Android is an open source mobile operating system that combines and builds upon parts of many different open

source projects. What does this mean to you as a developer? You have access to the source code of the platform that is running on the phone. This can help you better understand how interface controls and the various other pieces work.{ http://mobile.tutsplus.com/tutorials/android/introduction-to-android-development/}

Android is a Linux-based operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance led by Google.[9][10]
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Android is a software stack for mobile devices that includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. The Android SDK provides the tools and APIs necessary to begin developing applications on the Android platform using the Java programming language.

{http://www.java-samples.com/showtutorial.php?tutorialid=1144} Android is an operating system for mobile devices such as smartphones, netbooks and tablet computers. It is developed by the Open Handset Alliance, a business alliance led by Google to develop open standards for mobile devices. Android 1.x and 2.x.x releases are phone-oriented, 3.x releases are available for tablet devices and support larger screen, mulicore processing and hardware graphics acceleration. Android stack includes an operating system, middleware and key applications. Androids OS kernel is a fork of the Linux kernel with architecture changes, for example it does not support the full set of standard GNU libraries and X Window System. The main hardware platform for Android is the ARM architecture. Applications are usually developed in the Java language using the Android SDK, but Native DK are also available for applications or extensions in C or C++. Android platform does not have Java Virtual Machine to execute Java byte code. Java classes are compiled into Dalvik executables and run on Dalvik, a virtual machine designed specifically for Android. The Dalvik Executable format is designed for systems that are constrained in terms of memory and processor speed. Every Android application runs in its own instance of the Dalvik virtual machine. Thus, each Android application works in its own security sandbox, the system assigns each application a unique Linux user ID and sets permissions for all the files, only an application with this ID can access them. So, the Android guarantee maximum security by implementing the principle of least privilege. The platform architecture is designed to simplify components re-usage, an application can publish its capabilities, so any other application may then use them. Underlying all applications is a rich set of services, including resource manager (access to graphics and layout files), notification manager (provides alerts displaying in the status bar) and activity manager (navigation backstack). Android applications are composed of application components such as activities (a user interface screens), services, content providers (data access), and broadcast receivers (system-wide broadcast announcements). Each

component can be activated individually and performs a different role in the application behavior. {http://sysgears.com/articles/android-introduction}

Android is a mobile operating system, similar to Symbian, iOS, Windows Mobile, and others. It was initially developed by Android Inc., a company later purchased by Google. It is now owned by the Open Handset Alliance and is fully open sourced, accounting for its growing popularity. Google released most of the Android code under the Apache License. With this license, vendors can add proprietary extensions without submitting them back to the open source community. Many versions of Android have hit the market since its inception (the most recent as of Q3 2010), including the power-packed Froyo (V2.2). Android has moved beyond simply being a platform for mobile devices; the new Google TV also runs on Android. Android uses a modified Linux kernel and allows applications to be developed in Java technology using Java libraries (some of which were developed by Google for Android). While Android applications are written in the Java language, there's no Java Virtual Machine in the platform, and Java byte code is not executed. Java classes are recompiled into Dalvik executables and run on a Dalvik virtual machine. Dalvik is a modified VM for Android and optimized devices running on battery power and with low CPU. For developers, Android SDK provides a rich set of tools, including debugger, libraries, handset emulator, documentation, sample code, and tutorials. Android applications can be easily developed using Eclipse (Android's official development platform) with the help of a plug-in called Android Development Tools (ADT). This helps leverage Eclipse's rich features, such as content assist, Java search, open resources, JUnit integration, and different views and perspectives for developing an Android app. A wide array of widgets, which are similar to Java swing widgets, facilitate in creating a rich UI for the apps. A detailed Javadoc makes the development process quite easy. Here, we start with a guide for preparing the system for Android development. We then touch briefly upon the salient features of an Android application using a basic Hello World Android app. We also talk about the files that make up an Android app and how the UI is separated from the implementation. After going through the process of creating, developing, and launching an Android app from Eclipse, we move on to a discussion about a few Android widgets that help in building a rich UI (a very important part of mobile apps). We demonstrate a few basic widgets with the help of a sample application. We also talk about using the listView widget in an phonebook-like application and the ways it can be implemented. In between, we also talk about permissions that need to be set in order to be able to have an application access some data from the OS. Overall, a few hours on the article should enable you to create an app implementing a basic functionality and with a nice UI.
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