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2024 電気工学入門実験 II
Lab work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering
Subject: Motor and generator (Energy conversion)
Student ID/Name: 67992035 Chalida Pornputtasri

提出日 Date of submission: 11 / Feb. / 2025

締切日 Due date: 25 / Feb. / 2025
最終受取日 Accepted date: / /

Members of the Lab group グループメンバー

Student ID/Name: 67992045 Kiattiphoom Anantantikul , 67992049 Yanathip
Boonprasert, and 67992052 Patipan Juantaruson

チェックリスト รายการตรวจสอบ Check list

Check by student , by teachers □

□ Objectives (目的 วัตถุประสงค์ )

□ Explanation (説明 อธิบาย)
□ Equipment (実験装置 อุปกรณ์ )
□ Equation(s) formula(s) (式 สมการ 単位 หน่ วย)
□ Data, Table, Graph (データ, 表,グラフ ข้ อมูล, ตาราง,กราฟ)
□ Consideration(s)
(議論, 質問, コメント Discussions, Questions, and Comments)
□ Need to resubmit
(remarks:______________________________)
Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

1.Objective
This experiment introduces the theory to the students by connect two DC motors convert
from electrical energy to rot electrical energy. From t of motor and generator will be introduce
of the same rating and learn that they can rotational energy, and from rotational energy to the
above, students will understand that motors and generators are essentially the same. The
primary goals of this lab work can be summarized as follows:
1.1 Student will be able to understand theory of motor and generator.
1.2 Students will be able to understand the efficiency of energy conversion

2.Theory

2.1 Motor principle and Faraday’s electromagnetic induction law

Figure 1 shows the basic structure of a DC motor. A square coil is installed between
the magnets, and commutator is connected to coil. The brushes are in contact with the
commutator, which is connected to the terminal. In case of DC motor, when current I [A] is
applied from the terminal to the coil, a downward force F is generated on the left coil edge due
to the interaction between current I [A] and magnetic flux density B [T]=[Wb/m²]. On the other
hand, an upward force F is generated on the right coil edge. These relationships correspond to
Fleming's left-hand rule. These parameters are expressed in scalar form as in Equation 1.

Figure 1 Fundamental structure of DC motor.

𝐹 = 𝐼𝐵 [𝑁] (1)

Conversely, when a rotating force is applied to the coil, the cross-sectional area S [m²]
of the coil through the magnetic field varies with time t [sec]. A voltage (electromotive force)
is obtained at the terminal as output. This is the principle of a generator, and you can understand
the motor and generator have the same structure. This electromotive force is shown in Equation
(2). This equation is called Faraday's equation of electromagnetic induction. where N is the
number of turns of the coil and ∅ [Wb] is the magnetic flux (∅ = BS). In addition, L [H] is
inductance of coil.

𝑑∅ 𝑑𝐼
𝑉 = −𝑁 𝑑𝑡 = −𝐿 𝑑𝑡 (2)

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Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

As shown in equation (2), this electromotive force is also called a back electromotive
force because it is generated in a direction that interferes with the already existing magnetic
field. Also, since this electromotive force only occurs if the area of the coil continues to change,
the generator must keep the coil always rotating.
The meaning of the second term in right-hand is "the amount of change in magnetic flux density
per unit time (second)".

3.Equipment
(1) DC Power Source: RIGOL DP831
(2) Resistor: Ceramic resistor 10,10 W
(3) Digital multimeter: Peak Tech 2005A
(4) DC motor: R140, 3-6 VDC
(5) Light bulb

4.Procedures
Caution!
The voltage 𝑉𝑀 applied to the motor shall be limited to 3.0V. No higher voltage should be
applied for safety reasons.

4.1 Measurement of output voltage

At first, the experimental circuit is configured as shown in Figure 2. Note the sign of the
voltage on the generator side as shown in Equation (2).
After connection, Measure the output voltage 𝑉𝐺 of the generator when the voltage 𝑉𝑀 applied
to the motor is applied in 0.5V increments from 0.5V to 3.0V. (Have the measurement checked
by the instructor before measurement!)

Figure 2 Circuit diagram for DC-DC motors

4.2 Motor and genetic brightness experiments

Connect a bean bulb to a DC power source and a generator, respectively, as shown in
Figure 3. As in Experiment 4.1, apply the input voltage 𝑉𝑀 from 0.5V to 3.0V in 0.5V steps
and measure the output voltage 𝑉𝐺 . In addition, write down in words the brightness of each
bean bulb at that time.

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Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Figure 3 Connection with small light bulb

4.3 Measuring energy conversion efficiency

Compare the power required for the motor to rotate with the power output from the
generator to determine the efficiency of energy conversion and obtain efficiency of energy
conversion.
(1) Remove the bulb on the motor side from Figure 3.
(2) Replace the light bulb on the generator side with a 10 Ω resistor from Figure 3.
(3) Apply a voltage of 0 to 3.0 V 𝑉𝑀 to the motor and measure and record the data in
the table below.
Record the data in the table below.
(4) Calculate the power and efficiency.

5.Results

5.1 Measurement of output and generator

Table 1 Relationship of motor and generator.
Input voltage, 𝑽𝑴 [𝑽] Output voltage, 𝑽𝑮 [𝑽]
0.5 0

1.0 0.39

1.5 0.77

2.0 1.16

2.5 1.38

3.0 1.67

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Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

5.2 Motor and generator brightness experiments

Table 2 Relationship of brightness for motor and generator.
Input voltage, Brightness of input side Output voltage, Brightness of output
𝑽𝑴 [𝑽] (in words) 𝑽𝑮 [𝑽] side (in words)
0.5 No Light 0 No Light

1.0 Dim Light 0.39 No Light

1.5 Moderate Light 0.77 No Light

2.0 Bright Light 1.16 Dim Light

2.5 Very Bright Light 1.38 Moderate Light

3.0 Very Bright Light 1.67 Moderate Light

5.3 Measuring energy conversion efficiency

Table 3 Calculation of energy conversion efficiency.
Power of
Input Current Power of Motor, Output
generator, Efficiency, %
voltage, 𝑰𝑴 [𝑨]at DC 𝑷𝑴 [𝑾] voltage,
𝑷𝑮 [𝑾] 𝑷𝑮 /𝑷𝑴 × 𝟏𝟎𝟎
𝑽𝑴 [𝑽] power panel 𝑷𝑴 = 𝑽𝑴 × 𝑰𝑴 𝑽𝑮 [𝑽]
𝑷𝑮 = 𝑽𝑮 𝟐 /𝑹
0.5 0.33 0.17 0.00 0.00 0.00

1.0 0.47 0.47 0.33 0.01 2.31

1.5 0.53 0.80 0.59 0.04 4.40

2.0 0.62 1.24 0.84 0.07 5.73

2.5 0.66 1.65 0.99 0.10 5.94

3.0 0.75 2.25 1.17 0.14 6.09

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Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

Figure 4 Graph of input voltage and power of each motor.

6.Consideration
6.1 In experiment 4.1, what happened to 𝑉𝐺 as 𝑉𝑀 rose?
o As the input voltage 𝑉𝑀 increases, the output voltage 𝑉𝐺 of the generator also increases.
This is because the motor rotates faster with higher input voltage, which generates a
higher output voltage in the generator.

6.2 In experiment 4.1, was the sign of the obtained output voltage VG negative? If negative,
what could be the reason?
o If 𝑉𝐺 is negative, it might be due to incorrect connections or polarity issues. It could
also occur if the generator is rotating in the opposite direction or if there is an
interference in the system causing reverse current.

6.3 In experiment 4.2, compare the brightness of the light bulbs on the motor side and the
generator side and state what you learned from this experiment.
o The light bulb on the motor side gets brighter as 𝑉𝑀 increases, indicating that more
power is being converted to mechanical energy. On the generator side, the brightness
of the light bulb is lower, showing that the generator is not producing enough power to
illuminate the bulb brightly. This illustrates the difference in energy conversion
efficiency between the motor and the generator.

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Lab Work II for Introduction to Electrical Engineering Electrical and Electronics Engineering

6.4 In experiment 4.2, what was the difference between the case where the light bulb was
"connected" to the generator and the case where it was "unconnected" in the previous
experiment?
o When the light bulb was connected to the generator, the output voltage 𝑉𝐺 was used to
power the light bulb, resulting in low brightness. When the light bulb was disconnected,
the generator was not powering any load, and therefore, the system could produce a
higher output voltage, but no useful work (like lighting a bulb) was done. This
highlights how adding a load affects the performance of the generator.

6.5 In experiment 4.3, if efficiency is not 100%, then losses are considered to have occurred.
Let's try to guess what kind of loss is possible based on the structure of the motor and the circuit
used in this experiment.
o Losses can occur due to factors like friction in the motor’s moving parts, resistance in
the motor and generator coils, back EMF reducing energy conversion, magnetic losses
from hysteresis and eddy currents, and wiring losses from imperfect connections.

6.6 Your impression of today's Lab work.

o Today's lab was a practical way to understand the principles of DC motors and
generators. It was interesting to observe how increasing the input voltage affects the
output voltage and how energy is converted from electrical to mechanical energy and
vice versa. The experiment also highlighted the importance of efficiency in energy
conversion and helped identify factors that cause energy loss in the system. Overall, it
provided a deeper understanding of the relationship between motors and generators and
their role in energy conversion.