Maharaja Education Trust ® MIT First Grade College MEI Department of Computer Applications !Y!5=8 Industrial Suburb, Manandavadi Road, Mysuru -570008, www.mitfgc.in Affiliated to University of Mysore, Accredited by NAAC with “A” Grade, ISO 9001:2015 Certified Institution EOUCATION VISION OF THE INSTITUTE. Empower the individuals and society at large through educational excellence; sensitize them ‘for a life dedicated to the service of fellow human beings and mother tand. MISSION OF THE INSTITUTE To impact holistic education that enables the students to become socially responsive and useful, with roots firm on traditional and cultural values; and to hone their skills to accept challenges and respond to opportunities in a global scenario, Lecture Notes on: R PROGRAMMING LAB Course Code: BCADSC14-LAB Contact Hours: 04 hrs per week Formative Assessment Marks: 25 Summative Exam Marks: 25 Exam Duration: 03hrs Overview The following program problematic comprises of R programming basics and application of several Statistical Techniques using it. The module aims to provide exposure in terms of Statistical Analysis, Hypothesis Testing, Regression and Correlation using R programming language. Learning Objectives The objective of this Laboratory to make students exercise the fundamentals of statistical analysis in Renvironment. They would be able to analysis data for the purpose of exploration using Descriptive and Inferential Statistics. Students will understand Probability and Sampling Distributions and learn the creative application of Linear Regression in multivariate context for predictive purpose. Prepared by: Asst. Prof. Suhas B Raj Department: Computer ApplicationsCourse Outcomes: Install, Code and Use R Programming Language in R Studio IDE to perform basic tasks on Vectors, Matrices and Data frames, Explore fundamentals of statistical analysis in R environment. Describe key terminologies, concepts and techniques employed in Statistical Analysis. Define Calculate, Implement Probability and Probability Distributions to solve a wide variety of problems. Conduct and interpret a variety of Hypothesis Tests to aid Decision Making. Understand, Analyze, and Interpret Correlation Probability and Regression to analyze the underlying relationships between different variables. List of Experiments Write a R program for different types of data structures in R. Write a R program that include variables, constants, data types. Write a R program that include different operators, control structures, default values for arguments, returning complex objects. Write a R program for quick sort implementation, binary search tree. Write a R program for calculating cumulative sums, and products minima maxima and calculus. Write a R program for finding stationary distribution of markanov chains. Write a R program that include linear algebra operations on vectors and matrices. Write a R program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs usinggraphic functions: Plot (), Hist (), Linechart (), Pie (), Boxplot (), Scatterplots (). Write a R program for with any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and sub setting data frames, and employ manipulating and analyzing data. Write a program to create an any application of Linear Regression in multivariate context forpredictive purpose.1, WriteaR program for different ‘types of datastructuresin R. Vector # Creating a character vector character_vector <- ¢ "apple", “banana”, "cherry") character_vector output: [1] “apple” “banana” "cherry" Matrix # Creating a numeric matrix ‘numeric_matrix <- matrix (1:6, nrow = 2, ncol = 3) numeric_matrix output: [.1] [2] [3] fra 6s 2] 2 4 6 Lists # Creating a list my_list< list (name = e("John","Daniel","Jack"), age = ¢ (30,$3,40), hobbies =c (“reading”, “golf”,"Gaming")) my, output: Sname{1] “John” "Daniel" "Jack" Sager[1] 30.53 40 Shobbies:{1] "reading" “golf” "Gaming" DataFrame # Creating a data frame data_frame <- data frame (Name ~ c ("Alice”, "Bennett", "Charlie"),Age = ¢ (25, 30, 22), Gender = ¢ ("Female", "Male", "Male")) data_frame output: Name Age Gender 1 Alice 25 Female 2 Bennett 30. Male 3 Charlie 22 Male ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst.Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 1[17R PROGRAMMING LAB Factors # Creating a factor gender <- ¢ ("Male”,"Female’,”Male”,"Female”,"Male") factor_gender <- factor (gender, levels = ¢ ("Male","Female")) factor_gender output: [1] Male Female Male Female Male Levels: Male Female Array Creating an Array arr < array (1:24, dim = ¢ (4,3,2)) art (L263) wis 9 2) 2 6 Bl3a7n [4] 48 eit (AV L2) 13) {L] 13°17 21 2) 14 18 22 (3) 15 19 23 {4) 16 20 24 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 2\17R PROGRAMMING LAB 2.Write a R program that include variables, constants, data types. # Define variables radius <-5 radius output:{1] 5 name <- "Alice" name output:[1] "Alice" age <- 30L age output-{1] 30 is_student <- TRUE is_student output: [1] TRUE # Constants PL-<- 3.14159265359 paste ("Constant Valu PI) output:[1] "Constant Value: 3 14159265359" GREETING <- "Hello, World!" paste ("Constant Value:", GREETNG) output:[1] "Constant Value: Hello, World!" # Data types print(class(radius)) output: [1] "numeric" print(class(name)) ourput: [1] "character print(class(age)) output: [1] "integer" print(class(is_student)) output: [1] "logical” ‘Suhas B Rej, Asst.Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 3]17R PROGRAMMING LAB 3.Write a R program that include different operators, control structures, default values for arguments, returning complex objects # Arithmetic operators asl b<4 ‘sum_result <- a+b sum_result output:[1] 15 diff_result< a-b diff_result output:[1] 7 product_result<- a*b product_result output;[1] 44 division_result <- a/b division_result output;[1] 2.75 modulus_result<-a%%b modulus_result output:(1] 3 # Control structure (if-else) if(a>b) { print ("a is greater than b") } else if(a pivot] retum(c(quick_sori(left), middle, quick_sort(right))) i; veet = © (2,5,3,6,8,441,3,10) print ("Unsorted Vector") print(veet) output: [1] 2536841310 sorted_vector <- quick_sort(veet) prim("sorted vector") Print(sorted_vector) ouput: 1] 1233456810 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst.Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 17R PROGRAMMING LAB 4 Define the structure for a Binary Search Tree node bst_node < function(key) { return (list (key = key, left = NULL «ight = NULL)) $ # Function to insert a key into the BST insert <- function (root, key) { if Gis.null(root)) { return(bst_node(key)) 4 if (key rootSkey) { rootSright <- insert(rootSright, key) 4 return(root) $ # Function to perform an in-order traversal of the BST in_order_traversal <- function(root) { if (is.null(root)) { in_order_traversal(rootSleft) cat(rootSkey,"") in_order_traversal(rootSright) $ # Example usage: bst << NULL. keys < © (5, 3,8, 1,9,2) for (key in keys) { bst < insert (bst, key) } cat ("In-order traversal of BST:", *\n") ‘in_order_traversal(bst) output:| 23589 Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 7117R PROGRAMMING LAB 5.Write a R program for calculating cumulative sums, and products minima maxima and calculus # Sample vector of numbers numbers <-¢ (1, 2,3,4, 5) # Calculate cumulative sum cumulative_sum <- cumsum(numbers) cat ("Cumulative Sum:", cumulative_sum, "\n") output: Cumulative Sum: | 3 6 1015, # Calculate cumulative product cumulative_product <- cumprod(numbers) cat("Cumulative Product:”, cumulative_product, "\n") output: Cumulative Product: 1 2 6 24 120 # Calculate minimum and maximum min_value <- min(numbers) max_value <- max(numbers) cat ("Minimum:", min_value,"\n") cat ("Maximum:", max_value,"\n") output: Minimum:1 — Maximum:5 library (Deriv) # Basic calculus operations # Define a function, ¢.g., ffx) =x°2 f< function(x) x*2 # Calculate the derivative of the function derivative <- Deriv(f) cat ("Derivative of fx) = x“2:", derivative (2), "\n") # Evaluate the derivativeat x = 2 output: Derivative of f(x) = x"2: 4 # Integrate the function from 1 10 5 integral <- integrate (f, lower = 1, upper = 5) cat ("Integral of f(x) = x2 from 1 to 5:", integralSvalue, "\n") output: Integral of f(x) = x2 from I to S: 41.3333 Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 8|17UB Solo Trina ce AN} 6.Write a R program for finding stationary distribution of markanov chains # Load the markovchain package library(markovchain) # Define the wansition matrix for your Markov chain transition_matrix <- matrix (¢ (0.8, 0.2,0.4, 0.6), nrow = 2, byrow # Define the states states <-¢ ("State A", "State B") # Create a Markov chain object my_markov_chain <- new ("markovchain”, states = states, transitionMatrix ~transition_matrix) # Find the stationary distribution stationary_dist <. steadyStates(my_markov_chain) # Print the stationary distribution cat ("Stationary Distribution:") print(stationary dist) Output: Stationary Distribution: State A State B [1,] 0.666667 0.333333 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 9|17R PROGRAMMING LAB 7.Write a R program that include lincar algebra operations on vectors & matrices # Create two square matrices matrix_A <- matrix (1 matrix_B < matrix (5: # Matrix determinant (for square matrices) determinant_A <- det(matrix_A) cat (“Determinant of Matrix A:", determinant_A, "\n") output: Determinant of Matrix A: -2 4 Matrix inverse (for square matrices) inverse_A <- solve(matrix_A) cat("Inverse of Matrix A:\n") print(inversc_A) output: Inverse of Matrix A: (1) 02) (ly -2 15 (2) 1-05 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst.Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 1017R PROGRAMMING LAB 8,Write a R program for any visual representation of an object with creating graphs using graphic functions: Plot 0), Hist (), Linechart (), Pie (), Boxplot (), Scatterplots() # Create a sample data set data <- (3, 4, 7, 8,9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 18, 21) # Plot 2 : plot(data) ° 15 10 # Create a histogram hist(data, breaks = 5, main = "Histogram", xlab alue”, ylab = "Frequency", col = "green") Histogram Frequency 2 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst.Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 17R PROGRAMMING LAB # Create a line chart x < T:length(data) line_data <- cumsum(data) plot(x, line_data, type = "I", col ‘red", main = "Line Chart", xlab = "X-axis", ylal Line Chart Yoaxis 6 # Create a pie chart slices <- ¢ (30, 20, 10, 40) Ibls <-¢("Slice 1", "Slice 2", “Slice 3", "Slice 4") pie (slices, labels ~ Ibs, main = "Pie Chart") ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst.Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 12|17R PROGRAMMING LAB # Create a boxplot "Value", ylab = "Distribution", col = “purple") Boxpiot boxplot (data, main = "Boxplot", xlab # Create a scatterplot x2.< (2, 4,6, 8, 10) y2< (5, 73,92) plot(x2, y2, type = "p", pch = 20, col = "orange", main = "Scatterplot", xlab ="X-axis", ylab="Y-axis") neoearptot 8 7 i : ° : Suhas B Raj, AsstProf. Dept of CA, MITT FGC, Mysore Page 13|17R PROGRAMMING LAB 9.Write a R program for with any dataset containing data frame objects, indexing and sub setting data frames, and employ manipulating and analyzing data # Create a sample data frame data_frame <- data, frame(Name = c ("Alice", "Bennett", "Charlie", "David", "Emma"), Age =c (25, 30, 22, 28, 35), Gender = ¢ ("Female", "Male", “Male”, "Male", "Female"), Score = ¢ (85, 92, 78, 88, 95)) # Indexing and Subsetting cat("\nSubset of Data Frame (Age > 25):\n") subset_data <- data_frame{data_frameSAge > 25, ] print(subset_data) output: Name Age Gender Score 2 Bennett 30 Male 92 4 David 28 Male 88 5 Emma 35 Female 95 # Calculate Summary Statistics summary_stats <= summary(data_frameSScore) summary_stats output: Min. Ist Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max. 78.0 85.0 880 876 920 950 # Add a new column data_frameSGrade = 90, "A", ifelse(data_frameSScore >= 80,"B", "C")) output: Name Age Gender Score Grade 1 Alice 25 Female 85 Bennete 30 Male 92 ‘Charlie 22 Male 78 David 28 Male 88 Emma 33 Female 9S >eore Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 1}17R PROGRAMMING LAB # Grouping and Aggregation gender_avg_score < aggregate (data_frame$Score, by = list(data_frameSGender), FUN =mean) colnames(gender_avg_score) <- ¢("Gender", "Avg Score") Print(gender_avg_score) output: Gender Avg Score 1 Female 90 2° Male 86 ‘Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof, Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Powe 18|17R PROGRAMMING LAB 10, Write a program to create an any application of Linear Regression in multivariate context for predictive purpose. # Load the micars dataset data(mtcars) # Explore the dataset head(mtcars) output: mpg cyl disp hp drat we qsec vs am gear carb Mazda RX4 21.0 6 160 110 3.90 2.620 16.46 0 1 Mazda RX4 Wag 21.0 6-160 110 3.80 2.875 17.02 Datsun 710 22.8 4 108 93 3.85 2.320 18.61 Hornet 4 Drive 21.4 6 258 110 3,08 3,215 19.44 8 6 Hornet Sportabout 18. 360 175 3.15 3.440 17.02 Valiant 18.1 225 105 2.76 3.460 20.22 ooore # Fit a multivariate linear regression model # We'll predict ‘mpg' (miles per gallon) based on ‘hp! (horsepower) and ‘wt veight) model < Im(mpg ~ hp + wt, data = mtcars) model call: Im(formula = mpg ~ hp + wt, data = mtcars) Coefficients: (intercept) ap we 37.22727 -0,03177— 3.87783 Im(formula = mpg ~ hp + wt, data = mtears) cana: im(formula = mpg ~ hp + wt, data = mecars) Coefticiencs: (Intercept) bp we 37.22727 © -=0.03177 3.87783 Suhas Raj, Ass.Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Page 1617R PROGRAMMI) # Print the model summary ‘summary(model) Cail: im(formula = mpg ~ mp + we, data = mtcars) Residual: Min 10 Median 300 Max 3.541 -1.600 -0.182 1.080 S.e54 Coefficients: Estimate Std. Error ¢ value Pr(>ItI) (Intercept) 37.22727 1.89879 23.285 < 2e-16 ** np ~0.03177 0.00903 -3.518 0.00145 ** we -3.87783 0.63273 -6.129 1.12e-06 «+ Signif. codes: 0 ‘+ 0.002 **** 0.01 *** 9.05 Ore a Residual standard error: 2.593 on 29 degrees of freedom Multiple R-squared: 0.8268, Adjusted R-squared: 0.8148 E-statistic: 69.21 on 2 and 29 DF, p-value: 9.109e-12 # Make predictions using the model new_data <- data.frame(hp = ¢(150, 200), wt = ¢(3.5, 4.0) predictions <- predict(model, newdata = new_data) cat("Predicted MPG for new data:\n") print(predictions) ‘output: Predicted MPG for new data 1 2 18.88892 15.36136 Suhas B Raj, Asst Prof. Dept of CA, MIT FGC, Mysore Pa ©1717