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Database_Concepts_Class11

This document provides an overview of database concepts, including definitions, key components, and types of database management systems (DBMS). It covers features, advantages, and disadvantages of DBMS, as well as data models, SQL commands, normalization, relationships, transactions, and security measures. Additionally, it lists common DBMS software such as MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL.

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3 views

Database_Concepts_Class11

This document provides an overview of database concepts, including definitions, key components, and types of database management systems (DBMS). It covers features, advantages, and disadvantages of DBMS, as well as data models, SQL commands, normalization, relationships, transactions, and security measures. Additionally, it lists common DBMS software such as MySQL, Oracle, and PostgreSQL.

Uploaded by

madhuri.verma.0088
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Database Concepts - Class 11 Informatics Practices

1. Introduction to Databases

Definition: A database is an organized collection of data stored electronically, enabling efficient

management, access, and retrieval.

Examples: Library management system, e-commerce websites, banking systems.

Key Components:

- Data: Raw facts or figures.

- Database Management System (DBMS): Software to manage databases, e.g., MySQL, Oracle,

PostgreSQL.

- Database Servers: Systems used to store and manage large databases.

2. Database Management System (DBMS)

Features of DBMS:

1. Data Storage: Stores large volumes of data efficiently.

2. Data Retrieval: Fast and accurate access to stored data.

3. Data Security: Protects data from unauthorized access.

4. Data Redundancy Control: Minimizes duplicate data.

5. Concurrent Access: Multiple users can work on the database simultaneously.

Advantages of DBMS:

- Reduces redundancy.

- Ensures data integrity and consistency.

- Supports data backup and recovery.


Disadvantages of DBMS:

- High implementation cost.

- Complexity in handling large-scale databases.

3. Relational Database Management System (RDBMS)

Definition: A DBMS based on the relational model where data is stored in tables (relations).

Examples: MySQL, SQLite, PostgreSQL.

Features:

1. Table-Based Structure: Data is organized in rows and columns.

2. Primary Key: A unique identifier for each record in a table.

3. Foreign Key: A key used to link two tables.

4. Normalization: Process of organizing data to reduce redundancy.

4. Data Models

Types of Data Models:

1. Hierarchical Model: Data is organized in a tree-like structure.

2. Network Model: Data is represented using graphs.

3. Relational Model: Data is organized in rows (tuples) and columns (attributes).

5. Database Concepts

Key Terms:

1. Field (Attribute): A column in a table representing a specific property.

- Example: Name, Age.

2. Record (Tuple): A row in a table containing data for one entity.

- Example: Row representing a single student.

3. Table (Relation): A collection of related data organized in rows and columns.


4. Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record in a table.

- Example: Student Roll Number.

5. Foreign Key: Establishes a link between two tables.

- Example: Student_ID in one table referencing ID in another.

6. SQL (Structured Query Language)

Definition: SQL is a programming language used to manage and manipulate databases.

SQL Commands:

1. Data Definition Language (DDL):

- CREATE: Create a new table.

- ALTER: Modify the structure of a table.

- DROP: Delete a table.

2. Data Manipulation Language (DML):

- INSERT: Add data to a table.

- UPDATE: Modify data in a table.

- DELETE: Remove data from a table.

3. Data Query Language (DQL):

- SELECT: Retrieve data from a table.

7. Keys in a Database

Types of Keys:

1. Primary Key: Uniquely identifies a record.

- Example: Roll_No in a student table.

2. Foreign Key: Establishes a relationship between two tables.

- Example: Linking Student_ID in a course table to ID in a student table.

3. Candidate Key: All potential keys that can act as a primary key.
4. Composite Key: A key made up of two or more attributes.

- Example: OrderID + ProductID.

8. Normalization

Definition: Process of organizing data to minimize redundancy and improve efficiency.

Normal Forms:

1. 1NF (First Normal Form): Removes duplicate columns; ensures atomic values.

2. 2NF (Second Normal Form): Ensures no partial dependency (all non-key attributes depend on the

whole primary key).

3. 3NF (Third Normal Form): Ensures no transitive dependency (non-key attributes depend only on

primary key).

9. Relationships in RDBMS

Types of Relationships:

1. One-to-One (1:1): One record in a table is linked to one record in another.

2. One-to-Many (1:N): One record in a table is linked to multiple records in another.

- Example: A teacher can teach multiple students.

3. Many-to-Many (M:N): Multiple records in a table are linked to multiple records in another.

- Example: Students and courses.

10. Transactions in Databases

Definition: A transaction is a sequence of operations performed as a single unit of work.

Properties (ACID):

1. Atomicity: Transaction is all-or-nothing.

2. Consistency: Maintains database integrity.

3. Isolation: Transactions do not interfere with each other.


4. Durability: Changes are permanent after a transaction is committed.

11. Database Security

Importance: Protects sensitive data from unauthorized access.

Measures:

- Authentication: Verifying user identity (e.g., passwords).

- Authorization: Granting specific permissions to users.

- Backup: Regularly creating data copies to prevent data loss.

12. Common DBMS Software

- MySQL: Open-source RDBMS.

- Oracle Database: Enterprise-level DBMS.

- PostgreSQL: Advanced open-source RDBMS.

- MongoDB: NoSQL database for unstructured data.

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