ABSTRACT

This internship visits report presents the design and construction stages of a Construction and
maintenance of roads, buildings, culverts, bridges, retaining walls, waste management
schemes and water supply schemes. styles which is under construction of LID & EW.
Beyond the theoretical knowledge this internship programme gives a practical experience in
the civil engineering construction programme. The various stages in construction as analysed
and available details are included in the internship reports.

In our first site, we studied about consulting, contracting, designing works, we have come
across the construction mainly about columns, beams, form works, reinforcements,
shuttering, concreting, slab, Designing.. Etc. Our Assistant engineer Sir. Vipin krishna
explained about the construction. And our Executive Engineer LID & EW Sub Division
JULA.D gave the permission for visiting the all sites. We were able to get an idea about the
finishing works going on the building and these places gave as an understanding of modern
and traditional constructions. These site visits also gave us an exposure to the industry
 INTRODUCTION
The internship training was done at Kollam Jilla panchayath LID & EW sections. There are
so many construction works are carried out under this LID & EW section. These sections deal
with land survey, preparing preliminary estimate, detailed estimate, rate analysis, tender and
execution. An assistant engineer was provided for training us. The accurate knowledge was
provided in the work site. We visit many construction sites under this section. Site drawings
were provided to us for our better understanding.

Internship training was done for a period of 1 month. Site visit was done and a detailed
understanding in the field of civil engineering are provided through visualizing and
experiences in the site. During the training a brief understanding of the history of civil
engineering and its branches were given. Design and construction of building, road, bridges,
culvert etc in Kerala decades before were discussed. Use of local construction materials in
historic construction were explained. Job opportunity and scope of civil engineering in
different fields were explained.

Following sites were visited by us.

• Jilla panchayath building, Thevally, Kollam

• Restoration of road, Kannanallor, Thrikkovilvattom
• Anganawadi side wall, Chandhanathoppu
• School building, Koonthalloor
 1. JILLA PANCHAYATH BUILDING, THEVALLY, KOLLAM
1.1 General
As a part of training a building at Thevally, Kollam was visited. Construction of the
building was in its initial stage. The soil penetration test was going on there. The
penetration test is used to measures the geotechnical properties of soil, such as its
density, bearing capacity, and strength. Standard penetration test is the most common
subsurface exploration drilling test used worldwide.

Fig. 1.1.1 standard penetration test

• Standard penetration test (SPT): The Standard Penetration Test (SPT soil Test) is
an in-situ field test used to ascertain the various geotechnical engineering properties
of subsurface soils, especially for cohesionless soil.
The purpose of the SPT Test is to determine the different parameters and properties of
the soil that indicate its strength. This test is a necessary prerequisite for the design of
building foundations.
The test gives a measure of the supporting power of the soil and the weight that it can
sustain. It also gives a measure of the soil density and the angle of shearing resistance.
1.2 SPT Test Apparatus

Fig. 1.2.1 SPT test

Split Spoon Sampler

o This is a thick-walled sample tube having an outer diameter of 50.8 mm and an inner
diameter of 35 mm. The length of the sampler is around 65 cm.
o The split spoon sampler consists of a steel tube, driving shoes, a check valve,
coupling, and vent ports.
o Notably, the thick split spoon sampler is used for the collection of disturbed soil
samples.
Drop Hammer

o The drop hammer is used to drive the split spoon sampler into the borehole.
o The weight of the hammer in the SPT test is 63.5 kg.

Driving Head (Anvil)

o The driving head stops the hammer at a certain point.

Guiding Rod

o The Guiding rod serves the purpose of guiding the hammer to the anvil.

SPT Test Procedure

o Set up the tripod over the test hole and place the unit together.
o Let the spoon rest on the bottom of the hole.
 o Hit the spoon with a hammer falling 75 cm to drive it 45 cm into the ground.
Alternatively, stop after hitting the sampler 100 times.
o Note down the number of blows required to penetrate the sampler to a depth of 15 cm.
It indicates the seating load and the number of blows required for the first 15 cm
penetration are to be discarded.
o The penetration resistance value N of the soil is the number of blows needed for the
second and third 15 cm penetration. In other words, the number of blows required to
drive the sampler to a depth of 30cm is called the penetration resistance value.

Advantages of SPT Test

o The test can be done quickly.

o It is an inexpensive test.
o The test procedure is simple.
o Collected soil samples can be used for the identification of the soil type and
classification.
o The relative strength of the soil and angle of shearing resistance can be established
from SPT data.
o This test can be used to ascertain the compressibility of the soil.
o This test can be used to determine the soil properties of dense layers, gravel, and other
soils as well.
o Using the SPT-N values, the method used in the past can reflect the actual soil
behaviour during earthquakes. The same cannot be simulated in the laboratory.
Disadvantages of SPT Test

• The type of soil profoundly affects the usefulness of the obtained result.
• The test gives good results for fine-grained sands, while the results show considerable
variation in coarse-grained soils.
• Non-disturbed samples cannot be collected using the thick-walled split spoon sampler.
The samples obtained are highly disturbed and remoulded, and as such, their strength
shows a considerable deviation from the original undisturbed soil samples.
• The test requires the preparation of a borehole.
• It can be difficult to proceed ahead with the test in case a hard stratum is encountered
while driving the split spoon sampler.
• The test requires heavy equipment.
• Removal of the sampler of the hard layer is laborious.
 2. RESTORATION OF ROAD, KANNANALLOOR,
THRIKKOVILVATTOM
2.1 General

Restoration of concrete road at Kannanallor is visited during the site visit. The restoration of
the road is almost in its final stage. Reconcreting was made at a thickness of 7cm over the
existing road. M30 grade concert is used for the restoration.

2.2 Materials used to restore concrete road

Concrete:

A bagged concrete mix or virgin materials can be used to patch areas of a concrete road. The
concrete should be finished to the correct grade, slope, and texture.

Rapid setting materials:

These materials can be used to repair thick concrete pavements. They should be placed
quickly and finished with minimal hand work.

White topping:

This pavement overlay can be used to improve the safety, reduce lighting needs, and provide
a long life for the road. There are different types of white topping, including conventional,
thin, and ultra-thin.

Sealants:

Long-life sealants can be used to minimize the number of refacing operations.

Bonding aids and agents:

These can be used to repair concrete roads.

Curing compound:

This can be used to finish the repair.

Degreasing chemical:

This can be used to remove dirt, oil, grease, or deteriorating concrete.

2.3 Concrete Batch Mixer

A Concrete Batch Mixer is a type of mixer used in the construction industry to mix a specific
quantity of concrete at a time. This type of mixer is suitable for small to medium-sized
construction projects where the demand for concrete is not too high. The concrete batch
mixer typically consists of a drum or container where all the ingredients are added in a
predetermined order. The ingredients usually include cement, sand, water, and aggregates
such as crushed stone or gravel. This mixer comes in different sizes, and the size of the mixer
is determined by the amount of concrete that needs to be mixed. Small batch mixers can hold
up to 1 cubic yard of concrete, while larger mixers can hold up to 6 cubic yards of concrete or
more.
A Concrete Batch Mixer is a reliable and efficient option for small to medium-sized
construction projects where a specific quantity of concrete needs to be mixed at a time.
 3.ANGANAWADI SIDE WALL CONSTRUCTION,
CHANDHANATHOPPU
3.1 General

Side wall construction for Anganawadi at Chandhanathoppu was visited during the industrial
visit. The construction of side wall is at its initial stage. As part of the Anganwadi centre’s
infrastructure development, the construction of side walls is a critical component. The side
walls provide structural support, protection from the elements, and a safe and secure
environment for the beneficiaries

3.2 Retaining walls

Retaining walls are solid wall constructions that hold soil lateral to a building to maintain the
ground surface at different elevations on both sides. Retaining walls are indispensable
because the soil at higher elevations tends to sink due to the various destabilising forces
acting on it.

The primary purpose of retaining walls is to maintain the vertical or nearly vertical alignment
of the soil or other materials destabilised by external forces. The different types of retaining
walls are frequently utilised for a variety of purposes, including coastal engineering,
irrigation engineering, and road, railway, and bridge construction. The base block is solidly
monolithically linked to the vertical or inclined stem. Retaining walls are usually constructed
to a height of 6 metres.
TYPES OF RETAINING WALL

1. Gravity retaining walls

2. Semi gravity retaining walls

3. Cantilever retaining walls

4. Counterfort retaining walls

Gravity Retaining Wall

In a Gravity Retaining Wall, lateral earth pressure is resisted by the weight of the wall. Since
the self-weight of the wall is the only resisting force in Gravity Retaining walls, these walls
need a significant gravity load to resist the horizontal soil pressure.

The forces of sliding, overturning, and bearing must be taken into account while constructing
a gravity retaining wall, as they form the basis of the failure of the retaining wall.

It may be constructed from a variety of building materials, such as masonry units, concrete,
and stone.

Gabion and crib retaining walls have become popular as common gravity retaining walls in
recent years.

Reinforced Retaining Wall

In these walls, the stability against overturning is provided by the weight of the retaining
wall. These are further classified into
Cantilever Retaining Wall

This wall is connected to the foundation and rests on the slab foundation. These walls can be
constructed of RCC, prestressed concrete, or precast concrete. This type of retaining wall is
used for up to 10 metres. Stem and base slab are the two main components of the cantilever
retaining wall. Part of the base slab rests under the backfill material. Notably, the heel and the
toe of the cantilever retaining walls are vertical. Compared to a gravity retaining wall, this
retaining wall uses less concrete. The failure in the cantilever retaining wall can occur by
sliding, uplift pressure, and soil bearing pressure. The failure is also dependent on the various
soil properties.

Counterfort Retaining Wall

These walls comprise counterforts, which are thin vertical concrete webs at regular intervals
along the rear of the wall. These are used for heights greater than 8 metres. This counterfort
connects the slab and the base together, acting monolithically with both. The spacing between
counterforts is more than one-half of the height.
 4. SCHOOL BUILDING, KOONTHALLOOR
4.1 General

School building in Koonthalloor, Chiryinkeezhu was visited during internship. The building
was in its finishing stage. The soil condition in the site is very bad. So, raft foundation is
provided. It’s too survey is taken by Architect. One of the specialities is that, normally this
kind of building 3 bore hole samples are taken for the lab test, but for this building 6 samples
are taken.

Fig 3.1 school building, Koonthalloor

• TOPO SURVEY: A topographic survey or topographical land survey shows the

height, depth, size and location of any manmade or natural features on a given parcel
of land, as well as the changes or contours in elevation throughout the parcel.

• BORE HOLE: A borehole is a narrow shaft bored in the ground, either vertically or
horizontally. A borehole may be constructed for many different purposes, including
the extraction of water (drilled water well and tube well), other liquids (such as
petroleum), or gases (such as natural gas). It may also be part of a geotechnical
investigation, environmental site assessment, mineral exploration, temperature
measurement, as a pilot hole for installing piers or underground utilities, for
geothermal installations, or for underground storage of unwanted substances, e.g. in
carbon capture and storage.

Ramp is provided on the front at 1in 12 slop. It is common for public building. Height of a
floor is 390 cm. M30 concrete mix is used. Also checked the compressive strength.
According to IS code 3 samples are taken for checking compressive strength.

• SUNKEN SLAB: A sunk sab, also known as a sunken slab, is a part of construction
in underflows where the secondary foundation for pipes, wires, etc., is placed. Sunk
slabs are primarily used in the construction of bathrooms, washrooms, and laundry
areas where drainage and water supply are needed the most.
Special specifications for beams with same properties of reinforcement. In solid mechanics,
structural engineering, and shipbuilding, hogging and sagging describe the shape that a beam
or similar long object will deform into when loading is applied. Hogging describes a beam
that curves upwards in the middle, and sagging describes a beam that curves downwards. The
reinforcement concrete is stopping 1/3 rd of the span.

• SERVICE DUCT: Service ducts can help keep the buildings cables and water pipes
within easy access, making any maintenance easier to complete with little disruption.
Not only that, service ducts help conceal wires and pipes throughout the building,
helping you to create the seamless style that most modern architects require.

For one way slab compression is on the top and tension is on the bottom. For two-way slab
both are experienced at the centre.

• DUMMY COLUMN: What you call as a dummy column, is known as a Floating or

Stub column. Dummy column is the encasing of the dowel bars above terrace.
Purpose is to protect the bars and also to provide safety from the protruding bars.
We are also prepared the detailed estimation of plastering (inside and outside) and ceiling
plastering for this building.
• MARKING GRID: Taking samples from the grid, if there is any failure core is
cutting from that portion.

• BONDING AGENT: Epoxy type fixit bonding agents are used. (Hardner 50% and
Base 50%). The bonding agents acts like a membrane to prevent leakage of water
from the concrete joints.

• AUTOMATED MOBILE QUALITY TESTING LAB

1. Compression testing machine

2. Sieve Analysis
3. Bitumen Extraction

4. Core Cutter

5. PH of water

Fig 4.2 Automated mobile quality testing lab