EE-319 Communication Systems

Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Communication Systems
EE-319
Lab Manual

Name: Muhammad Faizan Kazmi

Registration No. 2021-BS-EE-017
Semester: 6

Department of Electrical Engineering

1
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Course Title: Communication Systems

Instructor: Engr. Bilal Younas
Designation: Lecturer
Email: [email protected]
Phone:
I. Laboratory Safety Policies
1. General laboratory safety
 Never eat or drink while working in the laboratory.
 Read the labels carefully.
 Do not use any equipment unless you are trained and approved as a user by the
supervisor.
 Wear safety glass or a face shield when using any hazardous materials and /or
equipment.
 Wear gloves when using any hazardous or toxic agent.
 Never do unauthorized experiments.
 Never work alone in the laboratory.
 Keep your lab space clean and organized.
 Do not leave an on-going experiment unattended.
 Never taste anything. Never pipette by mouth; use a bulb.
 Never use open flames in the laboratory unless instructed by LA.
 Check your glassware for cracks and chips each time you use it. Cracks could
cause the glassware to fail during use and cause serious injury to you or lab mates.

2. Clothing
 When handling dangerous substances, wear gloves, laboratory coats, and safety
shield or glasses. Shorts and sandals should not be worn in the lab at any time.
Shoes are required when working on the machine shops
 If you have long hair and loose clothes, then make sure that it is tied back or
confined.
 Keep the work area clear of all materials except those needed for your work.

3. Disposal
 Students are responsible for the proper disposal of used material if any
inappropriate containers.
4. Equipment Failure
 If a piece of equipment faces while being used, report it immediately to the lab
engineer/assistant. Never try to fix the problem yourself because you could harm
yourself and others.
 If leaving a lab unattended, turn off all ignition sources and lock the doors.
 Clean up your work area before leaving.
 Wash hands before leaving the lab and before eating.
5. Electricity

2
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

 Obtain permission by the safety coordinator before operating any high voltage
equipment.
 Maintain an unobstructed access to all electrical panels.
 Avoid using extension cords whenever possible.
 Never, ever modify or otherwise change any high voltage equipment.
 Before attracting the power supply to your setup make sure there no ‘’live’’ wires
which can be touched.
 When attaching a high voltage power supply ALWAYS switch off the supply.

6. Fire
 If a person’s clothing catches on fire, he/she needs help.
 Prevent him/her from running.
 Make him/her lie down and smother the flame by rolling, wrapping with lab coats,
blankets, towels, etc.
 Never turn a carbon dioxide extinguisher on a person.
 If a fire breaks out, (if time allows) turn off all burners and remove solvents, place
the chemical and equipment safely to the nearest possible table/bench, exit the
building calmly.
 If you do not use the fire extinguisher, leave the room immediately to a safer place
possible outside. There is a carbon dioxide extinguisher in the building and the
position and operation of these should be known.
 Point the extinguisher at the base of the flames.
 Very small fires can be put out with a damp towel by smothering.
 Only after the safety of all is assured the matter of the extinguisher the fire is
considered.

Because a few seconds delay can result in very serious injury, Laboratory staff will
guide you on what to do and how to exit during the case of such an emergency.
8. In Case of emergency
 Report the location of the emergency; give your name, telephone number, and
building and floor number.
 Report the nature of the emergency whether an explosion has occurred and
whether there has been a chemical or electrical fire.

RESCUE: 1122
Police Emergency Control Room: 041-9200264
Army Control Room: 1135
Administrator: 041-8750971 (Ext. 327)

3
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

II. Lab Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs)

CLO-1: (C4)

Design a hardware project by incorporating theoretical knowledge and practice skill.

CLO-2: (C4)

Implement and analyse various analog and digital modulation and demodulation techniques
by applying simulation tool.

Mapping of Course Learning Outcomes (CLOs) to Program Learning Outcomes (PLOs) /

Graduate attributes.

PLOs
PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO PLO
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
CLOs
CLO1 
CLO2 
PLO1: Engineering Knowledge PLO7: Environment and Sustainability
PLO2: Problem Analysis PLO8: Ethics
PLO3: Design / Development of Solutions PLO9: Individual and Team Work
PLO4: Investigation PLO10: Communication
PLO5: Modern Tool Usage PLO11: Project Management
PLO6: The Engineer and Society PLO12: Lifelong Learning

4
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

III. Grading Policy

Lab Performance 20%

Lab Report 10%
Lab Viva 50%
Lab Written Test 20%

IV. Lab Rubrics

Lab Performance (Continuous Assessment) / Performance Test

Performanc Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

e indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
Fully understands the Has a very good Has some understanding of Has a poor
equipment understanding of the the available understanding of the lab
equipment/tools/software available equipment/tools/software equipment and cannot
Ability to
including its purpose and equipment/tools/software including its performance experiment without the
conduct
knows the safety including its purpose and purpose and require a lot of help of a lab instructor
Experiment
precautions to conduct quite able to experiment help from the lab engineer
CLO-1, P3
the entire experiment with some help from a lab to conduct the experiment
with negligible help instructor
from the lab instructor.
Has an excellent skill to Has good skills to perform Has the weak skill to Has the poor skill to
perform the lab the lab experiment perform the lab experiment draw and implement a
Implementa experiment successfully successfully and can solve and quite able to solve the problem and cannot
tions and and also knowing the most of the experimental problem and solve a problem and
Results importance of lab implementation of the cannot get the output cannot differentiate
CLO-2, P3 experimental results of given problem and results properly between different types
power distribution and produce output results for of lab equipment.
utilization that given problem
Performs all duties of Performs nearly all duties. Does not perform duties of Never performed any
Fulfill team
assigned team roles. Usually does the assigned assigned team role. Always duties of assigned team
Role’s
Always does the work-rarely needs relies on others to do the role.
Duties
assigned work without reminding work
CLO-3, A3
having to be reminded.

Lab Report

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

No. Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
Information is presented Information is Information is presented Unable to submit
in a logical interesting presented in a in quite less continuity the lab report.
Organization/ way, which is easy to somewhat logical and less logical manners.
1 Structure follow. All sections are manner. All sections Sections are not in
CLO 4, C3 in the correct order and are in the correct order proper order as directed
submitted on time. as directed and and unable to follow the
submitted on a time. submission deadline.
The result and The result and The result and Unable to submit
conclusion are stated and conclusion are stated conclusion are stated but the lab report.
Data
2 reflect the complete and reflect acceptable reflect little of
Presentation
knowledge of the knowledge of the experiment detail and not
CLO 4, C3
experiment. Each step is experiment. Each step properly explained.
fully explained. is somehow explained.

5
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

(Lab Viva)

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Unsatisfactory

No. Indicator (2) (1) (0)
Responsiveness to Responds well, quick, and very Generally responsive and Non-responsive
1 Questions/Accuracy accurate all the time. accurate most of the time.
CLO-4, C3
Demonstration of full At least with content and No grasp of the information.
Level of
knowledge of the subject with able to elaborate and No knowledge of the subject
understanding of the
2 explanations and elaboration explain to some degree. matter. No questions are
learned skill
answered. No interpretation
CLO-1, P3
made
Understanding Has an excellent ability to Has a good ability to Has a poor ability to identify
different types of lab identify and differentiate identify and differentiate and differentiate between
3 equipment/tools/softw between different types of lab between different types of different types of lab
are equipment/tools/software lab equipment/tools/ equipment/tools/software
CLO-2, P3 Software
Is very confident and explains Is confident to some Doesn’t have the confidence
the details properly. Proper eye extent with quite less eye to explain and deliver the
Confidence contact is maintained all the contact and presentational topic properly. No eye
4
CLO-3, A3 time with proper presentational gestures. contact and presentational
gestures. gestures were used.

Lab Written Test

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

No. Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)

Demonstration of At ease with content The only basic No grasp of the

1. Level of full knowledge of and able to elaborate concept is information. No knowledge
Understanding the subject with and explain to some demonstrated and of the subject matter. No
CLO-4 ,C3 explanations and degree. interpreted. question is answered. No
elaborate. interpretation was made.
Students answer the Student shows some The student tries to The student does not know
question correctly prior knowledge and answer the question how to answer the
and completely. may use terminology but does not show question.
Student incorporates to answer the evidence of any
2. Solution
information from the question. The student previous knowledge
text or lab notes into does not use to assist in
CLO-4, C3
the answer. appropriate answering. A student
information from the may reveal
text or lab notes to misconceptions about
answer the question. concepts.

6
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Lab Project

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

No. Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
Project is completed Project is completed Project is completed but not The project is not
without any external with quite less working properly. Or project implemented or
assistance and is technical assistance is completed and working not completed
Implementation
1. working properly. from instructor or properly but with with
and completion
others in order to unreasonable amount of implementation
CLO-2, P3
complete the project technical assistance from in initial phase
and is working instructor or others in order only.
properly. to complete the project.
Student chose an Student chose a Student chose a project with Student chose a
innovative, complex project with acceptable scope that solves simple project
Problem challenging project good technical a technical problem and with limited
Analysis and that require an effort challenges that required some technical
2. Designing scope that
that exceeds normal required innovation expertise. required very
Solution expectations for the problem solving and
CLO-2, P3 little creative
course project. engineering.
development.

Student Developed a Students demonstrated Students was able to identify Student

good system at the ability to test the problems in hardware or demonstrated
procedure for testing hardware or software software but require some little or no ability
Testing and
3. hardware or software in order to identify assistance in fixing some of to troubleshoot
Analysis
that allowed for technical problems and the problems. hardware or
CLO-2, P3
quick identification was able to solve any software for
of technical problem with little or project.
problems. no assistance.
Performs all duties of Performs nearly all Scarcely performed assigned Does not
assigned team role. duties. Usually does duties. Always relies on perform any
Fulfill team
4. Always does the the assigned work- others to do the work. duties of
Role’s Duties
assigned work rarely needs reminding assigned team
CLO-3, A3
without having to be role.
reminded.

7
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Project Report

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

No Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
.

Information is Information is Sequence of Information Sequence of

presented in a logical, presented in a exists with quite less information is
interesting way, somewhat logical continuity and les logical difficult to follow
which is easy to manner. Results and manner. Results and and no logical
1. Organization
follow. Results and conclusions are conclusions are stated but manner. Results and
CLO-4, C3
conclusions are stated stated and reflect reflect little knowledge of conclusions are not
and reflect complete acceptable the experiment. stated.
knowledge of the knowledge of the
experiment. experiment.
Collected a great deal Collected some basic Collected very little Did not collect any
Literature
2. of information – al information – most information – some relates information that
Review
relates to the topic. relates to the topic. to the topic. relates to the topic.
CLO-4, C3
Clearly discusses Generally clear Limited discussion of Reader can gain very
what results means discussion of results results and conclusions. little information
Result and and what conclusions and conclusions but Little or no reference to about why the project
3. Discussion maybe drawn from may miss some published standards or other was done and what
CLO-4, C3 them, cites published points. Some use of reports. results may mean. No
standards or others references and reference.
related reports. published standards.

Project Viva

Sr. Performance Exemplary Satisfactory Developing Unsatisfactory

No Indicator (3) (2) (1) (0)
.

Responds well, Generally Responsive but Non- Responsive

Responsiveness to
1. quick and very responsive and evasive or inaccurate
Questions/Accuracy
accurate all the accurate most of most of the times.
CLO-4, C3
times the times.
Demonstration of At ease with Only basic concepts No grasp of information.
Depth of subject full knowledge of content and able to are demonstrated and No knowledge of subject
2. knowledge subject with elaborate and interpreted. matters. No questions
CLO-2, P3 explanations and explain to some are answered.
elaboration. degree.

V. Level of Inquiry

Level Problem/Question Procedure/Method Solution

0 Provided to student Provided to student Provided to student
1 Provided to student Provided to student Constructed by student
2 Provided to student Constructed by student Constructed by student
3 Constructed by student Constructed by student Constructed by student

8
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Level of Inquiry Description

The problem, procedure, and solution methods are provided to the student. The student experiments
0 and verifies the result with this manual.
The problem and procedure are provided to the student. The student interprets the data to propose
1 viable solutions.
The problem is provided to the student. The student develops a procedure for investigating the
2 problem decides what together and interprets the data to propose viable solutions.

A raw phenomenon is provided to the student. The student chooses the problem to explore develop a
3 procedure for investigating the problem decides what together and interprets the data to propose
viable solutions.

9
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Rubrics Evaluation

Performance Lab Report

Experimen Ability to Tea Signatur
Organization Data
t Conduct Implementatio m e
/ Presentatio
Experimen n and Result Wor
Structure n
t k
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
Total Total
Marks Marks
Obtained Obtained

Remarks (if any):-

___________________________________________________________________________

Name & Signature of faculty: - _________________

10
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

V. List of Experiments

Sr. No. Title of Experiment Level of

Inquiry
Experiment 1 Familiarization with EES-X15 analogue/digital communication 1
trainer.

Experiment 2 Basic Signal Representation and Operations using Matlab and 1

Introduction to Simulink: basics, communication block set and
simulation of communication system.

Experiment 3 Introduction to amplitude modulation (Simulink Implementation). 2

Experiment 4 1
Amplitude shift keying
Experiment 5 1
Phase shift keying
Experiment 6 2
Frequency shift keying
Experiment 7 1
AM Modulation (DSB-SC)
Experiment 8 1
FM Modulation and Demodulation Model using Simulink
Experiment 9 1
PM Modulation
Experiment 10 Study and implementation of Sampling Theorem. 2

Experiment 11 Analogue to digital conversion using Pulse Code Modulation(PCM) 1

technique

Experiment 12 Investigating PCM decoding technique in Digital to analogue 2

conversion.

Experiment 13 Study and Implementation of Pulse Time Modulation technique for 3

analogue signals.

Experiment 14 To Study the FSK Modulation. 2

Experiment 15 To Study the PSK and ASK Modulation. 2

11
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 1

Familiarization with EES-X15 analogue/digital communication trainer.

Apparatus:

 20 MHz scope
 Digital Multimeter

Description:

All experiments included in this manual have been performed on the ADS-6000
communication Trainer. Before starting actual experiments, let us first familiarize our self
with the use of ADS-6000 communication Trainer.

Measuring Power Supplies

Connect the ADS-6000 to the 220V AC power source and turn ON the Trainer. Measure ±
12V, ±19V and ±5V supply voltage using a multimeter and record the results below:

Measured +5V Supply Voltage

Measured -5V Supply Voltage
Measured +12V Supply Voltage
Measured -12V Supply Voltage
Measured +9V Supply Voltage
Measured -9V Supply Voltage

Function Generator

Connect the OUTPUT of the function generator to the oscilloscope and frequency counter.
Vary the frequency range selector switch RANGE and adjust it to minimum range, now note
the maximum and minimum frequency by varying the FREQUENCY potentiometer. Repeat
the procedure for all the ranges.

RANGE FREQUENCY
MIN MAX
X1
X10
X100
X1000
X10000

12
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 2

Basic Signal Representation and Operations using Matlab and

Introduction to Simulink basics, communication block set and simulation
of communication system.

Functions of Matlab Used:

 MATLAB Simulink

Functions of Simulink Used:

 Scope
 Sine wave generator
 Signal generator
 Pulse generator
 Clock generator

i. Procedure:

1. Click on the Simulink icon of write Simulink on the command window to open
Simulink in Matlab.
2. On Simulink window open a new file from file menu.
3. Now click on the scope given in the window and drop it on the new file.
4. Similarly drop sine wave generator, signal generator, clock generator.
5. Use 5 scopes to connect each generator individually.
6. Click on run start the simulation.
7. Use multiplier function from Simulink to multiply the signals of sine wave and pulse
generator.
8. Draw the output waveform and Results.

ii. Procedure:

1. Open Simulink in the mat lab software and draw the circuit according to the diagram.
2. Choose seven sine wave generators from apparatus bar
3. Select mux and sum from the tool bar and Drag it on the new file along with sine
wave generator.
4. Run simulation after connecting objects from either mux or sum to oscilloscope.
5. Draw the output waveform and Results.

13
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Circuit Diagram:

14
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 3

Introduction to Amplitude Modulation (Simulink

Implementation)

Objective:

 To identify the spectrum analyser as used in frequency domain analysis

 To identify various types of linear modulated waveforms in time and
 Frequency domain representation
 To implement theoretically functional circuits using the Communication Module
 Design System (CMDS)

Spectrum Analyzer and Function Generator

This section deals with looking at the spectrum of simple waves. We first look at the
spectrum of a simple sine wave.

To start Simulink: Start MATLAB then type Simulink on the command line. A Simulink
Library Window opens up as shown in figure.

Spectrum of a simple sine wave: Figure shows the design for viewing the spectrum of a
simple sine wave.

15
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Figure shows the time-domain sine wave and the corresponding frequency domain is shown
in figure. The frequency domain spectrum is obtained through a buffered-FFT scope, which
comprises of a Fast Fourier Transform of 128 samples which also has a buffering of 64 of
them in one frame. The property block of the B-FFT is also displayed in figure.

16
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

This is the property box of the Spectrum Analyzer.

17
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

From the property box of the B-FFT scope the axis properties can be changed and the Line
properties can be changed. The line properties are not shown in the above. The Frequency
range can be changed by using the frequency range pop down menu and so can be the y-axis
the amplitude scaling be changed to either real magnitude or the dB (log of magnitude) scale.
The upper limit can be specified as shown by the Min and Max Y-limits edit box. The
sampling time in this case has been set to 1/5000.

Note: The sampling frequency of the B-FFT scope should match with the sampling time of
the input time signal.

Also as indicated above the FFT is taken for 128 points and buffered with half of them for an
overlap.

Calculating the Power:

The power can be calculated by squaring the value of the voltage of the spectrum analyzer.

Note: The signal analyzer if chosen with half the scale, the spectrum is the single-sided
analyzer, so the power in the spectrum is the total power.

Similar operations can be done for other waveforms – like the square wave, triangular. These
signals can be generated from the signal generator block.

The spectrum of the output when km=1 was shown below:

The following figure demonstrates the waveform multiplication. A sine wave of 1 kHz is
generated using a sine wave generator and multiplied with a replica signal. The input signal
and the output are shown in figures.

The input signal as generated by the sine wave is shown in figure.

The output of the multiplier is shown in figure and the spectral output is shown in figure.

It can be seen that the output of the multiplier in time domain is basically a sine wave but
doesn’t have the negative sides since they get cancelled out in the multiplication.

18
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The spectral output of the spectrum is shown below. It can be seen that there are two side
components in spectrum. The components at fc + fm and –(fc + fm) can be seen along with a
central impulse.

If a DC component was present in the input waveform, then

y = km*(cos(2π(1,000)t) + Vdc)2
The effect of adding a dc component to the input has the overall effect of raising the
amplitude of the 2 KHz component and decreases the 2 KHz component. However, for a
value of Vdc = 0.1V, the 1KHz component reduces and for any other increase in the Vdc
value, the 1KHz component increases.

19
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Double Side-Band Suppressed Carrier Modulation

Figure shows the implementation of a DSB-SC signal. The Signals are at 1 kHz and 10 kHz.

The output is shown below. It can be seen that the output consists of just two side bands at +
(fc+ f m) and the other at –(fc + fm) , i.e. at 9kHz and 11kHz.

20
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

By multiplying the carrier signal and the message signal, we achieve modulation.

Y*m(t) = [km cos (2π1000t)* cos (2π10000t)]

We observe the output to have no 10 KHz component i.e., the carrier is not present. The
output contains a band at 9 KHz (fc-fm) and a band at 11 KHz (fc + fm). Thus we observe a
double side band suppressed carrier. All the transmitted power is in the 2 sidebands.

Effect of Variations in Modulating and Carrier frequencies on DSB – SC signal.

By varying the carrier and message signal frequencies, we observe that the 2 sidebands move
according to equation fc ± fm.

Now, using a square wave as modulating signal, we see that DSBSC is still achieved.

The output from spectrum analyzer was slightly different from the theoretical output. In the
result from the spectrum analyzer, there is a small peak at frequency = 10 kHz (the carrier
frequency) and other 2 peak at 0 and 1000 Hz. This may cause by the incorrectly calibrated
multiplier.

Next, the changes to the waveform parameters have been made and then the outputs have
been observed. And here are the changes that have been made

Amplitude Modulation

This experiment is the amplitude modulation for modulation index a = 1 and 0.5.
From the equation of the AM

y = km (1 + a ⋅ cos (2π (1000) t) ⋅ cos (2π (10000) t

21
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The representation of the signal in both time-domain and frequency domain when km=1 for
a=1 and a=0.5 were found to be as shown in figures.
The experimental set up for generating an AM signal looks like this:

The input waveform 50% modulated is shown in figure:

22
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The output spectrum is shown below

It must be noted here that the A.M signal can be converted into a DSB-SC signal by making
the constant = 0.

The waveforms at various levels of modulation are shown in the following figures.

23
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

24
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The results from the experiment were shown. The results from the experiment are pretty
much the same as in the theoretical ones except there are 2 other peaks at 0 and 1000 kHz.
This is the same as earlier experiment. The cause of this problem is probably the multiplier.

Two Tone Modulation

The last experiment in this section is the two tone modulation. In this experiment, the 2 kHz
signal had been added to the modulating signal in the above experiment. Theoretically, the
representation of the modulated signal in time-domain and frequency domain would have
been as in the figure below. In the figure, 1 kHz and 2 kHz signals were modulated with 10
kHz carrier.

25
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The experimental setup is shown below.

The two-tone waveform before being amplitude modulated.

26
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The two-tone signal is amplitude modulated using the same block model discussed in the
previous section. The output spectrum is shown in figure. In this case the signals of 1 kHz
and 2 kHz are modulated by a 10 kHz carrier. The output spectrum is shown in figure

The result from the experiment was shown. The highest peak is at the carrier frequency as in
the theoretical result. But there were differences on the sidebands. In the figure from
MATLAB, both frequencies in the sidebands have the same magnitude, but from the
experiment, the components at 9000Hz and 11000Hz have higher magnitude than the
components at 8000Hz and 12000 Hz. There’re also many small peaks of about 1000Hz apart
in the experiment result. This might come from the incorrectly calibrated multiplier.

The final experiment in this section is to change the carrier frequency and the modulating
frequency. When the carrier frequency increases, the spectrum of the modulated signal is
expected to have the two sidebands centered at the new carrier frequency. And when one of
the two modulating signals changes in frequency, the spectrum of the output signal should
have two components move away from their original positions according to the change in
frequency. The result from the experiment was shown. Both change in carrier frequency and
modulating frequency is shown.

27
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 4

Amplitude Shift Keying

Objective:
 To generate and demodulate amplitude shift keyed (ASK) signal using MATLAB

Theory:

Generation of ASK

Amplitude shift keying - ASK - is a modulation process, which imparts to a sinusoid two or
more discrete amplitude levels. These are related to the number of levels adopted by the
digital message. For a binary message sequence there are two levels, one of which is typically
zero. The data rate is a sub-multiple of the carrier frequency. Thus the modulated waveform
consists of bursts of a sinusoid. One of the disadvantages of ASK, compared with FSK and
PSK, for example, and is that it has not got a constant envelope. This makes its processing
(e.g. power amplification) more difficult, since linearity becomes an important factor.
However, it does make for ease of demodulation with an envelope detector.

Demodulation
ASK signal has a well-defined envelope. Thus it is amenable to demodulation by an envelope
detector. Some sort of decision-making circuitry is necessary for detecting the message. The
signal is recovered by using a correlator and decision making circuitry is used to recover the
binary sequence.

Algorithm

Initialization commands

ASK modulation

1. Generate carrier signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal (on-off form)
4. Generate ASK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and ASK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.

ASK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

2. Perform correlation of ASK signal with carrier to get decision variable
3. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose ‘1’ else choose ‘0’
4. Plot the demodulated binary data.

28
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Program

%ASK Modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1; fc=10;
t=0:Tb/100:1;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s; %product of carrier and message
ask_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
%plot the message and ASK signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);
plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');
grid on hold on;
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,ask_sig(i,:));
title('ASK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on hold on
end
hold off
%Plot the carrier signal and input binary data
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');grid on
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');grid on

% ASK Demodulation

t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:Tb/100:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*ask_sig(i,:));
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);

29
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
%plot demodulated binary data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('ASK demodulated signal'); xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');grid
on

Model Graphs

30
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 5

Phase Shift Keying

Objective:

 To generate and demodulate phase shift keyed (PSK) signal using MATLAB

Generation of PSK signal

PSK is a digital modulation scheme that conveys data by changing, or modulating, the phase
of a reference signal (the carrier wave). PSK uses a finite number of phases, each assigned a
unique pattern of binary digits. Usually, each phase encodes an equal number of bits. Each
pattern of bits forms the symbol that is represented by the particular phase. The demodulator,
which is designed specifically for the symbol-set used by the modulator, determines the phase
of the received signal and maps it back to the symbol it represents, thus recovering the
original data. In a coherent binary PSK system, the pair of signal S1 (t) and S2 (t) used to
represent binary symbols 1 & 0 are defined by

S1 (t) = √2Eb/ Tb Cos 2πfct

S2 (t) =√2Eb/Tb (2πfct+π) = - √ 2Eb/Tb Cos 2πfct where 0 ≤ t< Tb and
Eb = Transmitted signed energy for bit
The carrier frequency fc =n/Tb for some fixed integer n.

Algorithm

Initialization commands

PSK modulation

1. Generate carrier signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal in polar form
4. Generate PSK modulated signal.
5. Plot message signal and PSK modulated signal.
6. End FOR loop.
7. Plot the binary data and carrier.

PSK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

Perform correlation of PSK signal with carrier to get decision variable
2. Make decision to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose ‘1’ else choose ‘0’
3. Plot the demodulated binary data.

31
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Program

% PSK modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1;
t=0:Tb/100:Tb;
fc=2;
c=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=-1*ones(1,length(t));
end message(i,:)=m_s;
%product of carrier and message signal
bpsk_sig(i,:)=c.*m_s;
%Plot the message and BPSK modulated signal
subplot(5,1,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r');
title('message signal(POLAR form)');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('m(t)');
grid on; hold on;
subplot(5,1,4);plot(t,bpsk_sig(i,:));
title('BPSK signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('s(t)');
grid on; hold on;
t1=t1+1.01; t2=t2+1.01;
end
hold off
%plot the input binary data and carrier signal
subplot(5,1,1);stem(m);
title('binary data bits');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)');
grid on;
subplot(5,1,3);plot(t,c);
title('carrier signal');xlabel('t--->');ylabel('c(t)');
grid on;

% PSK Demodulation

t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:.01:t2]
%correlator
x=sum(c.*bpsk_sig(i,:));

32
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+1.01;
t2=t2+1.01;
end
%plot the demodulated data bits
subplot(5,1,5);stem(demod);
title('demodulated data');xlabel('n--->');ylabel('b(n)'); grid on

Modal Graphs

33
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 6

Frequency Shift Keying

Objective:

 To generate and demodulate frequency shift keyed (FSK) signal using MATLAB

Theory:

Generation of FSK

Frequency- shift keying (FSK) is a frequency modulation scheme in which digital

information is transmitted through discrete frequency changes of a carrier wave. The simplest
FSK is binary FSK (BFSK). BFSK uses a pair of discrete frequencies to transmit binary (0s
and 1s) information. With this scheme, the "1" is called the mark frequency and the "0" is
called the space frequency.

In binary FSK system, symbol 1 & 0 are distinguished from each other by transmitting one of
the two sinusoidal waves that differ in frequency by a fixed amount.

Si (t) = √2E/Tb cos 2πf1t 0≤ t ≤Tb

0 elsewhere Where i=1, 2 &

Eb=Transmitted energy/bit
Transmitted freq= ƒi = (nc+i)/Tb, and n = constant (integer), Tb = bit interval
Symbol 1 is represented by S1 (t)
Symbol 0 is represented by S0 (t)

Algorithm

Initialization commands

FSK modulation

1. Generate two carriers signal.

2. Start FOR loop
3. Generate binary data, message signal and inverted message signal
4. Multiply carrier 1 with message signal and carrier 2 with inverted message signal
5. Perform addition to get the FSK modulated signal
6. Plot message signal and FSK modulated signal.
7. End FOR loop.
8. Plot the binary data and carriers.

34
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

FSK demodulation

1. Start FOR loop

2. Perform correlation of FSK modulated signal with carrier 1 and carrier 2 to get two
decision variables x1 and x2.
3. Make decision on x = x1-x2 to get demodulated binary data. If x>0, choose ‘1’ else choose
‘0’.
4. Plot the demodulated binary data.

Program

% FSK Modulation

clc;
clear all;
close all;
%GENERATE CARRIER SIGNAL
Tb=1; fc1=2;fc2=5;
t=0:(Tb/100):Tb;
c1=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc1*t);
c2=sqrt(2/Tb)*sin(2*pi*fc2*t);
%generate message signal
N=8;
m=rand(1,N);
t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
if m(i)>0.5
m(i)=1;
m_s=ones(1,length(t));
invm_s=zeros(1,length(t));
else
m(i)=0;
m_s=zeros(1,length(t));
invm_s=ones(1,length(t));
end
message(i,:)=m_s;
%Multiplier
fsk_sig1(i,:)=c1.*m_s;
fsk_sig2(i,:)=c2.*invm_s;
fsk=fsk_sig1+fsk_sig2;
%plotting the message signal and the modulated signal
subplot(3,2,2);axis([0 N -2 2]);plot(t,message(i,:),'r'); title('message
signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('m(t)');grid on;hold on;
subplot(3,2,5);plot(t,fsk(i,:));
title('FSK signal');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('s(t)');grid on;hold on;
t1=t1+(Tb+.01); t2=t2+(Tb+.01); end
hold off
%Plotting binary data bits and carrier signal
subplot(3,2,1);stem(m);
title('binary data');xlabel('n---->');
ylabel('b(n)');grid on;

35
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

subplot(3,2,3);plot(t,c1);
title('carrier signal-1');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c1(t)');grid on;
subplot(3,2,4);plot(t,c2);
title('carrier signal-2');xlabel('t---->');ylabel('c2(t)');grid on;

% FSK Demodulation

t1=0;t2=Tb
for i=1:N
t=[t1:(Tb/100):t2]
%correlator
x1=sum(c1.*fsk_sig1(i,:));
x2=sum(c2.*fsk_sig2(i,:));
x=x1-x2;
%decision device
if x>0
demod(i)=1;
else
demod(i)=0;
end
t1=t1+(Tb+.01);
t2=t2+(Tb+.01);
end
%Plotting the demodulated data bits
subplot(3,2,6);stem(demod);
title(' demodulated data');xlabel('n---->');ylabel('b(n)'); grid on;

Modal Graphs

36
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 7

AM Modulation (DSB-SC)
Theory:

Double-Sideband Suppressed Carrier (DSB-SC): This type of AM modulation method uses

the full amplitude of the modulating signal to vary the amplitude of the carrier wave. The
resulting signal contains both the upper and lower sidebands, each containing a copy of the
original modulating signal, as well as the original carrier frequency. However, the carrier
frequency is suppressed or removed, resulting in less efficient use of the transmitted power.

This code is an example of how to generate and analyze an amplitude-modulated (AM) signal
using MATLAB. It shows the basic steps of modulating and demodulating a signal, as well as
visualizing the signals in the time and frequency domain. It serves as a starting point for
further experimentation and optimization in communication systems and also helps in
understanding the characteristics of signals.

The code performs the following steps:

1. The first step is to clear the command window and any existing variables in the workspace
by using the "clc" and "clear" commands.
2. The next step is to define the sampling frequency and time vector. The sampling frequency
is set to 1000 Hz and the time vector is set to start from 0 to 1 second, sampled at the rate of
1000 samples per second.
3. The next step is to generate a modulating signal. A sinusoidal signal with a frequency of 5
Hz is generated over the time vector defined earlier. This will be the signal that will be used
to modulate the carrier signal.
4. The next step is to generate a carrier signal. A cosine signal with a frequency of 100 Hz is
generated over the time vector defined earlier. This will be the signal that will be modulated
by the modulating signal.
5. The next step is to modulate the carrier signal using the "ammod" function. The "ammod"
function modulates the carrier signal with the modulating signal, resulting in an amplitude-
modulated signal. The carrier frequency is set to 100 Hz, the sampling frequency is set to
1000 Hz, and the modulation index is set to 0.
6. The next step is to plot the signals in the time domain. The modulating signal, carrier
signal, and modulated signal are plotted using the "plot" function.
7. The next step is to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the signals. The FFT of the
modulating signal, carrier signal, and modulated signal are calculated using the "fft" function.
8. The next step is to plot the signals in the frequency domain. The magnitude of the FFT of
the modulating signal, carrier signal, and modulated signal are plotted using the "plot"
function.
9. The next step is to demodulate the modulated signal using the "amdemod" function. The
"amdemod" function demodulates the modulated signal, resulting in the original modulating
signal. The carrier frequency is set to 100 Hz, the sampling frequency is set to 1000 Hz, and
the modulation index is set to 0.

37
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

10. The next step is to plot the demodulated signal in the time domain. The demodulated
signal is plotted using the "plot" function.
11. The last step is to perform a fast Fourier transform (FFT) on the demodulated signal. The
FFT of the demodulated signal is calculated using the "fft" function.
12. The last step is to plot the demodulated signal in the frequency domain. The magnitude of
the FFT of the demodulated signal is plotted using the "plot" function

AM SSB-SC modulation/demodulation

Code:

38
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

In this script, a message signal (m) is defined with a frequency of 5 Hz and a sample rate of
10000 Hz. A carrier signal (f_c) with a frequency of 50 Hz is also defined. The message
signal is then modulated using the ssbmod function with the carrier signal to produce the SSB
modulated signal (y_mod). The ssbdemod function is then used to demodulate the modulated
signal and produce the demodulated signal (y_demod). The time domain and frequency
domain plots of the message signal, modulated signal, and demodulated signal are then
plotted using the subplot and plot functions.

39
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Graphical Outputs:

40
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 8

FM Modulation and Demodulation Model using Simulink

Theory:
Today simulation is an important domain which attracts many researchers from several fields
and disciplines.

Simulation software is based on the process of modelling a real phenomenon with a set of
mathematical formulas. It is essentially, a program that allows the user to observe an
operation through simulation without actually performing that operation. Simulation software
is used widely to design equipment so that the final product will be as close to design
specification as possible without expensive process modification. Simulation has proven to be
a powerful tool in modelling a complete communication channels before embarking on the
real prototype. In recent years, extensive research has been conducted in the area of
simulation to model large complex systems like FM and understand their structures and
behaviors. At the same time, a variety of design principles and approaches for computer-
based simulation have evolved. As a result, an increasing number of computer simulation
sub-fields and approaches have been proposed, as well as a large number of tools and
applications having been designed and developed. The benefits of computer simulation are
becoming more generally recognized in several domains and areas.

Some of the computer software packages usually used by Engineers for analysis and
simulation of physical systems include: MATLAB/SIMULINK, RMxprt/Maxwell2D/3D,
SIMPLORER, HFSSV10, XFDTD/Varipose/XGTD, COMSOL, 5SPICE, ANSYS,
Electronic Workbench etc. The availability of these computer software packages is now
reshaping the role and applications of computer laboratory projects to involve students in
more intense problem-solving experience. These user programs also provide an opportunity
to easily conduct numerical experiments and to tackle realistic and more complicated
problems.

Description:
Modern engineering would be inconceivable without computers to gather data and run model
simulations. Whether it involves bringing back pictures of the surface of the planet Mars or
detailed images to guide brain surgeons, computers have greatly extended our knowledge of
the world around us and our ability to turn ideas into engineering reality. Modelling is the
process of generating abstract, conceptual, graphical and/or mathematical models. Science
offers a growing collection of methods, techniques and theory about all kinds of specialized
scientific modelling. A model in general is a pattern, plan, representation (especially in
miniature), or description designed to show the main object or workings of an object, system,
or concept. Simulation is used in different ways by different people. As used here, simulation
is defined as the process of creating a model (i.e., an abstract representation or exact copy) of
an existing or proposed system (e.g., a project, a business, a mine, a forest, the organs in your
body, etc.) in order to identify and understand those factors which control the system and/or
to predict (forecast) the future behavior of the system. Almost any system which can be
quantitatively described using equations and/or rules can be simulated.

41
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The underlying purpose of simulation is to shed light on the underlying mechanisms that
control the behavior of a system. More practically, simulation can be used to predict
(forecast) the future behavior of a system, and determine what you can do to influence that
future behavior. That is, simulation can be used to predict the way in which the system will
evolve and respond to its surroundings, so that you can identify any necessary changes that
will help make the system perform the way that you want it to. Thus modelling and computer
simulation are important interdisciplinary tools.

Simulink Model of FM Modulation Using Matlab

Different SIMULINK blocks are included to form the complete model for an FM system. In
this model, a simple MATLAB Module shown below is used as input to SIMULINK. This
Module provides the carrier angle and message signal to the SIMULINK block.

Simulink Model of FM De-Modulation Using Matlab

There are a number of circuits that can be used to demodulate FM. Each type has its own
advantages and disadvantages, some being used when receivers used discrete components,
and others now that ICs are widely used.

42
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Conclusions:

a. The data Attenuation can be substantially reduced while travelling long distances in
communication.
b. The Software Implementation gives us an advantage of reduction in hardware cost and
failures.

43
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 9

PM Modulation

Theory:

Phase Modulation (PM) is a method of modulating a carrier signal in which the phase of the
carrier signal is varied in accordance with the amplitude of the message signal. In PM, the
phase angle of the carrier signal is varied in proportion to the amplitude of the message
signal.
This results in a modulated signal whose phase is continuously changing with respect to the
message signal.

The advantages of PM include its ability to provide a constant envelope, which allows for
efficient power amplification, as well as its ability to avoid detection by amplitude-sensitive
jamming signals. Additionally, PM is less affected by non-linearities in the transmission
channel and is less susceptible to phase noise.

Disadvantages of PM include its higher bandwidth requirements compared to other

modulation techniques, as well as the increased complexity of demodulation. Additionally,
the phase of the PM signal can drift over time, leading to decreased signal quality.

Code for PM Modulation:

44
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

This code is a MATLAB script that demonstrates the process of Phase Modulation (PM)
modulation and demodulation using built-in functions pmmod and pmdemod.
The code starts by defining the sample rate (fs) and the time vector (t). It then defines the
frequency of the message signal (f_m) and creates the message signal by taking the cosine of
2π times the message frequency multiplied by the time vector.

The code then defines the frequency of the carrier signal (f_c) and the modulation index
(beta). Using the pmmod function, the message signal is modulated onto the carrier signal,
creating the PM-modulated signal (y_mod). Using the pmdemod function, the PM modulated
signal is demodulated to recover the original message signal (y_demod).

45
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The code then plots the message signal, PM modulated signal, and PM demodulated signal in
both the time domain and frequency domain using the plot function and fft function. It also
includes labeled x and y axes and titles for each subplot.

Graphical Outputs:

46
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 10

Study and implementation of Sampling Theorem

Apparatus:

 ADS-6000 Trainer.
 ACS-05
 Oscilloscope.
 Tool Kit.

Theory:

A band-limited signal f(t)with maximum signal frequency fm (bandwidth) can be

reconstructed by filtering when sampled at a rate greater than twice fm. If a signal is sampled
at Nyquist rate i.e. 2fm, then an ideal low pass filter is required to reconstruct the original
signal. In practice we can’t realize ideal LPF (with brick wall response), therefore in order to
reconstruct the signal free of distortion, we sample the signal at rate greater than 2fm so as to
spread out in frequency domain, the sidebands of the sampled signal. The cut off frequency
of LPF must be equal to the fm and order should be high enough to reject side bands to a
sufficient level. Mathematically, if a band limited signal f(t), is sampled with sampling
function g(t) shown below, then sampled signal r(t), can written as,

r(t) = f(t).g(t)
The Fourier spectrum of the sampled signal is
R(ω) = F(ω) + £n=1 sin(n.d).[ F(ω - ωs) + F(ω - ωS)]

Where, cos = 2nfs is the sampling frequency in radian/sec. The sampled signal spectrum has
lobes F(co) of the signal f(t) at a>=0,.±cos,±2cDS An ideal LPF can recover the original
signal.

Block Diagram models:

47
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Procedure:

1. Connect trainer to power supply. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the power
supply using the multimeter.
2. Connect power connector to the Module.
3. Connect the circuit as shown in Figure.
4. Connect scope CH1 to CLOCK O/P to verify presence of clock signal of about 67KHz
frequency. Next, connect CH1 to DATA 4 and see square wave signal of 36 KHz and
then CH1 to CLOCK O/P 1 to observe a stable pulse waveform (sampling signal, g (t) of
fig.), of 9KHz.
5. Connect CH2 of the scope to Function Generator to observe stable sine wave signal of
about 1 KHz (input signal, f (t) of fig.). Vary Amplitude pot on Function Generator to set
its amplitude to one volt peak to peak level. This signal is also the input signal to the
Sample / Hold at ANALOG l/P. Set the scope time base such that at least one complete
cycle of sine wave, is displayed on CH2.
6. Next connect CH2 of the scope to S/HOLD O/P to display sampled 1 KHz sine signal (r
(t) of fig.). Vary Amplitude pot on Function Generator and see that the amplitude of the
sampled signal also varies, accordingly.
7. Draw waveform of the sampled signal below:
8. Design a simple RC low pass filter with cut off frequency of 1 KHz using the equation:

fc = 1/2ΠRC.

9. Connect sample and hold waveform to RC LPF and observe the recovered waveform.
Draw the waveform of the recovered sine signal below:

Graphical output:

48
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 11

Analogue to Digital conversion using Pulse Code Modulation (PCM)

technique
Equipment/Tools:
 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
 Dual Beam Oscilloscope
 ACS - 01

Theory:

Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) provides a method of digital transmission of analog messages.
The analog signal is sampled, quantized and coded to convert into digital signal. Block
diagram of PCM generation system is shown in Fig.

The analog signal is band limited by a LPF and applied to sample-and-hold unit. The sampled
49
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

signal is then rounded off to the nearest discrete value in a set of L quantized levels. The
resulting waveform is discrete in time (by virtue of sampling) and discrete in amplitude (by
virtue of quantization). Next, an encoder translates the quantized samples into digital code
words. The encoder works with binary digits (0 & 1) and produces for each sample a code
word consisting of n bits in parallel. The number of quantized levels “L” and length of code
word un", are related by:

L = 2n

Finally, successive code words are readout serially, to constitute PCM waveform. If f s is the
sampling frequency, then output bit rate of PCM waveform for word length n is nf#.

In PCM receiver (Fig.), the received signal contaminated by noise, is regenerated to yield a
clean PCM waveform. Using sync and timing information, the serial bits are converted into
parallel words. DAC (digital to analog converter) then regenerates sample and hold
(staircase) waveform.

This staircase waveform differs from original S/H waveform by the round off error,
introduced in the quantizer. Low pass filter then produces smoothed output signal, which
differs from the original signal to the extent that the quantized samples differ from the exact
sample values.
Quantizing process, introduces noise in PCM signal, which depends upon word length “n”.
The signal to noise ratio (SNR), of a PCM signal is given by:

SNR = 3. 2".K or

SNR (dB) = 10.log (K) + 4.8 +6.0.n dB

Where K is the ratio of rms to peak signal amplitudes and is always <1. For above it is
obvious, that SNR depends upon K and n. SNR improves by 6 dB whenever PCM word
length “n”, is increased by one bit.
In this experiment, use of 8 bit PCM (word length n-8) has been made. Clock signal of 64
KHz has been made. Each PCM word (encoded signal sample), is followed by a zero to
differentiate it from the succeeding PCM word (next signal sample). PCM waveform is
shown in Fig.

50
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Procedure:

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.

2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS - 01
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

5. Connect scope CH1 to clock signal and verify its presence. Next connect CH2 to FRAME
SYNC OUT and verify the sampling signal. The sampling signal is also frame sync, since
in this
6. Staircase (S/H) waveform is present.
7. Next experiment we have single channel PCM system.
8. Keep Ch2 displaying the sampling sync, signal? Connect AF signal to ANALOG l/P of
Sample / Hold. Now connect Ch1 to S/HOLD O/P to display S/H signal. Increase AF
signal and verify that connect Ch1 to PCM OUT verify that PCM waveform is available.
Vary AF signal and verify that PCM signal also varies. Reduce AF signal to zero. Verify
that PCM signal becomes of fixed pattern.
9. Connect Ch1 to ANALOG O/P PCM Decoder. Increase AF signal. S/H waveform of
demodulated AF signal will appear. Vary the amplitude of the AF signal and see that S/H
waveform also varies, accordingly. Change frequency of AF signal and see that frequency
of S/H signal also varies. Now insert the analog waveform to LPF. Smooth AF signal will

51
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

appear at OUTPUT.
10. Vary AF and see its response after LPF. Moreover we can adjust the output amplitude of
AF by varying POT 1 in PCM Decoder Section.

Experiment No. 12

Investigating PCM decoding technique in Digital to analogue conversion

Equipment/Tools:

 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Digital Multimeter (DMM)
 Dual Beam Oscilloscope
 ACS – 01

Theory:
Pulse Code Modulation (PCM) provides a method of digital transmission of analog messages.
The analog signal is sampled, quantized and coded to convert into digital signal. Block
diagram of PCM generation system is shown in Fig.

52
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

The analog signal is band limited by a LPF and applied to sample-and-hold unit. The sampled
signal is then rounded off to the nearest discrete value in a set of L quantized levels. The
resulting waveform is discrete in time (by virtue of sampling) and discrete in amplitude (by
virtue of quantization). Next, an encoder translates the quantized samples into digital code
words. The encoder works with binary digits (0 & 1) and produces for each sample a code
word consisting of n bits in parallel. The number of quantized levels “L” and length of code
word un", are related by:

L = 2n

Finally, successive code words are readout serially, to constitute PCM waveform. If f s is the
sampling frequency, then output bit rate of PCM waveform for word length n is nf#.
In PCM receiver (Fig.), the received signal contaminated by noise, is regenerated to yield a
clean PCM waveform. Using sync and timing information, the serial bits are converted into
parallel words. DAC (digital to analog converter) then regenerates sample and hold
(staircase) waveform.

This staircase waveform differs from original S/H waveform by the round off error,
introduced in the quantizer. Low pass filter then produces smoothed output signal, which
differs from the original signal to the extent that the quantized samples differ from the exact
sample values.
Quantizing process, introduces noise in PCM signal, which depends upon word length “n”.
The signal to noise ratio (SNR), of a PCM signal is given by:

SNR = 3. 2".K or

53
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

SNR (dB) = 10.log (K) + 4.8 +6.0.n dB

Where K is the ratio of rms to peak signal amplitudes and is always <1. For above it is
obvious, that SNR depends upon K and n. SNR improves by 6 dB whenever PCM word
length “n”, is increased by one bit.
In this experiment, use of 8 bit PCM (word length n-8) has been made. Clock signal of 64
KHz has been made. Each PCM word (encoded signal sample), is followed by a zero to
differentiate it from the succeeding PCM word (next signal sample). PCM waveform is
shown in Fig.

Procedure:
1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.
2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS - 01
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

5. Connect scope CH1 to clock signal and verify its presence. Next connect CH2 to FRAME
SYNC OUT and verify the sampling signal. The sampling signal is also frame sync, since
in this experiment we have single channel PCM system.
6. Keep Ch2 displaying the sampling sync, signal? Connect AF signal to ANALOG l/P of
Sample / Hold. Now connect Ch1 to S/HOLD O/P to display S/H signal. Increase AF

54
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

signal and verify that staircase (S/H) waveform is present.

7. Next connect Ch1 to PCM OUT verify that PCM waveform is available. Vary AF signal
and verify that PCM signal also varies. Reduce AF signal to zero. Verify that PCM signal
becomes of fixed pattern.
8. Connect Ch1 to ANALOG O/P PCM Decoder. Increase AF signal. S/H waveform of
demodulated AF signal will appear. Vary the amplitude of the AF signal and see that S/H
waveform also varies, accordingly. Change frequency of AF signal and see that frequency
of S/H signal also varies. Now insert the analog waveform to LPF. Smooth AF signal will
appear at OUTPUT.
9. Vary AF and see its response after LPF. Moreover we can adjust the output amplitude of
AF by varying POT 1 in PCM Decoder Section.

Experiment No. 13

Study and Implementation of Pulse Time Modulation technique for

analogue signals.

Equipment /Tools:

 ADS-6000 Trainer
 ACS – 05
 DMM
 Dual Beam Scope

Theory:

55
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Pulse Time Modulation represents a category of the pulse modulation techniques in' which
the timing of pulse, and not the amplitude, is varied parameter. Two types of Pulse Time
Modulations are pulse width modulation (PWM) and pulse position modulation (PPM). The
analog signal is sampled, and sample value is used to vary the width of the pulse to produce
PWM signal and position of the pulse to output PPM signal.
Fig. shows the block diagram of pulse width and position modulator. Timing diagram relating
the modulating and the sampling signals to the PWM and PPM signals, is shown in Fig.
Tlfe pulse width modulator shown in fig. 2 takes sampling signal and converts it into a
sawtooth waveform using an integrator. The modulating signal is sampled and passed
through sample and hold circuit to generate a staircase signal, which is compared with
sawtooth waveform using a voltage comparator. The output of the comparator is the PWM
signal which is then fed to pulse generator which triggers at the -ve going transition and its
output is the PPM signal. The PWM and PPM signals Min be demodulated using a low pass
filter.

56
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Procedure: Pulse Width Modulation

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220 AC power supply

2. Turn on the Trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter
3. Connect the power connector to the module ACS-05
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram.

57
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

5. Connect scope to CLOCK and verify presence of Clock signal. Next connect CH1 of
scope to CLOCK O/P 1 and verify presence of sampling signal. Connect CH2 of the
scope to Function Generator verify presence of sine wave signal. Set level of sine wave
signal to 1 Vpp
6. Next connect Ch2 to S/H SIGNAL l/P of Sample / Hold and observe sampling
7. Signal. Connect scope to S/HOLD O/P and verify that it is staircase waveform. The
sampling signal is also connected to PTM where it is converted to saw tooth waveform
(fig. 1). The staircase and saw tooth waveforms are compared using a voltage comparator
in PTM its output is the pulse width modulated (PWM) waveform of applied AF input
signal. Connect sampled signal to Ch. #1 and PWM output to Ch. #2 of the scope. Verify
that at the position where amplitude of the sampled signal is of maximum amplitude, the
PWM signal has maximum pulse width. Vary amplitude of AF input signal, and see its
effect on the PWM signal.
8. Design a simple RC LPF with cut off frequency of 1 KHz and connect PWM signal to its
input. Moves Ch1 probe to the output off RC LPF and draw the waveform. The output is
the same sinusoidal waveform superimposed by a very large ripple. Reduce AF signal and
measure the ripple frequency. What you can conclude form here?

Pulse Position Modulation

 The PWM is inverted and applied to a RC differentiator followed by a diode 1 clipper,

which chops its -ve going part of the waveform. The differentiated: and clipped waveform
is inverted twice and its output is the PPM waveform. Move scope CH2 to display PPM
waveform. Vary AF signal and observe relative displacement of the pulse. Connect RC
LPF again to output of PPM signal and on the scope. This time the demodulated AF
signal will be much smaller in amplitude than that demodulated PWM signal. Give reason
for that.
 Reduce AF signal to zero and measure frequency of ripples in the recovered signal. You
will see the frequency will be same as that of CLK. Connect output of RC filter to the
Input of LPF and observe the smoothed output waveform.

58
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 14

To Study the FSK Modulation

Equipment/Tools:
 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 DCS - 04

Theory:

So far we have carried out experiments regarding base band digital modulation techniques,
which are suitable for transmission of signals over wire and short distances. When base band
signal is transmitted over a radio link, its spectrum is shifted to high frequency range to
efficiently radiate the low frequency base band signal. A spectrum shift is also required to
transmit several message signals simultaneously by sharing the large bandwidth of the
transmission medium. The spectrum can be shifted to a higher frequency by modulating the
amplitude, phase and frequency of the high frequency carrier. In amplitude modulation, NRZ
base band signal y(t), is multiplied with the carrier cosω ct, we have modulated carrier
y(t).cosωct, as shown in Fig. This modulation scheme of transmitting binary data is known as
amplitude shift keying (ASK). When the data is transmitted by varying the carrier frequency,
the modulation scheme is known frequency shift keying (FSK). A “0” bit is transmitted by a
carrier pulse of “f1” frequency, and “1” bit is transmitted by carrier pulse of “f2” frequency.
FSK signal waveform, is shown in Fig.1. If the base band signal y(t), were polar (where “1”
data bit is represented by +ve pulse, and “0” bit is represented by –ve pulse), the
corresponding modulated signal would appear as shown in Fig.1. The phase of the carrier,
when “1” bit is transmitted differ by  radians than that when “0” bit is transmitted. The bit
information therefore resides in the phase of the carrier. This scheme is known as phase shit
keying. We will take up ASK & PSK in next experiment, however, we perform experiment
on FSK here. Mathematically, we can represent FSK signal as summation of two ASK
signals as under:

Where ω1, ω 2 are carrier frequencies of ASK signals and y (t) & y (t) are NRZ and NRZ
complement are data signals. The PSD of FSK is then summation of PSD two AASK signals.
Practically, FSK is generated by modulating a frequency modulator ʃʃ with a digital signal y
(t). This type of FSK is known as Continuous–phase FSK “CPFSK” which can be
represented mathematically as,

59
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Procedure: FSK Modulator

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.

2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltages of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect the power connector to the module.
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram.

5. Connect Function Generator to Carrier I/P, this will generate Clock at CLOCK O/P, use
this clock to operate the Data Generator section.
6. Now connect FSK out signal to the CH2 and observe the waveform of frequency shift
keyed signal. At positions where NRZ signal is “1” FSK signal frequency is on higher
side as compare to when NRZ data is “0”.
7. Remove NRZ data from FSK input and connect it to +5 volt supply. Measure on scope

60
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

the output frequency of the FSK modulator. Next connect DATA I/P to ground and again
measure the frequency. Record the results in the table below.

FSK Demodulator

 The FSK signal is demodulated using a phase lock loop. FSK Demodulation section of
the module will be used for this purpose. Observe VCO free running frequency at Test
point TP3 (pin # 12 of IC XR2211), on the scope. Using 10K potentiometer, adjust VCO
frequency till it is equal to the mean of the two frequencies recorded in table above.
 Now apply FSK modulated signal to the FSK Demodulated signal. The modulating data
NRZ signal will appear at the output of the demodulator. If the NRZ data is not recovered
properly, then readjust VCO frequency slightly. Display the recovered NRZ data on CH1
and original NRZ data on CH2 of the scope. Compare the two waveforms.

61
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

Experiment No. 15

To Study the PSK and ASK Modulation

Equipment/Tools:

 ADS-6000 Trainer
 Oscilloscope
 Digital Multimeter
 DCS - 04

Theory:

We have already discussed digital carrier modulation schemes and we performed experiment
on frequency shit keying (FSK). In this experiment we will look at Phase Shift Keying (PSK)
and Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK). Briefly, in PSK, it is phase changes of a sine wave that
represents the binary ones and zeroes of digital signals. A binary zero is 180 o out of phase
(phase shifted) with respect to a binary one. Each phase shift occurs at 0 to 1 or 1 to 0
transition. The amplitude and frequency of the carrier remains constant. Mathematically, PSK
signal is represented by the following equation:

y (t).coswt + y(t). cos (wt+180)

Where y (t) is the NRZ/Manchester signal. Fig shows PSK modulated signal for given NRZ
data. In ASK, it is the amplitude difference or the presence and absence of a sine wave that
represents the binary ones and zeroes. A binary 1 represents fixed amplitude sine wave and
absence of sine wave carrier represents, zero. Fig7.a shows the ASK signal. Mathematically,
ASK signal is represented by y (t).coswt.
PSK modulator is shown in Fig.1, where coswt and cos (wt+180) are generated by a phase
shifter. The NRZ data y (t) and its complement y (t), are multiplied in Digital switch IC 4046,
with coswt and cos (wt+180) carrier, respectively. The two components are added together to
generate PSK signal. To generate ASK signal, y (t).cos (wt+180) is set to zero.

To demodulate PSK or ASK signals, a balance modulator is used where ASK & PSK signals
are demodulated synchronously by multiplying the signals with the carrier. The demodulated

62
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

signals are passed through LPF to recover y (t) data waveform.

Procedure: PSK Modulation

1. Connect the ADS-6000 Trainer to the 220V AC power supply.

2. Turn on the trainer and verify the voltage of the power supply using the multimeter.
3. Connect Power connector to the Module ACS – 04
4. Connect the circuit as shown in Diagram

5. Connect Function Generator to Carrier I/P, this will generate Clock at CLOCK O/P, use
this clock to operate the Data Generator section
6. Short the Jumper J1 to get PSK modulated output at ASK/PSK O/P.
7. Connect CH2 to PSK output. You will see PSK modulated waveform as shown in Fig.2.
Adjust AF signal to avoid any clipping in the waveform. Move CH2 probe between PSK
O/P and data I/P terminals. Draw the waveforms of data I/P and PSK o/p signals. Verify
that phase of the carrier changes by 180 at data transitions.

 PSK is demodulated using balance modulator with AF carrier and PSK input signals. The
AF carrier is applied to the modulator. Connect PSK modulated waveform to the balance
modulator. Monitor output waveform of demodulator on scope. Adjust 50K pot till you
get clear waveform. Now design a simple RC LPF of cut off frequency 120Hz (AF/4) and
observe its output, which will be same as that of NRZ1.

63
 EE-319 Communication Systems
Department of Electrical Engineering | The University of Faisalabad

ASK Modulator

1. That output is ASK waveform i.e. when data is 1 carrier is present and when it is zero.
2. Open the Jumper J1 to get ASK Output at ASK/PSK O/P.
3. Verify carrier is absent.
4. Now connect the ASK modulated waveform to the demodulator as done in case of PSK
above.
5. Verify that the demodulator output will be same as NRZ data input to ASK modulator.

64