GRADE 11

PATTERNS, RELATIONSHIPS AND REPRESENTATIONS

1. Graphs that tell a story.

- A graph represents data and can be illustrated using a diagram.
- Graphs have Horizontal axis (𝑥) and Vertical axis(𝑦).
- Examples of different types of graphs:
o Bar Graph
o Histogram
o Line graph
o Broken line graph
o Pie Chart

TERMINOLOGY

WORD EXPLANATION
Discrete variable Variables that can be counted; has only whole numbers.
E.g: number of people.
Continuous variable Variables that can be measured; it has all the whole numbers, fractions
and decimals.
E.g. Height of a person.
Independent variable Horizontal (x) axis of a graph.
Dependent variable Vertical (y) axis of a graph.
Direct Proportion When one quantity increases, the other increases with the same value
and vice versa.
Indirect Proportion When one quantity increases, the other quantity decreases with the
same value.
Maximum value The largest dependent value on the graph.
Minimum value The smallest dependent value on the graph.
Critical values Maximum, Minimum and zero values of the graphs.
EXAMPLE 1

1. The graph below shows the amount of money in a savings account over time.

12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

a) How much money was in the account at the start of the period shown on the graph?

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 b) Explain why is there a downward slope between month 1 and month 3.
c) How much money was in the account in month 4?
d) Describe the slope of the graph between month 3 and month 7; what does the slope
of the graph tell you?
e) From month 7 to month 9 the graph is horizontal. What does this tell you about the
amount of money in the bank account?
f) A withdrawal was made between month 9 and month 10; How much was the
withdrawn amount?
g) How much money was in the account in month 10?
h) How much money was in the account at the end of the period shown on the graph?
i) Explain why the graph touches the horizontal axis at month 12.

EXAMPLE 2

The graph below shows the level of charge on a cell phone battery after it has been fully charged.

3,5

2,5

1,5

0,5

0
0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5

a) What is the strength of the battery when it is fully charged?

b) Use the graph to estimate how long it would take for the battery to be run down to half its
capacity.
c) If you did not charge the battery in between, would the phone work after 3 days?
d) Use the formula 3,5 − (1,17 × 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑎𝑦𝑠) to show that the battery strength is 2,33
volts after one day.

EXAMPLE 3

Mrs Moyo lives in Sebokeng but works in Johannesburg. She uses the N1 toll road daily to travel
from home to work and back. She pays a toll fee (an amount paid for using the road) twice daily.

The graph below shows the toll fees for single trips.

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 Toll fees between Sebokeng and Johannesburg in rands

200
180
160
140
Cost in Rand

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30
Number of single trips

1. Approximately how much will Mrs Moyo pay for TEN single trips?
2. How many single trips can Mrs Moyo make with R180,00?
3. Calculate the approximate cost of THREE return trips.
4. Mrs Moyo works for an average of 22 days per month. Calculate the approximate amount to be
budgeted per month for toll fees.

ACTIVITY 1

The graph below shows the distance Thando and her friends covered when they went hiking at the
Magaliesburg mountains.

1. Identify the dependent and independent variables.

2. At what time did they finish hiking?
3. What does the flat (horizontal) part B-C on the graph represent?

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4. How long did it take the hikers to reach 12km?
5. Calculate the total number of minutes they were resting.

ACTIVITY 2 : Question 1

The graph below shows the relationship between the number of kilometers traveled and the time
taken to travel.
Use the graph to answer the questions that follow:

1. Give a heading for the graph.

2. What type of relationship is represented by the graph?
3. How many hours will it take to travel 250km?
Question 2

The two graphs show how Linda cycled to the Post Office and back home.

1. What relationship is shown in each graph?

2. Explain why the first graph has a positive slope.
3. Explain why the second graph has a negative slope for most of the way.
4. What is the distance between her home and the Post Office?

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 5. Linda’s trip home has four parts, shown by four different line segments on the graph:
a) When did Linda cycle the fastest?
b) How far from home was Linda after 10 minutes?
PATTERNS AND RELATIONSHIPS
TERMINOLOGY
WORD EXPLANATION
Constant Difference The difference between two consecutive terms of a number sequence.
E.g. 6; 12; 18; … … 12 – 6 = 18 – 12 = 6
6 is a constant difference.
Constant Ratio 9 27
Example: 3; 9; 27; … … ; = 3
3 3
3 is a constant ratio.

Features of a graph:
• The Independent variable is:
- Represented on the horizontal (x-axis) of a graph.
- That is also the variable that is written in the first row of a table.
• The dependent variable is:
- Represented on the vertical (y-axis) of a graph.
- It is the variable that is written in the second row of a table.

Example:
1600
Dependent variables
1400
lDependente
1200 s
1000

800 Independent
variables
600

400

200

0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Independent
variables

Time taken 2 4 6 8
Distance 380 760 1 140 1 520

Dependent variables

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Types of relationships

• Increasing Relationships
- It Occurs when the dependent variable increases as the independent variable also
increases. I.e. as 𝑥 increases, so does 𝑦.
• Decreasing Relationships
- Occurs when the dependent variable decreases as the independent variable increases.
I.e. as 𝑥 increases, the value of 𝑦 decreases

Example 4

Niki started a cleaning service company, because she is new in the business, she has to hire a
cleaning machine to run her business. It cost her R50 per hour to hire a cleaning machine.
Use the table below to help you answer the questions that follow:

a) Use the table below to calculate the missing values A, B & C.

Time in 0 1 2 3 4 5 C
hours

Cost in rands 0 50 100 150 A B 500

b) Identify the independent variable from the table above.

c) Is the data presented in the table above increasing or decreasing?

d) How much will it cost Niki to use the cleaning machine for 7 hours?

e) How many hours will she get to use the cleaning machine if she paid R1200?

EXAMPLE 5

Sapphire Secondary School hires a photocopier machine for R1200 per month. It cost them R0,50 to
make one copy. The following formula can be used to calculate the cost of making copies.

Cost = R1200 + 0,50 × n [where n represents the number of copies]

The table below indicates the cost of making different numbers of copies.

Number of copies 0 100 200 900 1 000 C

Cost in rands 1 200 1 250 1 300 A B 2 050

a) Identify the type of relationship represented by the table above.

b) Use the given formula to calculate the values of A, B and C.

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EXAMPLE 6

1. Luke created a carpool to get to work, he travels with his four colleagues and
they split his monthly petrol cost of R1200 between five passengers.
No of passengers 1 2 3 4 5
Cost per person 1200 A 400 B 240

a) Derive a formula that can be used to determine the petrol cost.

b) Use the formula derived to calculate the missing values from the table.

ACTIVITY 3

1. Mike sells second-hand cars. He gets a basic salary of R5 000,00 per month and earns R500,00
commission for each car that he sells.

1.1. Complete the table below:

Number of 0 1 2 3 4
cars sold (P)
Money R5 000 R5500 A B C
Earned (R)

1.1.1. Determine the equation representing the amount that Mike earns, ‘R’, for the number of
cars he sells, ‘P’.
R = 500×P + 5000
1.1.2. Draw a graph to represent the above the data.

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1.2. Gary’s hobby is to make models of small sailing boats. He decides to make some to sell. His
fixed cost is R2 000,00 and each sailboat costs him R60,00 to make. They are time consuming
to make, so he sells them for R150,00 each.
The equation for his expenses is:
Cost = R2 000,00 + (R60,00 × No. of sail boats
1.2.1. Determine the equation for his Income.
1.2.2. Complete the table below for the income received.

No. of 0 10 20 30 40
sailboats made
(P)
Expenses (E) R2 000 R2600 R3200 A B
Income (I) R0 R1500 C D R6000

1.3. Use the table to draw the graphs representing the Expenses and Income of Gary’s Sailboat.

1.3.1. Use the graph to answer the following:

a) How many sailboats must Gary sell to break even?
b) How much profit will Gary make if he sells 42 sail boats?
c) If he makes a loss of R2 000,00, how many sail boats has he sold?
d) If he makes R1 000,00 profit, how many sail boats has he sold?

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WORKING WITH TWO RELATIONSHIPS

ACTIVITY 4

1. A new field is to be turned into soccer ground. It is covered in weeds and volunteers
are needed to clear it. It was estimated that it would take 2 men 12 days to weed,
and it would take 12 men 2 days to weed. The following table was drawn up:

No. of 2 3 4 5 6
Volunteers
No. of 12 A B C 2
days

1. Complete the table.

2. Is the relationship represented direct or indirect proportion? Give a reason.
3. What is the independent variable?
4. Draw a graph to represent the data.

5. If the field must be complete in 5 days, how many volunteers will be

needed?

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 SOLUTIONS
EXAMPLE 1
a) R6 000
b) The amount in the account decreased.
c) R5 000
d) The graph slopes upward; The amount in the savings decreased.
e) The amount in the savings account stays constant/ unchanged.
f) R10 000 – R6 000 = R4 000
g) R6 000
h) R0,00
i) The value on the vertical axis is 0 when the graph touches the horizontal axis.
There is R0,00 in the account.

EXAMPLE 2
a) 3,5 volts
b) 3,5 ÷ 2 = 1,75 } Half capacity 1,5 days.
c) No, it would be flat, dead.
d) 𝑛 =1;
3,5 − (1,17 × 1) = 2,33

EXAMPLE 3
1. R75
2. R24
3. 3 × 𝑅20 × 2 = 𝑅120
22×𝑅20
4. 22 SINGLE TRIPS = 3 = 𝑅146,6666 … × 2 = 𝑅293,33

ACTIVITY 1
1. Dependent variable is number of kilometers hiked and independent variable is
Time of the day.
2. 14:30
3. It means hikers were resting.
4. Calculate elapsed time: 13:00 – 7:00 = 6 hours.
5. 30min+1hour+1hour =2hours 30min

ACTIVITY 2

QUESTION 1

1. Time taken to travel a certain distance in kilometres.

2. Direct proportion.
3. 150÷60=2,5 hours

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QUESTION 2

1. Graph 1: Direct Relationship.

Graph 2: Indirect Relationship.

2. The straight line is steep and increasing.

3. The straight line is decreasing.
4. 10 km
5. a) Between 25 and 35 minutes/ Between 3 and 7 kilometers.
c) She was 8 km’s away.

EXAMPLE 4

a) A= 4 hours × R50 = R200

B= 5 hours × R50 = R250

C= R500÷ R50 = 10hours

b) Time in hours is the independent variable.

c) Data is increasing because whenever the time increase the cost for hiring
the cleaning machines also increase.

d) Cost= 7hours × R50 = R350

e) No of hours = R1200 ÷ R50 = 24 hours

EXAMPLE 5

a) Increasing relationship.
b) A = R1200 + R0.50 × 900 copies = R1 650
B = R1200 + R0.50 × 1000 copies = R1 700
R2 050 = R1200 + R0.50 × C
R2 050 – R1 200 = R0.50× C
C=R850÷R0.50
C= 1 700 copies

EXAMPLE 6
a) Cost = R1200 ÷ no of passengers
b) A = R1200 ÷ 2 passengers = R600

B = R1200 ÷ 4 passengers = R300

ACTIVITY 3

Number of 0 1 2 3 4
cars sold (P)

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 Money R5 000 R5500 R6000 R6500 R7000
Earned (R)

R = 500×P + 5000

Income = 150 × No of sail boats

No. of sail 0 10 20 30 40
boats made
(P)
Expenses R2 000 R2600 R3200 R3800 R4400
(E)
Income (I) R0 R1500 R3000 R4500 R6000

1.3.2. Use the graph to answer the following:

e) How many sail boats must Gary sell to break even?
22
f) How much profit will Gary make if he sells 42 sail boats?
R1750
g) If he makes a loss of R2 000,00, how many sail boats has he sold?
None
h) If he makes R1 000,00 profit, how many sail boats has he sold?
32 – 34

ACTIVITY 4

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 Complete the table.

No. of 2 3 4 6 12
Volunteers
No. of 12 8 6 4 2
days

3.1.1. Is the relationship represented direct or indirect proportion? Give a reason.

Indirect proportion. As the number of volunteers increases, the number of
days decreases.
3.1.2. What is the independent variable?
The number of people
3.1.3. Draw a graph to represent the data.

3.1.4. If the field has to be complete in 5 days, how many volunteers will be
needed? 5 volunteers

3.1.5. How many cells exist after 1 minute?

50 cells
3.1.6. How long it takes to reach 1000 cells?
1 min and 40 sec
3.1.7. Is the data discrete or continuous? Explain.
Discrete because data is counted.

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