c) sin 21 x (d) cos (e) (f) e2x
2 x
1 1
(g) e−2x (h) ex/3 (i) e0.5x (j) x (k) 2x (l) cos(−7x)
e e

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 11. Linearity in integration
The linearity rules enable us to integrate sums (and differences) of functions, and
constant multiples of functions. Specifically
Z Z Z Z Z
(f (x) ± g(x))dx = f (x) dx ± g(x)dx, k f (x)dx = k f (x)dx
1. Integrate each of the following with respect to x.
√ 1 1
(a) 7x4 (b) −4x7 (c) x1/2 + x1/3 (d) 17x1/3 (e) x− √ (f) x2 +
x x
1 1 11 2
(g) x3 + 2
(h) 3 (i) 11 (j) (k) 2x − (l) 7x − 11
x 7x x0.3 x

2. Integrate each of the following with respect to x.

x x x
(a) 3x + cos 4x (b) 4 + sin 3x (c) + sin (d) 4ex + cos
2 2 2
1 4
(e) e−2x + e2x (f) 3 sin 2x + 2 sin 3x (g) , k constant (h) −1 −
kx x
1
(i) 1 + x + x2 (j) −7 (k) 12 cos 21 x (l) 12 x2 − 3x−1/2
3x

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3. Simplify each of the following expressions first and then integrate them with
respect to x.
x3 + 2x2 √ √
(a) 6x(x + 1) (b) (x + 1)(x − 2) (c) √ (d) ( x + 2)( x − 3)
x
e3x − e2x x+4 x2 + 3x + 2
(e) e2x (ex − e−x ) (f) (g) (h)
ex x x+2

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 12. Evaluating definite integrals
1. Evaluate each of the following definite integrals.
Z 1 Z 3 Z 2 Z −1
4 7 1/2 1/3
(a) 7x dx (b) −4t dt (c) (x +x )dx (d) 17t1/3 dt
0 −2 1 −2
3 5 1 3 π/4
Z Z Z Z
3 2
(e) (2s + 8s )ds (f) dx (g) (t + 2t)dt (h) cos 2x dx
1 1 x2 0 0
1/2 4 1 π/4 1
Z Z Z Z
3x
(i) e dx (j) √ x dx (k) (2λ + sin λ)dλ (l) (ex + e−x )dx
0 2 e 0 0

2. For the function f (x) = x2 + 3x − 2 verify that

Z 2 Z 3 Z 3
f (x)dx + f (x)dx = f (x)dx
0 2 0

Z 1 Z −1
3. For the function f (x) = 4x2 − 7x verify that f (x)dx = − f (x)dx.
−1 1

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 Answers
Section 1. Derivatives of basic functions
1
1. (a) 1 (b) 6x5 (c) 0 (d) √
2 x

(e) −x−2 (f) 71 x−6/7 (g) − x34 (h) 79x78

(i) 1.3x0.3 (j) − 31 x−4/3 (k) − 35 x−8/3 (l) − x0.71
1.71

2
2. (a) − sin θ (b) −4 sin 4θ (c) cos θ (d) 3
cos 2θ
3
(e) sec2 θ (f) π sec2 πθ (g) −8 cos(−8θ) = −8 cos 8θ
 
1 θ 5
(h) 4
sec2 4
(i) −3π sin 3πθ (j) 2
sin − 5θ
2
= − 25 sin 5θ
2

(k) 0.7 cos 0.7θ

3. (a) ex (b) 2e2y (c) −7e−7t (d) − 31 e−x/3 (e) 2 2z/π

π
e (f) −1.4e−1.4x (g)
3x ln 3
1 1 1
4. (a) x
(b) z
(c) x

Section 2. Linearity in differentiation

1. a) 3 b) 2 − 2x c) sin x − cos x d) −9x−4 + 16 cos 4x

e) 2ex − 2e−2x f) − x12 − 3
x
g) 20x4 − 24 sec2 8x − 10e5x

9e3x/5
2. (a) t−4/5 + t7 (b) − 21 sin 4θ + 43 e−θ/4 (c) 25
(d) 1
3
sec2 3x
2
+ 6 sin 8x
(e) 13 z 1/3 + 94 e−4z/3
√
√1 (b) 24x2 + 3
(c) 14 e4y (d) − 23 5e−2t
3
3. (a) 2y 8x4

3√
4. (a) − x23 + 1
x2
(b) 2
x − 3x2 (c) − x62 + 18
x4
+ 4x (d) 6e2x − 5e5x + 3e3x
(e) 4e4x − 2e2x
9 1 3 1 2
5. (a) 2x
(b) − 2x (c) t
−3 (d) 3t
− 3

Section 3. Higher derivatives

1. (a) 20x3 (b) −9 cos 3x (c) 4e2z − 4e−2z (d) 0

√
2
(e) x3
− 18x (f) − t12 + 4
6 −3/2
t (g) 34 x−1/2 − 15 −7/2
4
x (h) ex + e−x − sin x − cos x
1
(i) −2 sin 2t + 4t2

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Section 4. The product rule for differentiation

1. (a) sin x + x cos x (b) 3x2 cos 2x − 2x3 sin 2x

(c) − 31 x−4/3 e−3x − 3x−1/3 e−3x (d) 1
√
2 x
ln 4x + √1
x
   
(e) (2x − 1) sin 6x + 6(x2 − x) cos 6x (f) − x12 tan x3 − cos x3 + 1
3x
sec2 x
3
+ sin x3

2. (a) cos2 θ − sin2 θ (b) 2 cos 2t tan 5t + 5 sin 2t sec2 5t

 
sin z
(c) cos z ln 4z + z
(d) − 12 e−x/2 cos x2 + sin x2
e6x
(e) 6e6x ln 6x + x
(f) − sin θ cos 3θ − 3 cos θ sin 3θ
(g) 1t (ln 2t + ln t)

Section 5. The quotient rule for differentiation

1+x2 4x3 −3x4 5

1. (a) (1−x2 )2
(b) (1−x)2
(c) − (1+2x)2
 √  √
18x−18x2 −6x4
(d) (2x3 +3)2
(e) 12 x + 1 − 2√1 x /( x − x)2
x cos x−sin x 2θ tan 2θ−2θ 2 sec2 2θ
2. (a) x2
(b) (1 − 34 ln x)x−7/3 (c) tan2 2θ
ez √
(d) z
( z − 2√1 z ) (e) 2x ln 2x−x
(ln 2x)2

2 cos 2t sin 5t−5 cos 5t sin 2t −2e−2x tan x−e−2x sec2 x

3. (a) sin2 5t
(b) tan2 x
(cos 3x)/x+3 ln x sin 3x ln(4/3)
(c) cos2 3x
, (d) x(ln 4x)2

Section 6. The chain rule for differentiation

4
1. (a) 6(4 + 3x) (b) −12x3 (1 − x4 )2 (c) (1−2x)3
  −4/3
(d) √ x (e) − 31 1 + 1
x− 1
(f) 25 (4x − 3)(2x2 − 3x + 5)3/2
1+x2 x2 x
  3
(g) 1 − √1 √ 1
√ (h) − (4x4x−2x
2 −x4 )3/2
x 2 x−2 x

2. (a) 2 sin θ cos θ (b) 2θ cos θ2 (c) cos θ cos(sin θ)

3 sin x
(d) −4 sec2 (3 − 4x) (e) −25 cos4 5z sin 5z (f) cos4 x
(g) (−1 − 6t) cos(2 − t − 3t2 )

3. (a)−2y exp(−y 2 ) (b) −3 sin 3x exp(cos 3x) (c) −3e3x sin(e3x )

4 cos 4x 1 ex +e−x
(d) sin 4x
= 4 cot 4x (e) x
cos(ln 4x) (f) ex −e−x
3e 3t
(g) √ +9 sin 3t
2 e3t −3 cos 3t

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Section 7. Differentiation of functions defined implicitly
1 y2 1 y−e−y
1. (a) 1−3y 2
(b) 2y 3 −1
(c) ey +2e2y
(d) 1+e−y

ex −1
   
−2 sin 2x − sin x 1 1
2. (a) sec2 y
(b) −2x−1
2y−1
(c) 1−cos y
(d) 2e2y +2
(e) x
− 1 / ey − y
3(x−y)2
(f) 1+3(x−y)2

Section 8. Differentiation of functions defined parametrically

−2t3 et +2t t−1
1. (a) − tan t (b) t2 +1
(c) 2e2t +1
(d) 1+t

3 sin 2t
2. (a) 4t
(b) − sec 2 2t

Section 9. Miscellaneous differentiation exercises

1. (a) 3x2 tan 4x + 4x3 sec2 4x (b) 12 tan2 4t sec2 4t (c) 12 exp(3 tan 4x) sec2 4x
3 tan 4θ−12θ sec2 4θ 3y 4 +5y 2 −5y −4 −3y −6
(d) tan2 4θ
(e) (1 − ex ) exp(x − ex ) (f) (y+y −1 )2
x 2 x+1 x−1
(g) (2 ln 2)x + 2 x (h) x(ln x−x)2
(i) (−3 ln 5)5 −3x

1 −4
(j) t ln t
(k) 1−z 2

cos x−cos2 x−x sin x ez (z ln z−ln z−1)

2. (a) (1−cos x)2
(b) (z ln z)2
(3 cos 3θ cos 2θ−2 sin 3θ sin 2θ) tan 4θ−4 sec2 4θ sin 3θ cos 2θ
(c) tan2 4θ

3. (a) −e−t ln(et + 1) + 1

et +1
(b) 6 sin 3θ cos5 3θ − 12 sin3 3θ cos3 3θ
−6x(1−x2 )1/2
(c) (1+x2 )5/2
(d) (cos θ − θ sin θ) exp(θ cos θ)
 
1−x
(e) 3(x ln x)2 (1 + ln x) (f) −2
(1+x)2
exp 1+x
2−3y 2
(g) y 3 (y 2 −1)3/2

2
 
4. (a) cos2 x sin x
3√
2 1−cos3 x
(b) 41 (x−x2 )−3/4 (1−2x) exp (x − x2 )1/4 (c) − θsec (1/θ)
2 tan(1/θ)

1
5. (a) (1+x2 )3/2
(b) (2 + 4z 2 ) exp(z 2 ) (c) 6 sin θ cos2 θ − 3 sin3 θ
320x6 48x2
(d) (1−x4 )6
+ (1−x4 )5

2
6. (a) −2 cot 2x cosec 2x (b) 2 sec2 θ tan θ (c) − 2√cosec z
1+cot z

(d) −2cosec 2 θ cot4 θ − 3cosec4 θ cot2 θ (e) sec x (f) sec2 (sec θ) sec θ tan θ

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Section 10. Integrals of basic functions

x5 x8 2x3/2 3x4/3
1. (a) 5
+ c, (b) 8
+ c, (c) 3
+c (d) 4
+ c, (e) same as (c),
4x5/4 x1.2 x0.7
(f) 2x1/2 + c, (g) 5
+ c, (h) − 2x12 + c, (i) 1.2
+ c, (j) 0.7
+c
3x7/3
(k) same as (f) (l) −2x−1/2 + c (m) − x1 + c (n) 7
+c

1
2. (a) 5
sin 5x + c, (b) − 21 cos 2x + c (c) −2 cos 12 x + c (d) 2 sin x2 + c
(e) ln |x| + c (f) 21 e2x + c (g) − 12 e−2x + c (h) 3ex/3 + c
(i) 2e0.5x + c (j) −e−x + c (k) same as (g) (l) − 71 sin(−7x) + c = 71 sin 7x + c

Section 11. Linearity in integration

7x5 8 2x3/2 3x4/3 51x4/3

1. (a) 5
+ c, (b) − x2 + c, (c) 3
+ 4
+c (d) 4
+ c,
2x3/2 x3 x4 1 1
(e) 3
− 2x1/2 + c (f) 3
+ ln |x| + c (g) 4
− x
+c (h) − 14x 2 + c

11x0.7 7x2
(i) 11x + c (j) 0.7
+c (k) x2 − 2 ln |x| + c (l) 2
− 11x + c
3x2 x2
2. (a) 2
+ 41 sin 4x + c (b) 4x − 13 cos 3x + c (c) 4
− 2 cos x2 + c
e2x
(d) 4ex + 2 sin x2 + c (e) − e 2 + (f) − 3 cos2 2x − 2 cos3 3x
−2x
2
+c +c
1 2 3
(g) k
ln |x| + c (h) −x − 4 ln |x| + c (i) x + x2 + x3 + c
1 3
(j) 3
ln |x| − 7x +c (k) sin 21 x + c (l) x6 − 6x1/2 + c

x3 x2 2x7/2 4x5/2
3. (a) 2x3 + 3x2 + c (b) 3
− 2
− 2x + c (c) 7
+ 5
+c
x2 2x3/2 e3x e2x
(d) 2
− 3
− 6x + c (e) 3
− ex + c (f) 2
− ex + c
x2
(g) x + 4 ln |x| + c (h) 2
+x+c

Section 12. Evaluating definite integrals

7
√ √ √
1. (a) 5
(b) − 6305
2
(c) 2
3
8+ 3
4
3
16 − 17
12
(d) 51
4
(1 − 3 16) (e) 168
4 1 1 3/2
(f) 5
(g) 18 (h) 2
(i) 3
(e − 1) (j) 2(e−1 − e−2 )
π2 √1 1
(k) 16
− 2
+1 (l) e − e−1

3 33 2 14 3 71 14 71 33
Z Z Z
2. f (x) dx = , f (x) dx = , f (x) dx = . Then + = .
0 2 0 3 2 6 3 6 2
8 8
Z 1 Z −1
3. f (x) dx = , f (x)dx = − .
−1 3 1 3

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