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6 Probability of Compound Events

The document covers the fundamentals of probability, focusing on compound events, unions, intersections, and the distinction between mutually exclusive and non-exclusive events. It provides examples and formulas for calculating probabilities, including those for dependent and independent events. The lesson aims to equip learners with the ability to solve problems involving probability and understand the relationships between different events.

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Fhritz Paderon
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10 views33 pages

6 Probability of Compound Events

The document covers the fundamentals of probability, focusing on compound events, unions, intersections, and the distinction between mutually exclusive and non-exclusive events. It provides examples and formulas for calculating probabilities, including those for dependent and independent events. The lesson aims to equip learners with the ability to solve problems involving probability and understand the relationships between different events.

Uploaded by

Fhritz Paderon
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Probability

of
Compound Events
vdj
Objectives: At the end of the lesson, I can…

• Illustrate compound events, union and intersection of two


events ;

• Find the probability of the union and intersection of two


events;

• Illustrate mutually exclusive and mutually non-exclusive; and

• Solve problem involving probability.


Simple Events
• These are the events where one experiment
happen at a time and has a single outcome.

• Ex. Rolling a die, Flipping a coin

Compound Events
• These are two simple events taken together
which is usually expressed as A and B.

• Ex. Probability of getting a 3 when rolling a die


and a head when tossing a coin.
UNION OF TWO EVENTS
• The union of event A and B, can be written
as A ∪ B, refers to the occurrence of A or B
or both.
• It is also the set of all elements that are in A
or in B, or in both A and B.

Example:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7}
B = {1, 2, 3, 4}
A U B = { 1 ,2 ,3 ,4, 5, 7}
INTERSECTION OF TWO EVENTS
• The intersection of event A and B, can be
written as A ∩ B, is the event containing the
elements that are both in A and B.
• It is also the set of all elements that are
common in A and B.

Example:
A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}
B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}
A ∩ B = {3 , 5, 7}
INTERSECTION OF TWO EVENTS

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

B = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11}

A ∩ B = {3 , 5, 7}

JOINT
If there is an intersection in the elements of
the given compound events.
INTERSECTION OF TWO EVENTS

A = {1, 3, 5, 7, 9}

B = {2, 4, 6, 8, 10}

A∩B ={ }

DISJOINT
If there is no common elements. Also known
as the NULL or EMPTY set.
Find:
4. C ∩ D
1. A ∩ B
2. A U B 5. A U B 8 D
3. A ∩ C
W hen two events are mutually exclusive,
the probability is impossible for them to
happen.

The probability of A or B is the sum of


the individual probabilities.

P (A or B) = P(A) + P(B)
Example #1: What is the probability of drawing a queen or
king on an ordinary deck of cards?

P (Q or K) = P(Q) + P(K)
4 1
P (Q) = 52
=
13
P (Q or K) = P(Q) + P(K)

4 1 1 1
P (K) = = P (Q or K) = +
52 13 13 13

2
P (Q or K) =
13
Example #2: A bag contains 7 white balls, 11 orange balls
and 12 red balls. Find the probability that it is a white or a
red ball.

P (red or white) = P(red) + P(white)


P (red) = 12 12 7
30 P (red or white) = +
30 30
7
P (white) =
30 19
P (red or white) =
30
a) A king or an ace? 4
+
4
=
8
=
2
52 52 52 13
b) A number card or an ace?
c) A black card or a
diamond?
d) A red club or a club?
e) A king or an odd number
PROBABILITY OF THE UNION OF
NON - MUTUALLY EXCLUSIVE EVENTS
The probability of the union of two events A
and B is equal to the sum of the P(A) and P(B)
minus the probability of events A and B
occurring together [P(A ∩ P(B)].

P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)


P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
P (heart) = 13
52
P (face card) = 12
52
3
P (heart ∩ face card) =
52

P (heart 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 face card) = 13 + 12 - 3


=
22
=
11
52 52 52 52 26
Example #6: what is the probability that a number selected
from the first 50 positive integers is exactly divisible by 3
or 4? P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)
16
P (divisible by 3) =
50
12
P (divisible by 4) =
50
4
P (divisible by 3 ∩ divisible by 4) =
50

16 12 4 24 12
P (divisible by 3 𝒐𝒐𝒐𝒐 divisible by 4) = + − = =
50 50 50 50 25
Example #7: In a certain city, 60% of the residents watching either
ABS-CBN or GMA on the television. Thirty percent of them are
watching ABS-CBN and forty percent of them are watching GMA.
What percentage of the residents are watching both channels?

P (ABS-CBN U GMA) = 0.6 P (ABS-CBN) = 0.3

P (GMA) = 0.4 P (A U B) = P(A) + P(B) – P(A ∩ B)

0.6 = 0.3 + 0.4 - P (A U B)


Therefor, these 10% of the
P (A U B) = 0.7 – 0.6 population of a certain city
are watching both channels.
P (A U B) = 0.1
PROBABILITY OF THE

DEPENDENT
&
INDEPENDENT EVENTS
State whether the result of the 1st event
affects the result of the 2nd event.
1. Studying hard, getting a high grade
2. Eating a lot, gaining weight
3. Playing computer games, submitting all the
assignments & projects on time
4. Tossing a coin, rolling a die & getting a 6
5. Attending a singing lesson, raining today
Dependent Events
• Studying hard, getting a high grade
• Eating a lot, gaining weight
• Playing computer games, submitting all the
assignments & projects on time

Independent Events
• Tossing a coin, rolling a die & getting a 6
• Attending a singing lesson, raining today &
projects on time
Dependent Events
• the result of one event affects the
result of the other event

Independent Events
• the occurrence of one event does not
affects the result of the other event
Decide whether the events are dependent or
independent.
1. Rolling a 5 consecutive turns in a game
2. Drawing a card from a deck of card, returning it, and
drawing another card
3. Drawing a card from a deck of card and drawing a
second card
4. W orking hard and achieving your goals
5. Awarding the top 2 racers
PROBABILITY OF THE DEPENDENT & INDEPENDENT EVENTS

For joint probability, the multiplication rule is applied.


If events A and B are independent, then the joint probability:

P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B)


If events A and B are dependent, then the joint probability:

P (A and B) = P (A) x P (B/A)


where: P(B/A), read as “probability of B given A” means the P(B)
given the A occurred already
Ex.1. Compute the joint probability of P(A & B), given the
following:
a) P(A) = 1/3, P(B) = 3/4 c) P(A) = 40%, P(B) = 42%
P (A and B) = P(A) x P(B)
1 3 1
= × =
P (A) = 40% = 0.4
3 4 4
P (B) = 42% = 0.42
b) P(A) = 0.18, P(B) = 0.7
= 0.18 x 0.7 = 0.40 x 0.42
= 0. 126 = 0. 168
Ex.2. A die & a coin are tossed. What is the probability of
getting a 6 and a tail?

P(A) = {6H, 6T} P(B) = {1T, 2T, 3T, 4T, 5T, 6T}
2 1 6 1
P(A) = = P(B) = =
12 6 12 2
Independent:
1 1 1
P(6T) = x =
6 2 12
The events are dependent because a student cannot be chosen
twice, thus, P(boy,girl) = P(boy) x P(girl/boy)

P(boy) =

P(girl/boy) =

P(girl, boy) = P(boy) x P(girl/boy)


The events are dependent because word “without replacement”.

P(red) =

P(blue after red) =

P(blue, then red) = P(red) x P(blue/red)


The events are both inclusive (non mutually exclusive) &
independent.
P(Sat) = 60% = 0.6 P(Sun) = 50% = 0.5
P(Sat and Sun) = P(Sat) x P(Sun)
P(Sat and Sun) = 0.6 x 0.5 = 0.3
P(Sat or Sun) = P(Sat) + P(Sun) - P(Sat and Sun)
P(Sat or Sun) = 0.6 + 0.5 - 0.3 P(Sat or Sun) = 0.8

The probability that it will on Saturday or Sunday is 80%.


Questions?
• Take questions from parents.

• Ask parents to fill out a questionnaire about their child.


o Have them describe areas in which they would like to see
their child improve.
o Have them describe their child's personality, interests, and
talents

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