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Chapter 2 discusses network models, focusing on the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It outlines the responsibilities of each layer in these models, including the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. Additionally, it explains the concepts of encapsulation, decapsulation, and addressing within the context of network communication.

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12 views36 pages

'Lecture - 2' - 250415 - 173840

Chapter 2 discusses network models, focusing on the OSI model and the TCP/IP protocol suite. It outlines the responsibilities of each layer in these models, including the physical, data link, network, transport, and application layers. Additionally, it explains the concepts of encapsulation, decapsulation, and addressing within the context of network communication.

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Anas Anas
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Chapter 2

Network Models

2.1 Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
2-1 LAYERED TASKS

We use the concept of layers in our daily life. As an


example, let us consider two friends who communicate
through postal mail. The process of sending a letter to a
friend would be complex if there were no services
available from the post office.

Topics discussed in this section:


Sender, Receiver, and Carrier
Hierarchy

2.2
Figure 2.1 Tasks involved in sending a letter

2.3
2-2 THE OSI MODEL
Established in 1947, the International Organization for
Standardization (ISO) is a multinational body dedicated
to worldwide agreement on international standards. An
ISO standard that covers all aspects of network
communications is the Open Systems Interconnection
(OSI) model. It was first introduced in the late 1970s.

2.4
Note

ISO is the organization.


OSI is the model.

2.5
Figure 2.2 Seven layers of the OSI model

2.6
OSI model.

2.7
Figure 2.5 Physical layer

The physical layer is responsible for movements of


individual bits from one hop (node) to the next.

2.8
Figure 2.6 Data link layer

The data link layer is responsible for moving


frames from one hop (node) to the next.

H: Header
T: Trailer

2.9
Figure 2.8 Network layer

The network layer is responsible for the


delivery of individual packets from
the source host to the destination host.

2.10
Figure 2.10 Transport layer

The transport layer is responsible for the delivery


of a message from one process to another.

2.11
Figure 2.12 Session layer

The session layer is responsible for dialog


control and synchronization.

2.12
Figure 2.13 Presentation layer

present the data in its form.

2.13
Figure 2.14 Application layer

The application layer is responsible for


providing services to the user.

2.14
Figure 2.15 Summary of layers

2.15
2-4 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE
▪ The layers in the TCP/IP protocol suite do not
exactly match those in the OSI model.

▪ The original TCP/IP protocol suite was defined as


having four layers: host-to-network, internet,
transport, and application. However, when TCP/IP
is compared to OSI, we can say that the TCP/IP
protocol suite is made of five layers:

▪ Physical
▪ data link
▪ Network
▪ Transport
▪ And application

2.16
TCP/IP (Transmission Control
Protocol/Internet Protocol)
◼ TCP/IP is a protocol suite (a set of protocols organized in
different layers) used in the Internet today.
◼ specifies how data is exchanged over the internet(end-
to-end communications)

2.17 TCP/ IP model


2.18
Figure 2.16 TCP/IP and OSI model

2.19
RARP= reverse address resolution protocol
sctp= stream control protocol
ICMP=internet control message protocol
IGMP= internet group management protocol

https://byjusexamprep.com/application-layer-
protocols-dns-smtp-pop-ftp-http-I

2.20
Application Layer

◼ It defines the protocol which enables user to


interact with the network.
◼ Communication at the application layer is
between two processes (two programs running
at this layer).

◼ Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP).


◼ Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP)

2.21
Transport Layer

◼ It defines how data should flow between hosts.


Major protocol at this layer is Transmission
Control Protocol (TCP).

◼ It ensures data delivered between hosts is in-


order and is responsible for end- to-end delivery.

◼ Data are called (segments or user datagram).

◼ TCP or UDP.
2.22
Network Layer

◼ It is responsible for creating a connection


between the source and the destination.
◼ Routers are responsible for choosing the best
route for each packet.

◼ Internet Protocol (IP) works on this layer. This


layer facilitates host addressing and recognition.
This layer defines routing.

2.23
Data-link layer

◼ It is responsible for taking the datagram and


moving it across the link.
◼ The link can be a
◼ wired LAN, wireless LAN or wireless WAN.

◼ Data is called a frame.

2.24
Physical Layer

◼ It is responsible for carrying individual bits in a


frame across the link.
◼ Data transferred to the transmission medium.
◼ Two devices are connected by (cable or air).
◼ Ethernet is an example.
◼ Data are called bits.

2.25
Advantages of TCP/IP

1. It is not controlled by any single


company.
2. It is compatible with all operating
systems, so it can communicate with any
other system.
3. Compatible with all types of computer
hardware and networks.

2.26
Encapsulation
◼ When data moves from upper layer to lower level of
TCP/IP (outgoing transmission) each layer includes a
bundle of relevant information called a header along
with the actual data.

◼ The data that is repackaged at the next lower level with


lower layer's header.
◼ Encapsulation in the source host

◼ Decapsulation in the destination host

◼ encapsulation and decapsulation in the router

2.27
Decapsulation

◼ It is the reverse process of encapsulation.

◼ As the data moves up from the lower layer to


the upper layer of , each layer unpacks the
corresponding header and uses the information
contained in the header to deliver the packet to
the exact network application waiting for the
data.

2.28
2.29
ADDRESSING
◼ Logical communication between pairs of layers in this
model.
◼ Any communication that involves two parties
needs two addresses: source and destination.

2.30
ADDRESSING
◼ Address in the TCP/IP protocols:
1. The physical address is the address of a node as defined by its LAN
or WAN.
2. The IP address uniquely defines a host on the Internet.
3. The port address identifies a process on a host.
4. A specific address is a user-friendly address.

2.31
Example 2.3

Figure 2.20 shows a part of an internet with two routers


connecting three LANs. Each device (computer or
router) has a pair of addresses (logical and physical) for
each connection. In this case, each computer is
connected to only one link and therefore has only one
pair of addresses. Each router, however, is connected to
three networks (only two are shown in the figure). So
each router has three pairs of addresses, one for each
connection.

2.32
Figure 2.20 IP addresses

2.33
Example 2.4

Figure 2.21 shows two computers communicating via the


Internet. The sending computer is running three
processes at this time with port addresses a, b, and c. The
receiving computer is running two processes at this time
with port addresses j and k. Process a in the sending
computer needs to communicate with process j in the
receiving computer. Note that although physical
addresses change from hop to hop, logical and port
addresses remain the same from the source to
destination.

2.34
Figure 2.21 Port addresses

2.35

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