Date : 05-07-2024 STD 9 Science Total Marks : 152

section A

* Choose the correct option from the given options [21]

1. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. The mass number of atom of this element
is 27 and the number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(A) 13 (B) 10 (C) 14 (D) 16

Ans. :
b. 10
Explanation:
Mass number of the element = 27
Number of neutrons = 14
Number of protons = mass number - number of neutrons
= 27 - 14 = 13
As the ion of this element has 3 positive charges, it means that it has lost 3 electrons.
Therefore, there are now 10 electrons in the ion.

2. The total number of neutrons in all isotopes of hydrogen is equal to:

(A) 6 (B) 2 (C) 4 (D) 3

Ans. :
d. 3
3. What charge do protons have?
(A) Positive (B) Negative (C) Neutral (D) Unetural

Ans. :
a. Positive
4. The nucleus of the hydrogen atom is called as:
(A) Neutron (B) Electron (C) Proton (D) Nucleons

Ans. :
c. Proton
Explanation:
The nucleus of a hydrogen atom is called a proton as it has only one proton in it.

5. What is the mass number of 17 ​C135 ?

(A) 21 (B) 25 (C) 39 (D) 35
Ans. :
d. 35
6. The mass number of a neutral atom is 31 electrons. What is the atomic number of this
atom?

[1]
 (A) 75 (B) 25 (C) 15 (D) 45

Ans. :
c. 15
Explanation:
The M shell of the atom contains 5 electrons, is given. K and L shell will contain 2 and
8 electrons, respectively. So, the atomic number of this atom will be equal to total
number of electrons as it is a neutral atom.
Atomic number = (2 + 8 + 5) = 15.

7. The atomic number of an element is 11. Therefore the number of electrons in the M-
shell of its atom is:
(A) 2 (B) 8 (C) 1 (D) 0
Ans. :
c. 1
Explanation:
M shell of an atom means 3rd shell (K, L, M).
The electronic configuration of an atom having atomic number 11 is 2, 8, 1 which
shows that the third shell contains 1 electron.

8. The correct electronic configuration of a chloride ion is:

(A) 2, 8 (B) 2, 8, 4 (C) 2, 8, 8 (D) 2, 8, 7

Ans. :
c. 2, 8, 8
Explanation:
Chloride ion, Cl- has 18 electrons so, its electronic configuration is 2, 8, 8.

9. The ion of an element has 3 positive charges. Mass number of the atom is 27 and the
number of neutrons is 14. What is the number of electrons in the ion?
(A) 13. (B) 10. (C) 14. (D) 16.

Ans. :
b. 10.
Explanation:
Mass number (A) of the element = 27
Number of neutrons in the atom = 14
Hence, the number of electrons in atom
= Mass number (A) – number of neutrons in the atom
= 27 – 14 = 13
Since the ion of the element has 3 positive charges, so number of electrons in the ion
is 13 – 3.
The number of electrons in the ion is 10.

10. What is the mass number of potassium 19 ​K40 ,?

(A) 60 (B) 45 (C) 90 (D) 40

Ans. :
d. 40

[2]
11. Atomic mass number is sum of number of:
(A) Protons and (B) Protons and (C) Neutrons and (D) None of the
electrons neutrons electrons above

Ans. :
b. Protons and neutrons
Explanation:
Atomic mass number is sum of number of protons and neutrons in an atom of the
element.

12. Rutherford's scattering experiment is related to:

(A) Neutrons (B) Atom (C) Electron (D) Nucleus

Ans. :
d. Nucleus
13. The number of electrons in the outermost orbit of the chlorine is:
(A) 1 (B) 7 (C) 2 (D) Not fixed
Ans. :
b. 7
Explanation:
The electronic configuration of chlorine is 2, 8, 7.
It shows the outermost orbit contains 7 electrons.

14. Most of the mass of an atom is concentrated in a small region of space called the
..............?
(A) Nucleus (B) Neutron (C) Proton (D) Electron

Ans. :
a. Nucleus
Explanation:
Atom is made of particles called electrons, neutrons, and protons.
Electrons have negligible mass and hence do not contribute much to the mass of an
atom.
Protons and neutrons contribute to the mass of an atom and are present in a small
region called the nucleus.

15. For an element with atomic number 19, the 19th electron will occupy:
(A) L-shell (B) M-shell (C) N-shell (D) K-shell
Ans. :
b. M-shell
Explanation:
Atomic number = 19
Electrons per shell ⟶ 2, 8, 9
Maximum Electrons in K = 2
Maximum Electrons in L = 8
Maximum Electrons in M = 18
∴ 19th electron will occupy M−shell.

[3]
16. The ratio of the radii of the atom to the nucleus is:
(A) 105 : 1 (B) 10−4 : 1 (C) 102 : 1 (D) 104 : 1

Ans. :
a. 105 : 1
Explanation:
Rutherford, based on the data collected from theα− particle scattering experiment,
estimated that the radius of the nucleus is about 105 times less than the radius of the
atom.

17. Value representing the number of protons in an element:

(A) Atomic Number (B) Valence Electrons (C) Mass Number (D) A and B

Ans. :
a. Atomic Number
18. The nuclear model of the atom was suggested by:
(A) Bohr (B) Rutherford (C) Pauli (D) Mendeleef

Ans. :
b. Rutherford
Explanation:
Rutherford suggested highly charged centrally concentrated small volume called as
atomic mass and this region is known as nucleus of atom and gave the nuclear
model of atom.

19. Atomic number of atoms represents:

(A) Protons & (B) Protons only. (C) Protons or (D) Electrons &
neutrons. electrons in a neutral neutrons.
atom.

Ans. :
c. Protons or electrons in a neutral atom.
20. The atomic number of an element X is 8 and that of element Y is 4. Both these elements
can exhibit a valency of:
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4

Ans. :
b. 2
Explanation:
Atomic number of element X is 8.
Electronic configuration is 2, 6. It will gain 2 electrons to complete its octet; so, its
valency is 2.
Atomic number of Y is 4.
Electronic configuration is 2, 2. It will lose 2 electrons in order to completely fill its
outermost orbit. So, the valency of Y is also 2.

21. Rutherford's scattering experiment estimated the size of:

(A) Atom (B) Electron (C) Neutron (D) Nucleus

Ans. :
d. Nucleus

[4]
 Explanation:
Rutherford's model compared the sizes of the atom and that of the nucleus.
1
He estimated the size of the nucleus to be about the size of the atom.
100,000

* Fill in the blank with correct answer [14]

22. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:
If the nucleus of an atom has atomic number 17, mass number 37 abd there are 17
electrons outside the nucleus, the number of neutrons in it is ____________.

Ans. : If the nucleus of an atom has atomic number 17, mass number 37 abd there are 17
electrons outside the nucleus, the number of neutrons in it is 20.

23. Complete the following statements:

Magnesium has 3 valence electrons in the ________ shell.

Ans. : Magnesium has 3 valence electrons in the M shell.

24. Complete the following statements:
The valency of nitrogen in N2 molecule is ________.

Ans. : The valency of nitrogen in N2 molecule is 3.

25. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:
An atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic mass
of the atom is __________.

Ans. : An atom of an element has 11 protons, 11 electrons and 12 neutrons. The atomic
mass of the atom is 23.

26. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

Neon and chlorine have atomic numbers 10 and 17 respectively. Their valencies will
be _________ and _________ respectively.

Ans. : Neon and chlorine have atomic numbers 10 and 17 respectively. Their valencies will
be Zero and one respectively.

27. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

An atom has atomic mass number 23 and atomic number 11. The atom has
__________ Electrons.

Ans. : An atom has atomic mass number 23 and atomic number 11. The atom has 11
Electrons.

28. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

Cathode rays are a beam of fast moving __________.

Ans. : Cathode rays are a beam of fast moving Electrons.

29. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:
The electron has ________ charge, the proton has _________ charge, and the neutron has
_________ charge.

Ans. : The electron has Negative charge, the proton has Positive charge, and the
neutron has No charge.

30. Complete the following statements:

[5]
 Some boron atoms have mass number 10 and some have mass number 11. These
boron atoms with different mass number are called ____________.

Ans. : Some boron atoms have mass number 10 and some have mass number 11. These
boron atoms with different mass number are called isotopes.

31. Fill in the blanks in the following statements:

The electronic configuration of silicon is _________ and that of sulphur is _________.

Ans. : The electronic configuration of silicon is 2, 8, 4 and that of sulphur is 2, 8, 6.

32. In neutral atoms, number of electrons are equal to number of ________.

Ans. : In neutral atoms, number of electrons are equal to number of protons.

Explanation:
The number of electrons in a neutral atom is equal to the number of protons.

33. Fill in the following blanks in respect of an atom of an element:

No. No. of Mass Atomic No. Symbo
of Protons Neutrons number number of electrons l
11 12 ............ ............ ............ ............

Ans. :
No. No. of Mass Atomic No. Symbo
of Protons Neutrons number number of electrons l
11 12 23 11 11 Na

34. Fill in the following blanks:

Atomic number Mass number Protons Neutrons Electrons Symbol
10 22 ............ ............ ............ ............

Ans. :
Atomic number Mass number Protons Neutrons Electrons Symbol
10 22 10 12 10 Ne

35. Complete the following statements:

Isotopes have different mass numbers because their nuclei contain different number
of _________.

Ans. : Isotopes have different mass numbers because their nuclei contain different number
of neutrons.

* Do as directed [22]
36. What is the relation between the atomic number and mass number of an element?

Ans. : Mass No. = Atomic no. + No. of neutrons

37. An element X has 5 electrons in its M-shell. What is its atomic number?

Ans. : If the element has 5 electrons in the M shell, it is in the 3rd period of Periodic Table
and 15th group.
The element in 3rd period and 15th group is Phosphorous.
Hence "X" is Phosphorous (P).

[6]
38. What is the absolute mass and charge of an electron?

Ans. : Absolute mass of electron is 9 × 10-28 Kg

Absolute charge on electron is 1.6 × 10-19 C

39. Name the three sub-atomic particles of an atom.

Ans. : The three sub-atomic particles of an atom are:

i. Protons.
ii. Electrons.
iii. Neutrons.
40. What are canal rays?

Ans. : Canal rays are positively charged radiations. These rays consist of positively charged
particles known as protons. They were discovered by Goldstein in 1886.

41. What is the nucleus of an atom and what is the nature of charge on it?

Ans. : Nucleus is a small positively charged part at the center of an atom. Nucleus is
positively charged.

42. How are the following pairs of atoms related?

16 17 40 40
8X , 8X , 18 Y , 20 Z

Ans. : Elements 8 X
16 17
and 8 X are isotopes because of a same number of protons.
40 40
Elements 18 Y and 20 Z are isobars because of the same mass number.

43. What is the number of valence electrons in the atoms of an element having atomic
number 13? Name the valence shell of this atom.

Ans. : There are 3 valence electrons present in the element with atomic no. 13.
Valence shell of this atom is M.

44. Which shell of an atom can accommodate a maximum of:

a. 8 electrons?
b. 32 electrons?

Ans. :
a. L shell can accommodate maximum of 8e-
b. N shell can accommodate maximum of 32e-
45. What are valence electrons? Where are valence electrons situated in an atom?

Ans. : The number of electrons present in the valence shell are called valence electrons.
Valence electrons are situated in the outermost shell.

46. What do we call this number which is characteristic of a particular element?

Ans. : Atomic no. is characteristic for any particular element.

47. Write the distribution of electrons in an atom of element whose atomic number is 18.
What is special about the outermost electron shell (or valence shell) of the atom of this
element?

Ans. : Atomic No: 18

Electronic configuration: (2, 8, 8)
The special thing about the outermost shell is that it is completely filled with the electrons.

[7]
48. Name the scientist who discovered the nucleus of atom.

Ans. : Rutherford discovered nucleus of an atom.

49. Explain why, the atomic masses of many elements are in fractions and not whole
numbers.

Ans. : The fractional atomic masses of elements are due to the existence of their isotopes
having different masses.

50. If an atom of an element has atomic number = 15 and, mass number = 31, find the
number of protons, electrons, neutrons in its atoms.

Ans. : This is the isotope phosphorus - 31. It has 15 protons, 15 electrons, and 16 neutrons.
Explanation:
The atomic number for any element is the number of protons in its atomic nuclei. In a
neutral atom, the number of electrons are the same as the number of protons. The atomic
mass (mass number) is the sum of the protons and neutrons in the nucleus. Mass
number can vary due to the fact that the number of neutrons can vary. Isotopes are named
for their mass numbers.
So, this element has 15 protons (atomic number), 15 electrons, and 16 neutrons (mass
number minus atomic number).
This isotope is phosphorus-31, which has atomic number 15.

51. Which part of an atom was discovered by Rutherford’s alpha particle scattering
experiment?

Ans. : Nucleus was discovered by Rutherford in the alpha particle scattering experiment.
52. Name the discoveror of electrons, protons and neutrons.

Ans. : Neutron: The neutron was discovered in 1932 by the English physicist James
Chadwick.
Proton: Goldstein in 1886
Electron: J.J Thomson n in 1897

53. What is the number of sub-atomic particles in this isotope?

Ans. : Sub particles in Uranium - 235 are:

Protons = 92
Neutrons = 143
Electrons = 92

54. What is a neutron? State its relative mass and charge.

Ans. : The neutron is a neutral particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Its relative mass is
1u. It has no charge.

55. What are isotopes? Explain by giving an example.

Ans. : Isotopes are the atoms of the same element having the same atomic number but
different mass numbers.
35 37
For example: Cl 17 and Cl 17 are isotopes of chlorine.

56. The total number of electrons in a nitrogen atom is 7. Find the number of valence
electrons in it.

[8]
 Ans. : E.C of Nitrogen = 2, 5 So, no. of valence electrons in Nitrogen atom = 5
57. What is the number of valence electrons in the chlorine atom?

Ans. : Chlorine has 7 valence electrons.

Explanation: You know this by looking at the groups (vertical) of the periodic table.
Chlorine is in the Halogens (Group 17) so it has a - 1 charge (meaning 7 valence electrons;
one short of 8, which makes a full octet)

section B

* Answer the Questions in brief [32]

58. State two observations which show that atom is not indivisible.

Ans. : Two observations which shows that atom is not indivisible are:
i. In J. J. Thomson’s experiment, the stream of cathode rays in the gas discharge
tube shows the presence of negatively charged subatomic particles called
electrons.
ii. In Goldstein’s experiment, the faint red glow in the gas discharge tube shows the
presence of positively charged subatomic particles called protons.
59. How does an electron differ from a neutron?

Ans. : Electron has relative charge of -1u whereas neutron has no relative charge. Also,
1
electron has relative mass of and neutron has relative mass of 1u.
1840u

60. What is a proton? State its relative mass and charge.

Ans. : Protons are positively charged particle found in the atoms of all the elements.
Relative mass of proton is 1u.
Relative charge of proton is +1C.

61. Give any two uses of radioactive isotopes.

Ans. : Uses of isotopes:

i. They are used in the treatment of cancer.
ii. Radioactive isotopes are used as 'tracers' in medicine to detect the presence of
tumors and blood clots in human body.
62. Which of the above elements is most reactive and why?

Ans. : Potassium is the most reactive because its valence electron is at farthest distance
among the three and hence, attracted by the nucleus with a smaller force and thus, can be
lost easily.

63. If Z = 3, what would be the valency of the element? Also, name the element.

Ans. : By Z = 3, we mean that the atomic number of the element is 3. Its electronic
configuration is 2, 1. Hence, the valency of the element is 1 (since the outermost shell has
only one electron).
Therefore, the element with Z = 3 is lithium.

64. Define valence of an element. Find the valency of chlorine and magnesium (At. No. of
chlorine = 17, magnesium = 12).

[9]
 Ans. : Valency: Valency may also be define as number of valence electron present in
outer most shell.
For element, if the number of electron is < 4 then the valency will be the number
of electron present in outer shell.
If number of electron is > 4 then valency will be (8 - n), where n is the number of
electron present in outer most shell.
Valency of chlorine: Atomic no. = 17
Configuration: 2, 8, 7 = (8 - 7 = 1) valency is 1
Valency of Magnesium: Atomic number = 12
Configuration: 2, 8, 2 , so valency = 2

65. Give one use each of the following radioactive isotopes:

a. Uranium-235
b. Cobalt–60

Ans. :
a. Uranium-235: This isotope is used as a fuel in the reactors of nuclear power
plants for generating electricity.
b. Cobalt-60: This is used in the treatment of cancer.
66. What are the canal rays? State the nature of the constituents of canal rays.

Ans. : The positively charged rays created when passing through discharge tube is known
as canal rays and anode rays.
The nature of constituents of canal rays are:
1. Proton deflect towards negative feild in dicharged tube.
2. Electron deflects towards the positive field in discharged tube.
3. There is a single ray which pass out in a straight line.
67. What is the valency of these elements and why?

Ans. : Valency is the combining capacity of an element. For metals, it is equal to the
number of electrons in the outermost shell of their atoms, and for nonmetals it is eight
minus the number of electrons in the outermost shell. Transition metals like iron and
copper show more than one valency in compound formation.

68. The atomic number of an element X is 16.

What will be the valency of X?

Ans. : Valency of X = 8 - no. of valence electrons

Valency of X = 8 - 6 = 2

69. Give the evidence for the existence of nucleus in an atom.

Ans. : The deflection of fast moving alpha-particles through small and large angles in
Rutherford’s scattering experiment is the evidence for the presence of nucleus in an atom.

70. List three steps of an experiment performed by Rutherford for his model of an atom.

Ans. :
i. Most of the α− particles passed through the gold foil without any deflection.
ii. Some of the α− particles were deflected through small angles and a few
deflected through large angles.
iii. Very few were deflected back, i.e. through an angle greater than 90°.

[10]
71. Write the electronic configuration of any one pair of isotopes and isobars.

Ans. : Two isotopes of carbon are 12

6
C and
14
6
C .

The electronic configuration of 12

6
C is 2, 4.

14
The electronic configuration of 6 C is 2, 4.
[Isotopes have the same electronic configuration]
40
20
Ca and 40
18
Ar are a pair of isobars

40
The electronic configuration of 20 Ca is 2, 8, 8, 2.
The electronic configuration of 40
18
Ar is 2, 8, 8.

72. On the basis of Thomson’s model of an atom, explain how the atom is neutral as a
whole.

Ans. : As per Thomson’s model of the atom, an atom consists both negative and positive
charges which are equal in number and magnitude. So, they balance each other as a
result of which atom as a whole is electrically neutral.

73. The composition of two atomic particles is given below:

X Y
Protons 8 8
Neutrons 8 9
Electrons 8 8
i. What is the mass number of X?
ii. What is the mass number of Y?
iii. What is the relation between X and Y?
iv. Which element/ elements do they represent?

Ans. :
i. Mass number of X = 8 + 8 = 16
ii. Mass number of Y = 8 + 9 = 17
iii. X and Y are isotopes, as they have the same number of protons but different
number of neutrons.
iv. X and Y represent the isotopes of oxygen.

section C

* Answer the Questions in detail [33]

74. How cathode rays are different from anod rays?

Ans. :
Cathode rays Anode rays
1 They have negatively charged ions 1 They have positively charges material particles.
called electrons.
2 Cathode rays deflect towards the 2 Anode rays deflect towards the negative plate of
positive plate of an electric field. an electric field.
3 The charge to mass ratio (e/m) for 3 The charge to mass (e/ m) ratio of the particles in
the gaseous particles taken in the anode rays depends upon the nature of the gas
discharge tube. taken in the discharge tube.

75. How many electrons can be accommodated in a M and N-shell?

[11]
 Ans. : Following the order: KLMN, N is fourth shell of an atom. The number of electrons
in a shell depends on the element, its oxidation state and its electronic state. Considering a
electrically neutral atom in the ground state, the elements in H-Ar range does have no
electron in the N shell (K, L and M shells are being filled).
K is the first element where N shell begins to be filled ([Ar]4s¹ configuration) followed by Ca
([Ar]4s²). The next elements are transition metals (Sc-Zn) which, owing to the filling of 3d
orbitals, does not have its N shell changed (except by a couple of exceptions). After Zn, in
Ga-Kr range, N shell is filled with 3rd to 8th electrons which occupy 4p orbitals. The next
two elements, Rb and Sr still have 8 electron in N shell because 5s orbitals are filled. Then
4d orbitals are filled across Y-Cd transition metals, growing N shell from 9 to 18 electrons.
In the next elements (In-Xe) 5p orbitals are filled and N shell remains unchanged, the same
happening to Cs and Ba where 6s orbitals are filled.
The N shell are filled again in the lanthanoid series (La-Yb) where 4f orbitals are occupied.
In the last element of this series (Yb) N shell is full, with 32 electrons, and no further
electron can be added to this shell.

76. Summarise the rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first
eighteen elements.

Ans. : The rules for writing of distribution of electrons in various shells for the first eighteen
elements are:
i. The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by the formula -2n2
∵ n = orbit number i.e., 1, 2, 3
∵ Maximum number of electrons in different shells are:
K shell n = 1 2n2 = > 2(1)2 = 2
L shell n = 2 2n2 = > 2(2)2 = 8
M shell n = 3 2n2 = > 2(3)2 = 18
N shell n = 4 2n2 = > 2(4)2 = 32
ii. The maximum number of electrons that can be accommodated in the outermost
orbit is 8.
iii. Electrons are not accommodated in a given shell unless the inner shells are filled.
(Shells are filled step-wise).
77. What are the limitations of J.J. Thomson’s model of the atom?

Ans. : According to J.J. Thomson’s model of an atom, an atom consists of a positively

charged sphere with electrons embedded in it. However, it was later found that the
positively charged particles reside at the centre of the atom called the nucleus, and the
electrons revolve around the nucleus.

78. How did the discovery of protons take place?

Ans. : Through scientific discovery, protons have been accepted as the particle that
contributes to the positive charge of an atom. The discovery of protons can be attributed
to Rutherford.
In 1886 Goldstein discovered existence of positively charged rays in the discharge tube by
using perforated cathode. These rays were named as anode rays or cannal rays.
In 1899, Rutherford discovered alpha and beta ‘rays’ from uranium. He later demonstrated
that alpha rays are the nuclei of helium atoms. He discovered in 1914 that the nucleus of

[12]
 an atom constituted and extremely dense but small fraction of the volume of an atom and
that this nucleus was positive in charge.
Given the discoveries of electrons in 1897 by Thomson, Rutherford and other scientists
decided that a positively charged particle must exist to center the electron to create
equally neutral atoms.
Thomson proposed the name ‘positive rays’. Rutherford, in 1914, suggested that this
something that was positively charged or the sportive ray of Thompson was a particle.
He gave the name ‘positive electron’ to it. The word ‘proton’ was assigned to this particle
by 1920.

79. What are the limitations of Rutherford’s model of the atom?

Ans. : According to Rutherford’s model of an atom, electrons revolve around the nucleus in
fixed orbits. But, an electron revolving in circular orbits will not be stable because during
revolution, it will experience acceleration. Due to acceleration, the electrons will lose
energy in the form of radiation and fall into the nucleus. In such a case, the atom would be
highly unstable and collapse.

80. An atom X has 4 protons and 5 neutrons with electronic configuration 2, 2. Give
information about its.
i. Atomic number.
ii. Mass number.
iii. Valency.

Ans. : Protons = 4
Neutrons = 5
Number of protons = Number of electrons
Number of electrons = 4
Electronic Configuration
= 2, 2
Number of Valence electrons in the outermost shell = 2
Valency = 2
i. Since, protons =electrons = atomic no.
So atomic no. is 4
ii. Mass Number = No. of Protons + No. of Neutrons
=4+5=9
iii. Now electronic distribution, K = 2, L = 2
So as the outermost shell has 2 electrons, so the valency will be 2

81. Will 35 Cl and 37 Cl have different valencies? Justify your answer.

Ans. : No, 35 Cl and 37 Cl have same valency. 35 Cl and 37 Cl are the isotopes. So, they have
same number of protons and electrons and have the same atomic number viz. 17 Hence,
their electronic configuration and valencies are also the same K L M.
Electronic configuration = 2, 8, 7 Valency 8 - 7 = 1.
Therefore, both of them have valency = 1.

82. What were the drawbacks of Rutherford’s model of an atom?

[13]
 Ans. : Rutherford had proposed a model in which the electrons revolved around the
nucleus in well-defined orbits. However, the orbital revolution of the electron was not
expected to be stable. Any particle in a circular orbit would undergo an acceleration and
the charged particles would radiate energy. Thus, the revolving electrons would lose
energy and finally fall into the nucleus. Revolution of electrons around the atom would
make the atom highly unstable and matter would not exist. But this is contrary to our
common observations.

83. Define valency by taking examples of silicon and oxygen.

Ans. : Valency is the combining capacity of an atom.

Atomic number of oxygen = 8 Atomic number of silicon = 14 K L M
Electronic configuration of oxygen = 2 6
Electronic configuration of silicon = 2 8 4
In the atoms of oxygen the valence electrons are 6 (i.e., electrons in the outermost shell).
To fill the orbit, 2 electrons are required. In the atom of silicon, the valence electrons are 4.
To fill this orbit 4 electrons are required.
Hence, the combining capacity of oxygen is 2 and of silicon is 4.
i.e., Valency of oxygen = 2
Valency of silicon = 4

84. Why do Helium, Neon and Argon have a zero valency?

Ans. : Helium has two electrons in its only energy shell. Argon and Neon have 8 electrons
each in their valence shells. As the elements have the maximum number of electrons in
their valence shells (thereby achieving duplet and octet configurations), they do not have
any tendency to combine with other elements. Hence, Helium, Neon and Argon have zero
valency.

section D

* Answer the Questions in detail [ 5 marks each ] [30]

85. What are the postulates of Bohr’s model of an atom?

Ans. : The postulates of Bohr’s model of atom are as follows:

In an atom, the electrons revole around the nucleus in certain definite circular paths called
orbits or shells. These are represented by the letters K, L, M, N ______ or the numbers n =
1,2, 3, 4 ______

[14]
 ii. The maximum number of electrons present in a shell is given by the formula 2n2 ,
where W is the orbit number or energy level index, 1,2, 3…. Hence, the maximum
number of electrons in different shells are as follows.
First orbit (K shell) will be = 2 × 12 = 2, second orbit (or L shell) will be = 2 × 22 = 8,
third orbit (M shell) will be = 2 × 32 =18 and so on.
iii. The maximum number of electrons that can be accomadated in the outermost
orbit is 8.
iv. Electrons are not accomodated in a given shell, unless the inner shells are filled.
That is the shells are filled in a step-wise manner.
v. While revolving in discrete orbits the electrons do not radiate energy.
86. How will you find the valency of chlorine, sulphur and magnesium?

Ans. : If the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an element is less
than or equal to 4, then the valency of the element is equal to the number of electrons in
the outermost shell.
On the other hand, if the number of electrons in the outermost shell of the atom of an
element is greater than 4, then the valency of that element is determined by subtracting
the number of electrons in the outermost shell from 8.
The distribution of electrons in chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 2, 8, 7; 2, 8, 6
and 2, 8, 2 respectively. Therefore, the number of electrons in the outer most shell of
chlorine, sulphur, and magnesium atoms are 7, 6, and 2 respectively.
Thus,
The valency of chlorine = 8 −7 = 1
The valency of sulphur = 8 − 6 = 2
The valency of magnesium = 2

87. Compare all the proposed models of an atom given in this chapter.

Ans. :
Thomson Rutherford Bohr

[15]
 Positively charged Positively charged Positively
sphere nucleus in the charged nucleus

The negatively centre carrying in the centre

charged electrons the entire mass The negatively

are spread The negatively charged
randomly all over charged electrons electrons
inside the sphere revolve in a well revolving around

Positively charged defined path do not radiate

= negatively The size of atom is energy.

charged very large as Orbits are

The net charge in compared to labelled as K, L,
the atom is zero. nucleus. M, N or n = 1, 2,
3, 4
Thomson:

Rutherford:

Bohr:
88. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom.

Ans. : The nucleus of an atom is present in the centre.

Around this nucleus will revolve the negatively charged electrons.
Discrete orbits of electrons are present inside the atom.
While in this orbits, the electrons do not radiate energy.
These discrete orbits are represented as K, L, M, N orbits or denoted with the numbers n =
1, 2, 3, 4

89. In what way is the Rutherford’s atomic model different from that of Thomson’s atomic
model?

Ans. : Rutherford had proposed a model in which the electrons revolved around the
nucleus in well-defined orbits. There is a positively charged centre (later called "nucleus")
in an atom. He also proposed that the size of the nucleus was very small as compared to
the size of the atom and nearly all the mass of an atom is centred in the nucleus. Thomson
had proposed the model of an atom to be similar to a christmas pudding. The electrons
are studded like currants in a positively charged sphere of pudding and the mass of the
atom was supposed to be uniformly distributed.

90. Describe Bohr’s model of the atom. How did Neils Bohr explain the stability of atom?

Ans. : Bohr's model of atom:

i. An atom is made up of three particles, namely electrons, protons and neutrons.
ii. The protons and neutrons are located in the small nucleus at the center of atom.
iii. Electrons revolve round the nucleus in fixed circular orbits.
iv. Maximum no. of electrons for any given shell is fixed. Any shell cannot exceed
that maximum value.
v. Each given shell is associated with fixed amount of energy.
vi. There is no change in energy of electrons as long as they keep revolving in the
same energy level, and the atom remains stable.
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