THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

- SHIP STABILITY : An Introduction

OUTCOME NUMBER: 4.

Apply the principles of longitudinal stability to draught calculations.

PART 4 OF 6

Lecturer

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O 4 Knowledge and/or skills

♦ True Mean Draught (TMD), Longitudinal Centre of Flotation (LCF), Longitudinal Centre
of Gravity (LCG), Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy (LCB), Trimming Moment and Moment
to Change Trim 1 cm (MCTC)

♦ Apply the principles of longitudinal stability to calculations involving the inter-relationship

of draught, trim, weight and their positions

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LONGITUDINAL STABILITY

TRIM

 Definition : The difference between the forward and after draughts.

Can be expressed: By the head

By the stern
Even Keel (EK)

Examples : Draft Fwd = 6.748m Draft Fwd = 4.318m

Draft Aft = 5.782m Draft Aft = 5.893m
Trim = 0.966m by the head Trim = 1.575m by the stern

CHANGE OF TRIM (CoT)(COT)

Definition : The difference between the original trim and the final trim

LONGITUDINAL CENTRE OF FLOTATION (LCF)(CF)(F)

The geometric centre of the vessels water-plane.

The LCF is the point about which the vessel trims and it is sometimes called the “tipping
centre”.

In box-shaped vessels the LCF is amidships.

But,

in ship-shape vessels the LCF may be amidships or forward or abaft amidships.

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By definition the LCF is the geometric centre of the waterplane area (at that draught).

Therefore when a shipshape vessel changes draught so will her waterplane area. As a
consequence the position of the LCF will also move forward or aft to take up its new
geometric centre of the new waterplane.

Boxed shape vessel (bsv)

ship shape vessel (ssv)

F



A vessel will trim about the LCF

MEAN DRAUGHT

Arithmetic Mean Draught (AMD)

 Definition: The mean draught calculated by averaging the draughts at the fwd
and after perpendiculars.

This is calculated by adding the forward and after draughts then dividing by two.

AMD = draught at FP + draught at AP

2

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Example: dfwd = 4.64m daft = 5.34m

Calculate the AMD

AMD = draught at FP + draught at AP

2

AMD = 4.64 + 5.34 = 9.98 = 4.99m

2 2

The AMD is 4.99m

True Mean Draught (TMD)

 Definition: The mean draught measured at the Centre of Floatation.

This would be the draught if the vessel was at even keel

It is the True Mean Draught that must be used in Longitudonal Stability to calculate
the displacement of the vessel using the Hydrostatic Tables

TMD = draught aft ± Trim x LCF

LBP

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Example 1

A vessel has a draught fwd 3.50m, aft 4.60m, LBP 90m and LCF 40m foap
Calculate the True Mean Draught.

To Calculate Trim

Draught Fwd 3.500m

Draught Aft 4.600m
Trim 1.100m by the stern

To Calculate TMD

TMD = draught aft ± Trim x LCF

LBP

TMD = 4.60  - (1.100 x 40.00)

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( 90.00 )

TMD = 4.111m

The True Mean Draught is 4.11m

Example 2 – Using Hydrostatic Tables.

Vessel A has draughts F6.90m, A 6.40m, LBP 137.5m.

Calculate the TMD

Before the TMD can be calculated the AMD must be calculated, then using the hydrostatic
tables with the AMD the LCF can be found.

To Calculate the LCF

AMD = draught at FP + draught at AP

2

AMD = 6.90 + 6.40 = 13.30 = 6.65m

2 2

The AMD is 6.65m

Into Hydrostatic tables using 6.65m

6.65
5.88
LCF = 67.79 - (a x c) a
6.60 b 6.70
(b ) 5.80 5.90

= 67.79 - (0.05 x 0.11)

(0.10 ) 67.79 c 67.68
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LCF = 67.74

To Calculate Trim

Draft Fwd = 6.900m

Draft Aft = 6.400m
Trim = 0.500m by the head

To Calculate TMD

TMD = draught aft ± Trim x LCF

LBP

TMD = 6.40  + (0.500 x 67.74)

( 137.50 )

TMD = 6.646m

The True Mean Draught is 6.65m

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Exercise 1

Vessel A has draughts F4.83m, A 5.68m, LBP 136.0m.

Calculate the TMD

Before the TMD can be calculated the AMD must be calculated, then using the hydrostatic
tables with the AMD the LCF can be found.

To Calculate the LCF

AMD = draught at FP + draught at AP

2

AMD = 4.83 + 5.68 = 10.51 = 5.26m

2 2

The AMD is 5.26m

Into Hydrostatic tables using 5.26m

5.26
55.8
TPC = 69.02 - (a x c) a 8
5.20 b 5.30
(b ) 90

= 69.02 - (0.06 x 0.07)

(0.10 ) 69.02 c 68.95

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TPC = 68.98

To Calculate Trim

Draft Fwd = 4.830m

Draft Aft = 5.680m
Trim = 0.850m by the stern

To Calculate TMD

TMD = draught aft ± Trim x LCF

LBP

TMD = 5.680  - (0.850 x 68.98)

( 136.00 )

TMD = 5.249m

The True Mean Draught is 5.25m

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LONGITUDINAL CENTRE OF GRAVITY (LCG)

Is the point longitudinally, through which the total weight (mass) of the vessel may be
considered to act vertically downwards.

Its position will be calculated by the ship’s stability/cargo officer by taking ‘Moments
about the Aft’r Perpendicular’.

Its magnitude will be equal to the displacement of the vessel at that time ( Δ)

AP

w LCG G l

Force of Gravity (Δ)

G
w l

(Δ)

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The final Longitudinal Centre of Gravity (LCG), after loading, discharging or shifting
weights can be found from the following formula. This is a similar process to taking
moments about the Keel when addressing Transverse Stability.

Final LCG (foap) = Longitudinal Moments

Weights

LONGITUDINAL CENTRE OF BUOYANCY (LCB)

Is the point longitudinally, where all the upthrusts due to buoyancy may be considered to
act vertically upwards.

Its position is normally stated with reference to the After Perpendicular (forward of the
after perpendicular – foap). This value can be obtained from the vessels ‘Hydrostatic
Data’ by entering with draught or displacement.

Its magnitude will be equal to the displacement of the vessel at that time ( Δ)

AP Force of Buoyancy (Δ)

w l

LCB B

(Δ)

w
l
B
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Example 1 A vessel initial displacement 12 300t, LCG 56m foap, carries out the
following cargo operations:

Loads 20t at LCG 22m foap

Loads 87t at LCG 134m foap
Loads 68t at LCG 58m foap

Calculate the final LCG.

This will be performed by taking moments about the After Perpendicular (AP)

Although weights are not being discharged in this question, it is good practice to adopt the
below format whenever working out the final LCG.

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments (tm)

Load Disch foap Load Disch
12300 - 56 688800 -
20 - 22 440 -
87 - 134 11658 -
68 - 58 3944 -
12475 - - 704842 -
- - - - -
12475 - - 704842 -

Final LCG (foap) = Longitudinal Moments

Weights

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= 704842
12475

Final LCG (foap) = 56.500m

Exercise 1 A vessel initial displacement 17 250t, LCG 72m foap, carries out the
following cargo operations:

Loads 148t at LCG 128m foap

Loads 82t at LCG 80m foap
Loads 220t at LCG 24m foap

Calculate the final LCG.

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments (tm)

Load Disch foap Load Disch
17250 - 72 1242000 -
148 - 128 18944 -
82 - 80 6560 -
220 - 24 5280 -
17700 - - 1272784 -
- - - - -
17700 - - 1272784 -

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Final LCG (foap) = Longitudinal Moments

Weights
= 1272784
17700

Final LCG (foap) = 71.909m

Exercise 2 A vessel initial displacement 12 400t, LCG 66m foap, carries out the
following cargo operations:

Loads 120t at LCG 112m foap

Loads 300t at LCG 75m foap
Loads 100t at LCG 18m foap
Discharges 40t at LCG 86m foap
Discharges 55t at LCG 58m foap

Calculate the final LCG.

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments (tm)

Load Disch foap Load Disch
12400 - 66 818400 -
120 - 112 13440 -
300 - 75 22500 -
100 - 18 1800 -
40 86 - 3440
55 58 - 3190
12920 95 - 856140 6630

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95 - 6630 -
12825 - - 849510 -

Final LCG (foap) = Longitudinal Moments

Weights
= 849510
12825

Final LCG (foap) = 66.239m

VESSEL AT REST

It can be seen below therefore, that for a vessel to be at rest the position of the LCB and
the LCG must be directly in a vertical line, one above the other.

Force of Buoyancy (Δ)

AP

W LCG G L

LCB B

Force of Gravity (Δ)

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(Δ)

G
W L
B

(Δ)

FINDING TRIM
Force of Buoyancy (Δ)
AP
A)
W LCG G L

LCB B

Weight loaded (Δ)

Force of Gravity (Δ)

w G1 G
 

B)
B
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(Δ + w)
new displacement
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LCG

LCB

The vessel will know trim until B is again vertically under G (see below)
(Δ)

C)

ML

G1 G CoT (fwd)

= CoD (fwd)
CoT (aft)
= CoD (aft)
B1 B

(Δ)

GML : The longitudinal metacentric height.

This GML is much larger than the transverse GM, it is very often greater than
the vessel’s length.

It can be seen in dia. B above, that when a weight is added, the original LCG of the vessel
will move towards that added weight.

As the vessel trims, the LCB will then move to take up its new position at its new
geometric centre of the underwater volume (and directly below the new LCG), and the
vessel will be at rest once again.

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Similarly a discharged weight will cause the LCG of the vessel to move away from the
position of the discharged weight.

Such a movement creates a lever, the difference between the new LCG and the tabulated
LCB (LCB ~ LCG).

By multiplying this lever (LCB ~ LCG) by the final displacement (Δ) the Resulting Moment
can be obtained and this is referred to as the Trimming Moment.

Note that units are tonnes-metres (tm)

Trimming Moment = Δ x (LCB ~ LCG) tm

Example 1 A vessel of 15000t has LCG 98.62m and an LCB 101.67m.

Calculate the Trimming Moment

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LCB =
101.67m
B
AP G
LCG = 98.62m
70.93m FP

Note: It can be seen from the diagram that G is aft of B therefore, the vessel trim by
the stern

To Calculate the Trimming Moment

Trimming Moment = Δ x ( LCB ~ LCG )

= 15000 x ( 101.67 ~ 98.62 )

= 45750 tm by the stern

The Trimming Moment is 45750 tm By the Stern

Exercise 1 A vessel of 9746t has LCG 63.57m and an LCB 65.82m.

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Calculate the Trimming Moment

LCB = 65.82m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 63.57m FP

To Calculate the Trimming Moment

Trimming Moment = Δ x ( LCB ~ LCG )

= 9746 x ( 65.82 ~ 63.57 )

= 21928.5 tm by the stern

The Trimming Moment is 21928.5 tm By the Stern

Exercise 2 A vessel of 14365t has LCG 76.28m and an LCB 74.54m.

Calculate the Trimming Moment

LCG = 76.28m G
AP 70.93m B
LCB = 74.54m FP

To Calculate the Trimming Moment

Trimming Moment = Δ x ( LCB ~ LCG )

= 14365 x ( 74.54 ~ 76.28 )

= 24995.1 tm by the head

The Trimming Moment is 24995.1 tm By the Head

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MCTC

The moment in tonnes-metres required to change the vessel’s trim by one centimetre.

MCTC = Δ x GML
100L

See proof on next page

Where: Δ = displacement
GML = longitudinal GM
L = length of vessel (Length between Perpendiculars)
TO DEMONSTRATE THAT MCTC = Δ X GML PLEASE NOTE THAT CANDIDATES
100L FOR OOW ARE NOT REQUIRED
TO KNOW THIS PROOF

FP = Forward Perpendicular, AP = After Perpendicular

ML = longitudinal metacentre
G = centre of gravity before trimming & G 1 = centre of gravity after trimming
B = centre of buoyancy before trimming & B1 = centre of buoyancy after trimming
 = angle of trim
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The vessel is in equilibrium initially as the displacement acts vertically down through G
and the force of buoyancy acts vertically up through B and M L.
If a weight w is shifted aft a distance s then G moves to G 1 parallel to the direction w is
shifted. As the vessel trims B moves to B1 the new centre of the underwater volume. The
vessel’s displacement now acts vertically down through G 1 and the force of buoyancy acts
vertically up through B1 and ML. The vessel is again in equilibrium.
Tan  = GG1 = Change of trim (CoT)
GML Length of vessel (L)

GG1 = GML x CoT = GML (if CoT is 1cm)

L 100L

but GG1 = w x s  w x s = Δ x GML and w x s the trimming moment i.e. the MCTC
Δ 100L
 MCTC = Δ x GML
100L

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If the Resulting ‘Trimming Moment’ is known, i.e. Δ x (LCB ~ LCG) tm

and,

the MCTC is known, then the Change of Trim can be calculated using the formula below:

Change of Trim (CoT) = Trimming Moment

MCTC

Specifically:

CoT = Δ x (LCB ~ LCG)

MCTC

Recap:

TO FIND THE ‘CHANGE OF TRIM’ (CoT)

CoT can be brought about by:

i) LOADING,
ii) DISCHARGING,
iii) SHIFTING WEIGHTS.

Generally by carrying out one or more of the above a trimming moment is created.

Remember a Trimming Moment is the resultant of a Weight x Distance

(loaded/discharged/shifted)

In longitudinal stability the weight will be the final displacement of the vessel (∆) (which
will be acting down through the final Longitudinal Centre of Gravity)

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TRIMMING MOMENT :

A vessel’s trim can be changed by;-

a) shifting a weight. A weight shifted from aft to forward causes a forward trimming
moment and a weight shifted from forward to aft causes an aft trimming moment.

b) adding a weight. A weight added forward of the LCF causes a forward trimming
moment and a weight added aft of the LCF causes an aft trimming moment.

c) discharging a weight. A weight discharged from aft of the LCF causes a

forward trimming moment and a weight discharged from forward of the LCF
causes an aft trimming moment.

Remember that a vessel will trim about her

LCF

The LCF will be obtained from the Hydrostatic Data, entering with draught or
displacement.

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Example 1 An arbitrary vessel has loaded and discharged several weights resulting in a
trimming moment of 36 680tm by the Stern, MCTC 158.

Calculate the vessel’s Change of Trim (CoT).

Change of Trim (CoT) = Trimming Moment

MCTC

= 36680 = 232.2cms = 2.322m By the Stern

158

The Change of Trim is 2.32 m By the Stern

Example 2 An vessel displacement 20 522 has an LCG of 152.02m foap

and LCB 153.54m foap. MCTC 165.

Calculate the vessel’s CoT.

LCB =
153.54m
B
AP G
LCG = 152.02m
70.93m FP

Change of Trim (CoT) = Δ x (LCB ~ LCG)

MCTC

= 20522 x (153.54 ~ 152.02) = 189.1cms = 1.891m By the Stern

165

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The Change of Trim is 1.891 m By the Stern

CHANGE OF DRAUGHT FORWARD AND AFT - DUE TO CHANGE OF TRIM

When the LCF is amidships, the change of draught at each end due to change of trim will
be equal to half the change of trim.

AP

LBP

●F

LCF

Therefore: LCF = ½ x LBP

When trimmed:

CoT/d Fwd
●F
CoT/d Aft

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CoT/d Fwd = CoT/d Aft = Total CoT

2

but only when LCF is amidships

Example 1 A Vessel is at an EK draught of 9.60m. LCF amidships. The total change of

trim (CoT), was found to be 0.88m by the stern.

Calculate the final draught fwd & aft.

CF=

AP FP

LBP LBP
2 2

LBP

CoT = 0.88m

Because LCF amidships,

CoD Fwd = CoD Aft = Total CoT

2

= 0.88 = 0.440m fwd & aft

2

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Fwd Aft
Initial draughts 9.600m 9.600m
CoD due to CoT -0.440m +0.440m
Final draughts 9.160m 10.040m

The final draughts are: FWD 9.16m

AFT 10.04m

Execise 1 A Vessel is at an EK draught of 10.02m. LCF amidships. The total change

of trim (COT), was found to be 1.02m by the stern.

Calculate the final draught fwd & aft.

CF

AP FP

LBP LBP
2 2

LBP

CoT = 1.02m

Because LCF amidships,

CoD Fwd = CoD Aft = Total CoT

2

= 1.02 = 0.510m fwd & aft

2

Fwd Aft
Initial draughts 10.020m 10.020m
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CoD due to CoT -0.510m +0.510m

Final draughts 9.510m 10.530m

The final draughts are: FWD 9.51m

AFT 10.53m

Exercise 2 A Vessel is at draughts of Fwd 5.26m, Aft 5.11m. LCF amidships. The total
change of trim (CoT), was found to be 0.76m by the stern.
Calculate the final draught fwd & aft.

CF

AP FP

LBP LBP
2 2

LBP

CoT = 0.76m

Because LCF amidships,

CoD Fwd = CoD Aft = Total CoT

2

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= 0.76 = 0.380m fwd & aft

2

Fwd Aft
Initial draughts 5.260m 5.110m
CoD due to CoT -0.380m +0.380m
Final draughts 4.880m 5.490m

The final draughts are: FWD 4.88m

AFT 5.49m

When the LCF is not amidships the change of draught due to change of trim can be found
from the following:-

FP = Forward Perpendicular, AP = After Perpendicular.

By similar triangles :

CoD
(aft)  CoD
CF (fwd)

LCF LBP - LCF

LBP

Remember that CoD (aft) + CoD (fwd) = Total CoT

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Therefore:

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP - LCF

LBP

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF

LBP

Note:

1. In SQA Formulae Sheet the CoD is given as CoT. The whole formulae sheet is
muddled using different terms. Take care with this.

2. Note that if the forward draught increases the after draught decreases and vice-
versa

Example 1 A Vessel is at an EK draught of 9.60m.

LBP 100m; LCF 40m foap.

The total change of trim (CoT), was found to be 0.78m by the stern.

Calculate the final draught fwd & aft.

AP
FP

CF

LCF = 40m LBP - LCF = (100 – 40) = 60m

LBP = 100m

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.780 x (100 – 40) = - 0.468m
LBP 100

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.780 x 40 = + 0.312m

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LBP 100
check 0.780m 

n.b. the fwd and aft’r CoD’s add up to the total CoT (always check this)

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 9.600m 9.600m
CoD due to CoT -0.468m +0.312m
Final draughts 9.132m 9.912m

The final draughts are: FWD 9.13m

AFT 9.91m
Exercise 1 A Vessel is at draughts Fwd 11.23m, Aft 11.50m

LBP 166m; LCF 78m foap.

The total change of trim (CoT), was found to be 0.88m by the head.

Calculate the final draught fwd & aft.

Use the exact method shown above and use the space below for your
calculations.

Ans.

AP
FP

CF

LCF = 78m LBP - LCF = 88m

LBP = 166m

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.880 x (166 – 78) = + 0.467m
LBP 166

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.880 x 78 = - 0.413m

LBP 166
check 0.880m 

Fwd Aft
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Draughts 11.230m 11.500m

CoD due to CoT +0.467m -0.413m
Final draughts 11.697m 11.087m

The final draughts are: FWD 11.70m

AFT 11.09m

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USE OF HYDROSTATIC TABLES

Virtually all ships now have their stability data in tabular format as opposed to curves.
Hydrostatic Particulars/Data ‘A’ represents a typical vessel and indicated the typical
information that may be displayed.

Study the Hydrostatic Information on your next vessel – it may be different.

Enter the table with the final mean draught or final displacement to obtain hydrostatic
data.

You have used some of this data before in Transverse Stability. However the following
additional information will now also be used.

LBP = length between perpendiculars (this will be quoted in the question)

MCTC = moment to change trim 1cm

foap = forward of the after perpendicular

LCB = longitudinal centre of buoyancy

LCF = longitudinal centre of flotation

Note that the data is for a vessel floating on an Even Keel.

Therefore if it is found that the vessel has incurred trim, then this will have to be applied
and apportioned Fwd and aft to obtain the final draughts fwd and aft.

Also note that certain data is provided for both SW (1.025) and FW (1.000).

Read the question carefully and ensure you enter the correct column – EACH TIME

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The following examples are provided to indicate an acceptable/suitable layout for

most longitudinal type questions’ be it loading/discharging/shifting of weights’.

Example 1 A vessel floating in SW is initially displacing 8 900t, LCG 70m foap.

LBP120m

The following cargo operations are then carried out:

Loads 182t at a position 80m foap

Loads 120t at a position 35m foap

Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the final draughts fwd & aft.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
8900 0 70 623000 0
182 0 80 14560 0
120 0 35 4200 0
9202 0 641760 0
-0 -0
9202 641760

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 641760 = 69.741m foap

Σ Weights 9202

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 9202 tonnes

EK draught 4.600 m
MCTC 155.1
LCB (foap) 70.93 m
LCF (foap) 69.42 m
+ LCG (foap) 69.741 m

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LCB = 70.93m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 69.741m FP

CF

LCF = 69.42m
LBP - LCF = 50.58m

LBP = 120m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 9202 x (70.93 ~ 69.741)

MCTC 155.1

= 70.5 cms = 0.705m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.705 x (120 – 69.42) = - 0.297m
LBP 120

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.705 x 69.42 = + 0.408m

LBP 120
check 0.705m 
To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 4.600m 4.600m
CoD due to CoT - 0.297m + 0.408m
Final draughts 4.303m 5.008m

The final draughts are: FWD 4.30m

AFT 5.01m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Example 2 A vessel floating in SW is initially displacing 11 520t, LCG 69.5m foap.

LBP134m

The following cargo operations are then carried out:

Loads 240t at a position 130m foap

Loads 110t at a position 28m foap
Discharges 70t at a position 115m foap
Discharges 175t at a position 40m foap

Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the final draughts fwd & aft.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
11520 0 69.5 800640 -
240 0 130.0 31200 -
110 0 28.0 3080 -
70 115.0 - 8050
175 40.0 - 7000
11870 245 834920 15050
-245 -15050
11625 819870

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 819870 = 70.526m foap

Σ Weights 11625

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 11625 tonnes

EK draught 5.700 m
MCTC 166.1
LCB (foap) 70.53 m
LCF (foap) 68.65 m
+ LCG (foap) 70.526 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCB = 70.53m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 70.526m FP

CF

LCF = 68.65m
LBP - LCF = 65.35m

LBP = 134m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 11625 x (70.53 ~ 70.526)

MCTC 166.1

= 0.3 cms = 0.003m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.003 x (134 – 68.65) = - 0.001m
LBP 134

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.003 x 40 = + 0.002m

LBP 134
check 0.003m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 5.700m 5.700m
CoD due to CoT - 0.001m + 0.002m
Final draughts 5.699m 5.702m

The final draughts are: FWD 5.70m

AFT 5.70m

SHIFTING A WEIGHT/WEIGHTS

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Where a vessel shifts a weight or weights then this is best calculated by first discharging
the weight from its original position, and then, loading it at its new position.

Example 3 A vessel floating in SW is initially displacing 12 523t, LCG 68.9m foap. LBP
140m.
50t of bunkers are transferred/shifted from the forward bunker tank (131m
foap), to an aft’r bunker tank (25m foap).
Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the final draughts fwd & aft.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
12 523 0 68.9 862834.7 -
50 131.0 - 6550.0
50 0 25.0 1250.0 -
12573 50 864084.7 6550.0
-50 -6550.0
12523 857534.7

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 857534.7 = 68.477m foap

Σ Weights 12523

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 12523 tonnes

EK draught 6.100 m
MCTC 171.1
LCB (foap) 70.38 m
LCF (foap) 68.30 m
+ LCG (foap) 68.477m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCB = 70.38m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 68.477m FP

CF

LCF = 68.30m (LBP - LCF) = 71.70m

LBP = 140m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 12523 x (70.38 ~ 68.477)

MCTC 171.1

= 139.3 cms = 1.393 m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 1.393 x (140 – 68.30) = - 0.713m
LBP 140

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 1.393 x 68.30 = + 0.680m

LBP 140
check 1.393m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 6.100 6.100m
CoD due to CoT - 0.713m + 0.680m
Final draughts 5.387m 6.780m

The final draughts are: FWD 5.39m

AFT 6.78m

Note, in the above example the displacement remained constant.

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Exercise 1 A vessel floating in SW is initially displacing 8 900t, LCG 68.2m foap.

LBP 136m

The following cargo operations are then carried out:

Loads 150t at a position 105m foap,

Loads 50t at a position 45m foap,
Loads 102t at a position 72m foap.

Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the final draughts fwd & aft.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
8900 0 68.2 606980 0
150 0 105.0 15750 0
50 45.0 2250 0
102 0 72.0 7344 0
9202 0 632324 0
-0 -0
9202 632324

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 632324 = 68.716m foap

Σ Weights 9202

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 9202 tonnes

EK draught 4.600 m
MCTC 155.1
LCB (foap) 70.93 m
LCF (foap) 69.42 m
+ LCG (foap) 68.716 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCB = 70.93m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 68.716m FP

CF

LCF = 69.42m
LBP - LCF = 66.58m

LBP = 136m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 9202 x (70.93 ~ 68.716)

MCTC 155.1

= 131.4 cms = 1.314 m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 1.314 x (136 – 69.42) = - 0.643m
LBP 136

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 1.314 x 69.42 = + 0.671m

LBP 136
check 1.314m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 4.600m 4.600m
CoD due to CoT - 0.643m + 0.671m
Final draughts 3.957m 5.271m

The final draughts are: FWD 3.96 m

AFT 5.27 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Exercise 2 A vessel floating in SW is initially displacing 11 520t, LCG 69.5m foap.

LBP 140m
The following cargo operations are then carried out:
Loads 222t at a position 130m foap
Loads 194t at a position 28m foap
Discharges 58t at a position 115m foap
Discharges 30t at a position 40m foap

Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the final draughts fwd & aft.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
11520 0 69.5 800640 -
222 0 130.0 28860 -
194 0 28.0 5432 -
58 115.0 - 6670
30 40.0 - 1200
11936 88 834932 7870
-88 -7870
11848 827062

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 827062 = 69.806m foap

Σ Weights 11848

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 11848 tonnes

EK draught 5.800 m
MCTC 167.3
LCB (foap) 70.50 m
LCF (foap) 68.57 m
+ LCG (foap) 69.806 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCB = 70.50m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 69.806m FP

CF

LCF = la = 68.57m
LBP - LCF = 71.43m

LBP = 140m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 11848 x (70.50 ~ 69.806)

MCTC 167.3

= 49.1 cms = 0.491 m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.491 x (140 – 68.57) = - 0.251m
LBP 140

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.491 x 68.57 = + 0.240m

LBP 140
check 0.491m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 5.800m 5.800m
CoD due to CoT - 0.251m + 0.240m
Final draughts 5.549m 6.040m

The final draughts are: FWD 5.55 m

AFT 6.04 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Exercise 3 A vessel is floating in SW and displacing 13 886t, LCG 70m foap.

LBP 136m.

It is intended to transfer 120t of ballast water from the Aft Peak, LCG 12m
foap, to the Fore Peak, LCG 130m foap.

(i) Calculate using Hydrostatic Particulars ‘A’ the anticipated final draughts fwd
& aft.

(ii) Comment on these draughts.

(i) To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (m) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
13886 0 70 972020 -
120 12 - 1440
120 0 130 15600 -
14006 120 987620 1440
-120 -1440
13886 986180

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 986180 = 71.020 m foap

Σ Weights 13886

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 13886 tonnes

EK draught 6.700 m
MCTC 179.9
LCB (foap) 70.16 m
LCF (foap) 67.68 m
+ LCG (foap) 71.020m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

B
LCB = 70.16m
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 71.020m FP

CF

LCF = 67.68m
(LBP – LCF) = 68.32m

LBP = 136m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 13886 x (70.16 ~ 71.020)

MCTC 179.9

= 66.4 cms = 0.664 m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.664 x (136 – 67.68) = + 0.334m
LBP 136

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.664 x 67.68 = - 0.330m

LBP 136
check 0.664m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 6.700m 6.700m
CoD due to CoT + 0.334m - 0.330m
Final draughts 7.034m 6.370m

The final draughts are: FWD 7.03m

AFT 6.37m

LONGITUDINAL CALCULATIONS WHERE INTERPOLATION IS REQUIRED OR

THE VESSEL IS AT EVEN KEEL
Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Although it was agreed by all parties that the final displacement would always come
to a figure that would not require the interpolation of the EKd, MCTC, LCB and
LCF, this agreement has not always been upheld by SQA (e.g. Exam No 27).

Other SQA questions have given the vessel at Even Keel whilst not giving the
original LCG of the vessel.

We know that when the vessel is at even keel that the LCG = LCB. Therefore using
the displacement/TMD/Even Keel draught given in the question, the LCB can be
found in the hydrostatic tables, and hence the LCG.

It is possible that this too may need to be interpolated.

Example 1

A vessel LBP 137.5 m is floating in salt water at an even keel draught of 6.63 m.

The following cargo operations are then carried out:

Load 263 t at LCG 112 m foap

Load 620 t at LCG 80 m foap
Load 1560 t at LCG 38 m foap

Discharge 998 t from LCG 110 m foap

Discharge 1240 t from LCG 20 m foap

Shift 120 t from LCG 140 m foap

to LCG 25 m foap

Using the Hydrostatic Particulars, calculate the final draughts fore

and aft.

Finding the Δ and LCB using the Hydrostatic Tables

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

6.63
a
b
6.60 6.70

c
Δ 13657 13886
LCB 70.20m 70.16m

Δ = 13657 + ( 0.03 x 229) = 13725.7 t

( 0.10 )

LCB = 70.20 - ( 0.03 x 0.04) = 70.188 m foap

( 0.10 )

If the vessel is at even keel, then the LCB = LCB therefore the LCG is 70.188m
foap

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
13 725.7 70.188 963 379.43 -
263 112 29 456.00 -
620 80 49 600.00 -
1 560 38 59 280.00 -
998 110 - 109 780.00
1240 20 - 24 800.00
120 140 - 16 800.00
120 25 3 000 -
16 288.7 2358 1 104 715.43 151 380.00
-2 358 -151 380.00
13 930.7 953 335.43

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 953 335.43 = 68.434 m foap

Σ Weights 13 930.7

Interpolating from the Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 13 930.7 tonnes

13 930.7
a
b
13 886 14 115

c
EK draught 6.70 m 6.80 m
MCTC 179.9 181.4
LCB 70.16m 70.12m
LCF 67.68m 67.57m

EK draught = 6.70 + ( 44.7 x 0.10) = 6.720m

( 229 )

MCTC = 179.9 + ( 44.7 x 1.5) = 180.19

( 229 )

LCB = 70.16 - ( 44.7 x 0.04) = 70.152 m foap

( 229 )

LCF = 67.68 - ( 44.7 x 0.11) = 67.659 m foap

( 229 )

LCB = 70.157m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 68.434m FP

CF

LCF = 67.659 m LBP - LCF =

(137.5 – 67.659) = 69.841m

LBP = 137.5m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 13930.7 x (70.152 ~ 68.434)

MCTC 180.19

= 132.82 cms = 1.328 m by the stern

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 1.328 x (137.5 – 67.657) = - 0.675m
LBP 137.5

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 1.328 x 67.657 = + 0.653m

LBP 137.5
check 1.328m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 6.720m 6.720m
CoD due to CoT - 0.675m + 0.653m
Final draughts 6.045m 7.373m

The final draughts are: FWD 6.05 m

AFT 7.37 m

Exercise 1

A vessel LBP 141.2 m is floating in salt water at an even keel draught of 2.77 m.

The following cargo operations are then carried out:

Load 1450 t at LCG 89 m foap

Load 2368 t at LCG 95 m foap
Load 2169 t at LCG 35 m foap

Discharge 529 t from LCG 105 m foap

Discharge 596 t from LCG 39 m foap

Shift 260 t from LCG 110 m foap

to LCG 15 m foap

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Using the Hydrostatic Particulars, calculate the final draughts fore

and aft.

Finding the Δ and LCB using the Hydrostatic Tables

2.77
a
b
2.70 2.80

c
Δ 5164 5371
LCB 71.64m 71.60m

Δ = 5164 + ( 0.07 x 207) = 5308.9 t

( 0.10 )

LCB = 71.64 - ( 0.07 x 0.04) = 71.612 m foap

( 0.10 )

If the vessel is at even keel, then the LCB = LCB therefore the LCG is 71.612m
foap

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
5308.9 71.612 380 180.95 -
1450 89 129 050.00 -
2368 95 224 960.00 -
2169 35 75 915.00 -
529 105 - 55 545.00
596 39 - 23 244.00
260 110 - 28 600.00
260 15 3 900 -
Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

11 555.9 1 385 814 005.95 107 389.00

-1 385 -107 389.00
10 170.9 706 616.95

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 706 616.95 = 69.474 m foap

Σ Weights 10 170.9

Interpolating from the Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 10 170.9 tonnes

10 170.9
a
b
10 076 10 296

c
EK draught 5.00 m 5.10 m
MCTC 158.8 159.8
LCB 70.79m 70.75m
LCF 69.16m 69.09m

EK draught = 5.00 + ( 94.9 x 0.10) = 5.043m

( 220 )

MCTC = 158.8 + ( 94.9 x 1.0) = 159.23

( 220 )

LCB = 70.79 - ( 94.9 x 0.04) = 70.773 m foap

( 220 )

LCF = 69.16 - ( 94.9 x 0.07) = 69.130 m foap

( 220 )

LCB = 70.773m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 69.474m FP

CF

LCF = 69.130 m LBP - LCF =

(141.2 – 69.130) = 72.070m

LBP = 141.2m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 10 170.9 x (70.773 ~ 69.474)

MCTC 159.23

= 82.97 cms = 0.830 m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.830 x (141.2 – 69.130) = - 0.424m
LBP 141.2

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.830 x 69.130 = + 0.406m

LBP 141.2
check 0.830m 
To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 5.043m 5.043m
CoD due to CoT - 0.424m + 0.406m
Final draughts 4.619m 5.449m

The final draughts are: FWD 4.62 m

AFT 5.45 m

Course Paper 10

TO CALCULATE Δ AND LCG FROM OBSERVED DRAUGHTS

LCG is obtained from:

Trim (cm) = Δ × (LCG ~ LCB)

MCTC

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

The formula will have to be transposed making LCG the subject.

The trim formula will first have to be adapted depending upon how the vessel is trimmed.
The idea is to keep the answer positive.

Even Keel

If a vessel is even keel then LCB = LCG.

Therefore the CoT will be ZERO

Trimmed by the Stern

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 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

If vessel is trimmed by stern then LCB > LCG, so:. CoT = Δ × (LCB – LCG)
MCTC

Trimmed by the Head

If vessel is trimmed by stern then LCG > LCB, so:.

CoT = Δ × (LCG – LCB)
MCTC

This MUST be understood and remembered to be able to perform the following

examples.

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

(Students book)
Even Keel

If a vessel is even keel then LCB = LCG.

Therefore the CoT will be ZERO

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Trimmed by the Stern

If vessel is trimmed by stern then LCB > LCG, so:.

CoT = Δ × (LCB – LCG)

MCTC

Trimmed by the Head

If vessel is trimmed by stern then LCG > LCB, so:.

CoT = Δ × (LCG – LCB)

MCTC

This MUST be understood and remembered to be able to perform the following

examples.

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 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Example 1

Vessel “A” has draughts F 4.60 m A 6.40 m (SW). Find the draughts after loading 900 t at
Lcg 100 m foap and 700 t at Lcg 50 m foap.

Note to Students: In order to use the hydrostatic tables the TMD must be found.

To Calculate the LCF

AMD = draught at FP + draught at AP

2

AMD = 4.60 + 6.40 = 11.00 = 5.50m

2 2

The AMD is 5.50m

Into Hydrostatic tables using 5.50m

LCF = 68.80 foap

To Calculate Trim

Draught Fwd 4.600m

Draught Aft 6.400m
Trim 1.800m by the stern (Therefore LCB > LCG)

To Calculate TMD

TMD = draught aft ± Trim x LCF

LBP

TMD = 6.400  - (1.800 x 68.80)

( 137.5 )

TMD = 5.499m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Note to Students: With TMD of 5.499 m, values for Δ, MCTC, LCB can now be found,
interpolating as necessary.

Finding the Δ, MCTC and LCB using the Hydrostatic Tables

5.499
a
b
6.40 6.50

c
Δ 10 958 11 180
MCTC 162.9 163.9
LCB 70.64m 70.60m

Δ = 10 958 + ( 0.099 x 222) = 11 177.8 t

( 0.10 )

MCTC = 162.9 + ( 0.099 x 1.0) = 163.89 t

( 0.10 )

LCB = 70.64 - ( 0.099 x 0.04) = 70.600 m foap

( 0.10 )

To Calculate LCG

TRIM is 1.800 m by the STERN, (Note to Students: Treat Trim as CoT)

LCB =
70.600m
B
AP G
LCG = ?m
70.93m FP

therefore LCB > LCG, so CoT = Δ × (LCB - LCG)

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

MCTC
CoT = Δ × (LCB - LCG)
MCTC

180 = 11,178 x ( 70.60 - LCG )

163.9

180 x 163.89 = 70.60 - LCG

11,178

LCG = 70.60 - 180 x 163.9

11,178

LCG = 70.60 - 2.64

LCG = 67.96m foap

Now that the Information for the Initial Condition is known, then the final condition can be
found using the standard Longitudinal calculation.

To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (t) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
11 177.8 0 67.96 759 643.29 -
900.0 0 100.00 90 000.00 -
700.0 0 50.00 35 000.00 -
12 777.8 0 884 643.29 0.00
- 0.0 -0.00
12 777.8 884 643.29

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 884 643.29 = 69.233m foap

Σ Weights 12 777.8

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

12 777.8
a
b
12 748 12 975

c
TMD 6.20 m 6.30 m
MCTC 172.5 173.9
LCB 70.35m 70.32m
LCF 68.20m 68.10m

TMD = 6.20 + ( 29.8 x 0.10) = 6.213 m

( 227 )

MCTC = 172.5 + ( 29.8 x 1.4) = 172.68

( 227 )

LCB = 70.35 - ( 29.8 x 0.03) = 70.346 m foap

( 227 )

LCF = 68.20 - ( 29.8 x 0.10) = 68.187 m foap

( 227 )

LCB =
70.346m
B
AP G
LCG = 69.233m
70.93m FP

CF

LCF = 68.187m
LBP - LCF = 69.313m

LBP = 137.5m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 12 777.8. x (70.346 ~ 69.233)

MCTC 172.68
Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

= 82.4 cms = 0.842m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.842 x (137.5 – 68.187) = - 0.424m
LBP 137.5

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.842 x 68.187 = + 0.418m

LBP 137.5
check 0.842m 

To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 6.213m 6.213m
CoD due to CoT - 0.424m + 0.418m
Final draughts 5.789m 6.631m

The final draughts are: FWD 5.789m

AFT 6.631m

Course Paper 10A

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 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

COMPLETING TO A REQUIRED DRAUGHT OR TRIM

Given a vessels current draughts, it may be required to adjust that trim to one that is more
efficient, or that complies better with the stability requirements of the vessel. Trimming by
the head and excessive trims by the stern are generally to be avoided.

To achieve this to OOW SQA standards, it is required to calculate the required change of
trim.

Rearranging: CoT = w x s
MCTC

Gives either: CoT x MCTC = w (If the question asks for the
s weight to be shifted)

Or: CoT x MCTC = s (If the question asks for the

w distance F or A a given
weight is to be shifted)

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

Course Paper 11
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

To Achieve a Given Trim

Example 1

A vessel has completed loading with the following draughts: F 5.78m A 8.46m.

MCTC 145.8

She is required to sail with a trim not to exceed 2.00m.

Calculate how much ballast must be transferred from the aft peak LGG 5m to the
Forepeak LCG 170m. to achieve the maximum allowable trim.

To Calculate the CoT Required

F 5.780 m
A 8.460 m
Trimold 2.680 m by the Stern
Trimreqd 2.000 m by the Stern
CoTreqd 0.680 m = 68.0 cm by the Head

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

w = CoT x MCTC
s

= 68.0 x 145.8
(170 – 5)

w = 60.09 t

The vessel would require 60.1t of ballast to be transferred from the Aft Peak to the
Forepeak Tank.

Exercise 1

A vessel has completed loading with the following draughts: F 4.55m A 7.69m.

MCTC 138.8

She is required to sail with a trim not to exceed 1.80m.

Calculate how much ballast must be transferred between the fore peak LGG 188m to the
aft peak LCG 10m. to achieve the maximum allowable trim.

To Calculate the CoT Required

F 4.550 m
A 7.690 m
Trimold 3.140 m by the Stern
Trimreqd 1.800 m by the Stern
CoTreqd 1.340 m = 134.0 cm by the Head

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

w = CoT x MCTC
s

= 134.0 x 138.8
(188 – 10)

w = 104.49 t

The vessel would require 104.5t of ballast to be transferred from the Aft Peak to the
Forepeak Tank.

Exercise 2

A General Cargo vessel has completed loading with the following draughts: F 6.39m and
A 5.25m.

MCTC 105.8

She is required to sail with a stern trim of 0.5m.

How far must a parcel of cargo of 180t be moved to achieve the required trim.

To Calculate the CoT Required

F 6.390 m
A - 5.250 m
Trimold 1.140 m by the head
Trimreqd +0.500 m by the stern
CoTreqd 1.640 m = 164.0 cm by the stern

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

s = CoT x MCTC
w

= 164.0 x 105.8
180

s = 96.40 m aft

The vessel would require the parcel of cargo to be moved 96.4 m aft.

Exercise 3

A General Cargo vessel has completed loading with the following draughts: F 5.38m and
A 6.34m.

MCTC 125.8

She is required to sail with at even keel.

How far must a parcel of cargo of 220t be moved to achieve the required sailing condition.

To Calculate the CoT Required

F 5.380 m
A - 6.340 m
Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Trimold 0.960 m by the Stern

Trimreqd 0.000 m
CoTreqd 0.960 m = 96.0 cm by the head

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

s = CoT x MCTC
w

= 96.0 x 125.8
220

s = 54.89 m fwd

The vessel would require the parcel of cargo to be moved 54.9 m fwd.

To Achieve a Given Draught Aft

To achieve these calculations the Change of Draught must be calculated. The CoD a
formula has to be adapted and then used to calculate the required change of trim

Rearranging: CoDa = CoT x LCF

LBP

Gives : CoT = CoDa x LBP

LCF

Once the CoT has been calculated, then the following can be used as in the previous
examples to calculate either the amount of cargo to shift, or the distance to shift a given
amount of cargo.

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

either: CoT x MCTC = w (If the question asks for the

s weight to be shifted)

Or: CoT x MCTC = s (If the question asks for the

w distance F or A a given
weight is to be shifted)

Example 1

A vessel has completed loading with the following draughts: F 5.78m A 8.46m.

MCTC 145.8 LBP 163.5m LCF 86.2

She is required to sail with an after draught not to exceed 7.00m.

Calculate how much ballast must be transferred from the aft peak LGG 5m to the
Forepeak LCG 170m. to achieve the maximum allowable trim.

To Calculate the CoD Required

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP
 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Aold 8.460 m
Areqd 7.000 m
CoDreqd 1.460 m = 146.0 cm by the Head

To Calculate the CoT Required

CoT = CoDa x LBP

LCF

CoT = 146.0 x 163.5

86.2

CoT = 276.9cm

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

w = CoT x MCTC
s

= 276.9 x 145.8
(170 – 5)

w = 244.70 t

The vessel would require 244.7t of ballast to be transferred from the Aft Peak to the
Forepeak Tank.

To Achieve a Given Draught Fwd

To achieve these calculations the Change of Draught must be calculated. The CoD f
formula has to be adapted and then used to calculate the required change of trim

Rearranging: CoDf = CoT x (LBP – LCF)

LBP

Gives : CoT = CoDf x LBP

(LBP – LCF)

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Once the CoT has been calculated, then the following can be used as in the previous
examples to calculate either the amount of cargo to shift, or the distance to shift a given
amount of cargo.

either: CoT x MCTC = w (If the question asks for the

s weight to be shifted)

Or: CoT x MCTC = s (If the question asks for the

w distance F or A a given
weight is to be shifted)

Example 1

A vessel has completed ballasting with the following draughts: F 1.54m A 6.26m.

MCTC 127.8 LBP 197.5m LCF 99.5

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

She is required to sail with an fwd draught not less than 3.50m to avoid pounding in heavy
weather.

Calculate how much ballast must be transferred from the Aft peak LGG 5m to the
Forepeak LCG 170m. to achieve the maximum allowable trim.

To Calculate the CoD Required

Fold 1.540 m
Freqd 3.500 m
CoDreqd 1.960 m = 196.0 cm by the Head

To Calculate the CoT Required

CoT = CoDf x LBP

(LBP – LCF)

CoT = 196.0 x 197.5

(197.5 – 99.5)

CoT = 395.0cm

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

w = CoT x MCTC
s

= 395.7 x 127.8
(170 – 5)

w = 305.945 t

The vessel would require 305.9t of ballast to be transferred from the Aft Peak to the
Forepeak Tank.

Course Paper 10B

........AND FINALLY – PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER!

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

The HNC graded unit requires that both a transverse and longitudinal calculations are
performed, and the decision made whether the vessel complies with the intact stability
criteria.

Example 1

Vessel A is initially floating upright in SW.

TMD 4.60m KG 6.12m LCG 67.00m. FSMCORR 620tm

The following operations are carried out:

Cargo

Weight (t) Kg (m) Dist off Centreline (m) LCG (m)

Port Stbd foap

Load 2500 8.12 3.50 96.00

Load 1046 3.00 5.50 26.00

Ballast Transfer

Weight (t) Kg (m) Dist off Centreline (m) LCG (m)

Port Stbd foap

From 100 0.89 5.88 120.00

To 100 0.30 5.88 120.00

The SW ballast transfer creates an additional tabulated FSM FW 568tm in each tank.

Calculate:

a. the final displacement;

b. the effective GM;
c. the list;
d. how much more ballast needs to be transferred to bring the vessel upright;
e. the vessel compliance with the intact stability criteria
f. the final draughts fore and aft;
g. How much ballast needs to be transferred from the FP (LCG 130.56m) to the AP
(LCG 28.67) to reduce the after draught to 6.30m.

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

From Hydrostatic Particulars

The displacement is 9202t

To Calculate the actual FSM

FSMCORRECTED = 2 x FSMTABULATED x ρLIQUID

ρTABULATED
= 2x 568 x 1.025
1.000
FSMCORRECTED = 1164.40

To Calculate the Total FSM

Total FSM = Existing FSM + New FSM

= 620 + 1164.40

Total FSM = 1784.40 tm

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Weight (t) Kg (m) Moments (t.m.)

Loaded Disch’d Loaded Discharged
9 202 6.12 56 316.24
2500 10.12 25 300.00
1046 3.00 3 138.00
100 0.59 59.00
100 0.30 30.00
FSM 1784.40
12 848 100 86 568.64 59.00
-100 59.00
Σ 12 748 Σ 86 509.64

a. From the Table of Vertical Moments

The final displacement is 12 748t

b. To Calculate the New GM

KG = Σ Moments about the Keel

Σ Weights

= 86 509.64
12 748

KGf = 6.786 m

From the Hydrostatic Tables

The KM is 8.460m

KM 8.460 m
KGf - 6.786 m
GMf 1.674 m

The Effective GM is 1.67 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Weight (t) Distance from CL Moments about C.L. (t.m.)

(m)
Loaded Disch’d P S Port Stbd
9 202
2 500 3.50 8750.00
1046 5.50 5 753.00
100 5.88 588.00
100 5.88 588.00
12 848 100 6 929.00 8 750.00
-100 -8 943.23 -6 929.00
Σ 12 748 Σ 1821.00

c. To Calculate how far G is off the Centreline

GGh =  Moments about centreline

 Weights

= 1 821.00
12 748

GGh = 0.14285 m to Stbd

To Calculate the List

Tan θ° = GGh
GMNEW

= 0.14285
1.674

Tan θ° = 0.08533

θ° = 4.88° to Stbd

The Final List is 4.9° to Stbd

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

d. To calculate the ballast to transfer

GGh = w x sh
∆

w = ∆ x GGh = 12 748 x 0.14285 = 154.85t

sh (5.88 + 5.88)

154.9t of ballast will need to be shifted from Stbd to Port

e. From the Maximum KG Table

The max KG for Δ 12748t allowed lies between 8.283m and 8.341m.

The effective KG is 6.786 m

The vessel complies

f. To Calculate LCG by Taking Moments about the After Perpendicular

Weights (m) LCG (m) Moments about the AP (tm)

Loaded Discharged Loaded Discharged
9202 0 67 616 534.00 0
2500 0 96 240 000.00 0
1046 0 26 27 196.00 0
12 748 0 883 730.00 0
-0 -0
12 748 883 730.00

LCG = Σ Moments about the AP = 883 730 = 69.323m foap

Σ Weights 12 748

From Hydrostatic Tables using ∆ of 12 748 tonnes

EK draught 6.200 m
MCTC 172.50
LCB (foap) 70.35 m
LCF (foap) 68.20 m
+ LCG (foap) 69.323 m

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

LCB = 70.35m
B
AP 70.93m G
LCG = 69.323m FP

CF

LCF = 68.20m LBP - LCF= (137.50 – 68.20)

= 69.30m

LBP = 137.50 m

To Calculate the Change of Trim

CoT = ∆ x (LCB ~ LCG) = 12 748 x (70.35 ~ 69.323)

MCTC 172.5

= 75.9 cms = 0.759m by the stern

To Calculate the Change of Draught due to Change of Trim

CoDf due to CoT = CoT x LBP – LCF = 0.759 x 69.30 = - 0.383m

LBP 137.5

CoDa due to CoT = CoT x LCF = 0.759 x 68.20 = + 0.376m

LBP 137.5
check 0.759m 
To find the Final Draughts

Fwd Aft
EK draughts 6.200m 6.200m
CoD due to CoT - 0.383m + 0.376m
Final draughts 5.817m 6.576m

The final draughts are: FWD 5.82m

AFT 6.58m

To Calculate the CoD Required

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP

 THE UNIVERSITY OF TRINIDAD & TOBAGO

Aold 6.576 m
Areqd 6.300 m
CoDreqd 0.276 m = 27.6 cm by the Head

To Calculate the CoT Required

CoT = CoDa x LBP

LCF

CoT = 27.6 x 137.5

68.20

CoT = 55.6cm

To Calculate the Amount of Cargo to shift

w = CoT x MCTC
s

= 55.6 x 172.5
(130.56 – 28.67)

w = 94.21 t

The vessel would require 94.2t of ballast to be transferred from the Aft Peak to the
Forepeak Tank.

Course Paper 10B

Revised and Updated May 2019 by TLP