Analysis and design of concrete

framed buildings
A Jayanandana
 Detailed Design Process
• Load evaluation and load distribution-Ultimate
design loads
• Consideration of appropriate frames/sub
frames/simplified approach
• Load combinations and patterns
• Analysis
• BM & SF envelopes
• Design-Limit state design-Ultimate limit states
• Checks-Serviceability limit states
• A structure shall be designed and executed (constructed) in
such a way that it will, during its intended life, with
appropriate degrees of reliability and in an economical way:
-Sustain all actions and influences likely to occur during
execution and use.
- Remain fit for the use for which it is required.

It shall be designed to have adequate stability, structural

resistance, serviceability and durability.
• A structure shall be designed and executed in such a way that
it will not be damaged by events such as explosion, impact
and the consequences of human errors, to an extent
disproportionate to the original cause.
 Limit state design-ultimate and serviceability

• Purpose of design- achieve acceptable probabilities that the structure will

not become unfit for its intended use-ie it will not reach a limit state
during the design life (50 years for typical building structures)
• Ultimate limit states
– Stability and overturning
– Collapse due to capacity being exceeded, buckling or other forms of structural
failure
• Serviceability limit states
– Deflection
– Cracking
– Durability

Other limit states

– Excessive vibration
– Fatigue if cyclic loading is likely
– Fire resistance
 Loads
• Typically
– dead loads (self weights); Concrete density 25 kN/m3
– imposed loads;
– finishes, partitions and services;
– wind loads
• Eurocodes –(Characteristic loads/actions)
– Permanent actions (Gk) –Dead loads
– Variable actions (Qk)- imposed loads, live loads, wind
load, weight of snow, retained earth or water
– Wind loads are considered as a separate category (Wk)
 Note on loads/actions:
• Actions refer to loads applied to the structure directly
or due to imposed deformations, such as uneven
settlements or temperature effects, which induce
internal forces in the structure.
• Permanent actions refer to actions for which the
variation in magnitude with time is negligible.
• Variable actions are actions for which the variation in
magnitude with time is not negligible.
• Accidental actions are actions of short duration but of
significant magnitude that are unlikely to occur on a
given structure during the design working life.
 Design value of actions

Design value of action = partial safety factor x Characteristic load

Design value of strength = Characteristic strength/ partial safety factor

Reduction factor for column/foundation loads
 Load combinations and patterns
• Various combinations of permanent, variable and wind actions are to be
considered with appropriate partial factors of safety in order to determine
the most critical effects for the design
 Design situations
• EN 1990 3.2(1)P The relevant design situations shall be selected taking into
account the circumstances under which the structure is required to fulfil
its function.

• EN 1990 3.2(2)P Design situations shall be classified as follows:

– persistent design situations, which refer to the conditions of normal
use;
– transient design situations, which refer to temporary conditions
applicable to the structure, e.g. during execution or repair;
– accidental design situations, which refer to exceptional conditions
applicable to the structure or to its exposure, e.g. to fire, explosion, impact
or the consequences of localised failure;

– seismic design situations, which refer to conditions applicable to the

structure when subjected to seismic events. (not relevant for UK)
 Structural frames
• Whether it is concrete building or steel building, the
frames consists of
– Slabs
– Beams
– Columns
– Footings/pile caps

– Reinforced concrete frames are rigid, continuous joints whereas

steel frames may have either simple or rigid connections
– RC frames and elements are designed for ultimate limit states
whereas PC structures are designed for Serviceability limit states
 Structural analysis
For building structures the following apply:
■ A beam is a member for which the span is not less than three times its depth. If not,
it is a deep beam.
■ A slab is a member for which the minimum panel dimension is not less than five
times the overall thickness.

■ A one-way spanning slab has either two approximately parallel unsupported edges
or, when supported on four edges, the ratio of the longer to shorter span exceeds
2.0.
■ For the purposes of analysis, ribbed and waffled slabs need not be treated as discrete
beams when the following are satisfied:
the rib spacing does not exceed 1500 mm;
the depth of the rib below the flange is not greater than four times its average width;
the depth of the flange exceeds the greater of either 10% of the clear distance between
the ribs or 50 mm (40 mm where permanent blocks are incorporated); and
transverse ribs are provided at a clear spacing of ≤ 10 times the overall depth.

■ A column is a member for which the section depth does not exceed four times its
width and the height is at least three times the section depth. If not, it is a wall.
Method of analysis

• Linear elastic analysis may be carried out

assuming:
– Cross sections are uncracked and remain plane
(i.e. may be based on concrete gross sections)
– Linear stress-strain relationships.
– The use of mean values of elastic modulus.
• The moments derived from elastic analysis
should not be redistributed but a gradual
evolution of cracking should be considered.
 Frame analysis-Vertical loads

• In situ concrete frames behave as rigid frames

and therefore should be analysed as such.
• Complete 3D frames can be analysed-highly
complex
• 3D frame can be divided into series of 2D frames-
still you will need computer package
• In place of full frame analysis, the more common
approach is to consider simplified sub-frames
• Frames consisting of members carrying only
vertical loads are called ‘braced frames’
Substitute (sub) frames

One complete floor beam

with its connecting
columns
Column remote ends are
assumed to be fixed

Single span floor beam with

its connecting columns and
adjacent spans
Column and beam remote
ends are assumed to be fixed
Adjacent span beams
assumed to have half stiffness
Sub-frame for determining column moments

This frame is used to determine the

moments in column at a single joint when
beams are analysed as continuous over
simple supports
Beams are assumed to have half stiffness
Remote ends of members are assumed
fixed
Use of BM & SF coefficients given in Code tables
• One way slabs
• Conditions
• Applicable to one-way spanning slabs where the area of each bay exceeds 30 m2,
Qk ≤1.25Gk and qk ≤5 kN/m2, substantially uniform loading (at least 3 spans,
minimum span ≥ 0.85 maximum (design) span.
• Design moment = coeff x n x span2 and design shear = coeff x n x span where n is a
UDL with a single variable action
• Beams