Explanation of the Following 8051 Instructions with Examples

(i) MOV A, #45H

Instruction: MOV A, #45H

Explanation: This instruction loads the immediate value 45H into the accumulator (A).
Example:

MOV A, #45H ; Load 45H into accumulator A

Result: A = 45H

(ii) MOVX @DPTR, A

Instruction: MOVX @DPTR, A

Explanation: This instruction moves the contents of the accumulator (A) to an external
memory location addressed by DPTR.
Example:

MOV DPTR, #3000H ; Load external memory address 3000H into DPTR
MOV A, #55H ; Load 55H into accumulator
MOVX @DPTR, A ; Store 55H at external memory address 3000H

Result: External memory location 3000H contains 55H

(iii) SUBB A, @R0

Instruction: SUBB A, @R0

Explanation: This instruction subtracts the value stored at the internal RAM address pointed
by R0 from the accumulator (A), including the borrow (CY flag).
Example:

MOV R0, #30H ; Load address 30H into R0

MOV A, #50H ; Load 50H into accumulator
MOV 30H, #20H ; Store 20H at internal RAM location 30H
SUBB A, @R0 ; A = A - (value at address in R0) - CY

Result: A = 50H - 20H = 30H (assuming no borrow)

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(iv) XCH A, R1

Instruction: XCH A, R1
Explanation: This instruction exchanges the contents of the accumulator (A) with register R1.
Example:

MOV A, #12H ; Load 12H into A

MOV R1, #34H ; Load 34H into R1
XCH A, R1 ; Swap values of A and R1

Result: A = 34H, R1 = 12H

(v) RLC A

Instruction: RLC A
Explanation: This instruction rotates the accumulator (A) left through the carry flag (CY).
The MSB (bit 7) is moved into CY, and CY is moved into the LSB (bit 0).
Example:

MOV A, #85H ; Load 85H (10000101B) into A

SETB C ; Set carry flag (CY = 1)
RLC A ; Rotate left through carry

Before Rotation: A = 10000101B, CY = 1

After Rotation: A = 00001011B (0BH), CY = 1

(VI) XCH A, R2

 Function: This instruction exchanges the contents of the accumulator (A) with register R2.
 Example:
 MOV A, #12H ; Load 12H into A
 MOV R2, #34H ; Load 34H into R2
 XCH A, R2 ; Swap values of A and R2

Result: A = 34H, R2 = 12H

(VII) ADD A, #23

 Function: Adds the immediate value 23H to the accumulator (A) and stores the result in A.
 Example:
 MOV A, #15H ; Load 15H into A

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  ADD A, #23H ; Add 23H to A

Result: A = 15H + 23H = 38H

(VIII) MOV DPTR, #9000H

 Function: Loads the DPTR (Data Pointer Register) with the immediate 16-bit address
(9000H). This instruction is useful when working with external memory.
 Example:
 MOV DPTR, #9000H ; Load DPTR with the address 9000H

Result: DPTR = 9000H

(IX) SUBB A, R2

 Function: Subtracts the value in register R2 from the accumulator (A), including the
borrow (CY flag).
 Example:
 MOV A, #40H ; Load 40H into accumulator
 MOV R2, #10H ; Load 10H into R2
 CLR C ; Clear carry to ensure no borrow
 SUBB A, R2 ; A = A - R2 - CY

Result: A = 40H - 10H = 30H (assuming no borrow)

(X) RRC A (Rotate Right through Carry)

 Function: Rotates the accumulator (A) right through the carry flag (CY). The LSB
(bit 0) moves into CY, and CY moves into MSB (bit 7).
 Example:
 MOV A, #8BH ; Load A with 8BH (10001011B)
 CLR C ; Clear carry flag (CY = 0)
 RRC A ; Rotate right through carry

Before Rotation: A = 10001011B, CY = 0

After Rotation: A = 01000101B (45H), CY = 1

(XI) ADD A, @R0

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  Function: Adds the value stored at the internal RAM location pointed by register R0
to the accumulator (A).
 Example:
 MOV R0, #30H ; Load address 30H into R0
 MOV A, #25H ; Load 25H into accumulator
 MOV 30H, #15H ; Store 15H at RAM location 30H
 ADD A, @R0 ; A = A + (value at address in R0)

Result: A = 25H + 15H = 3AH

(i) ADDC A, #23

 Function: Adds the immediate value 23H to the accumulator (A) along with the carry
(CY) flag.
 Example:
 MOV A, #50H ; Load A with 50H
 SETB C ; Set carry flag (CY = 1)
 ADDC A, #23H ; A = A + 23H + CY

Result: A = 50H + 23H + 1 = 74H, CY remains unchanged if no overflow occurs.

(ii) RLC A (Rotate Left through Carry)

 Function: Rotates the accumulator (A) left through the carry flag (CY). The MSB
(bit 7) moves into CY, and CY moves into LSB (bit 0).
 Example:
 MOV A, #85H ; Load A with 85H (10000101B)
 CLR C ; Clear carry flag (CY = 0)
 RLC A ; Rotate left through carry

Before Rotation: A = 10000101B, CY = 0

After Rotation: A = 00001010B (0AH), CY = 1

(iii) XCH A, R1

 Function: Exchanges the contents of the accumulator (A) with register R1.
 Example:
 MOV A, #12H ; Load A with 12H
 MOV R1, #34H ; Load R1 with 34H
 XCH A, R1 ; Swap values of A and R1

Result: A = 34H, R1 = 12H

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(b) Comparison of Instruction Pairs

(i) MOV 10H, 20H vs. MOV 20H, #20

Instruction Function

Copies the contents of memory location 20H into memory location 10H. (Indirect
MOV 10H, 20H
move)

MOV 20H, #20 Loads the immediate value 20H into memory location 20H.

Example:

MOV 20H, #55H ; Store 55H at memory location 20H

MOV 10H, 20H ; Copy value at 20H (55H) to 10H

Result: Memory 10H = 55H

(ii) MOV R1, A vs. MOV @R1, A

Instruction Function

MOV R1, A Copies the value from accumulator (A) to register R1.

MOV @R1, A Stores the value of accumulator (A) at the internal RAM address pointed by R1.

Example:

MOV A, #44H ; Load 44H into A

MOV R1, #30H ; Load 30H into R1
MOV @R1, A ; Store A’s value (44H) at RAM location 30H

Result: RAM location 30H contains 44H

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(i) MOV 15H, 20H vs. MOV 15H, #20H

Instruction Function
Copies the contents of memory location 20H into memory location 15H.
MOV 15H, 20H
(Indirect move)
MOV 15H,
Loads the immediate value 20H into memory location 15H.
#20H

Example:

MOV 20H, #55H ; Store 55H at memory location 20H

MOV 15H, 20H ; Copy value at 20H (55H) to 15H

Result: Memory 15H = 55H

(ii) MOV R1, A vs. MOV @R1, A

Instruction Function
MOV R1, A Copies the value from accumulator (A) to register R1.
Stores the value of accumulator (A) at the internal RAM address pointed by
MOV @R1, A
R1.

Example:

MOV A, #44H ; Load 44H into A

MOV R1, #30H ; Load 30H into R1
MOV @R1, A ; Store A’s value (44H) at RAM location 30H

Result: RAM location 30H contains 44H