DEPARTMENT OF ARCHITECTURE,

HINDU COLLEGE OF DESIGN, ARCHITECTURE & PLANNING

Affiliated to
DEEN BANDHU CHHOTU RAM UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE &
TECHNOLOGY, MURTHAL (SONIPAT), INDIA –131039

DRUG REHAB CENTER (MOHALI)

Thesis Report submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of

Bachelors in Architecture

MEHAK GUPTA
20025006017
2020 - 2025

Supervisor
(AR. BRIJESH YADAV)
CHAPTER 1
SYNOPSIS
1.1 INTRODUCTION

1.1.1 What is addiction:

The term drug abuse refers to the improper consumption of approved substances and illicit
drugs by individuals. Higher amounts of prescribed pills are taken while others' prescriptions
are used without permission. People might use drugs for three main reasons: to enhance
feelings of wellness and pleasure and to lessen their burdens and to create an artificial escape
from real life. Research indicates that people typically overcome their unhealthy practices
and finally put an end to drug use (WebMD, 2018).
Addiction functions as a permanent condition which leads people to continuously seek drugs
while they struggle to halt this behavior regardless of damaging outcomes. A typical person
chooses to take drugs on their own while persistent drug use results in neurological changes
that affect self-control and create powerful cravings to use drugs (NIDA, 2018 A).
Addiction functions as a chronic brain condition which produces uncontrolled drug-related
preoccupations and behaviors that result in harmful effects on both those who are addicted
and their social circle. This disorder exists in the brain since it leads to lasting functional
changes affecting reward and stress and self-control circuits.
Addiction follows similar patterns as other diseases including heart disease. An organ in the
body loses its normal healthy operation from both types of diseases which cause similar
severe damage to the body and possess preventable and treatable characteristics. The
conditions develop into lifelong states if not treated properly which could eventually become
fatal. A diagnosed drug addiction progresses in the same way as asthma and diabetes along
with other chronic diseases. Inside remission the condition exists but multiple relapses may
occur until the disease is completely overcome. Like the listed diseases addiction qualifies
for treatment and proper management.

Figure 1 Phases of addiction

Most addictive drugs trigger the brain reward system through either direct or indirect
methods by releasing excessive dopamine. Both emotional and motivational regulation
together with reward behavior strengthening occurs across brain regions that contain
dopamine neurotransmitters. The system produces rewards for normal behaviors only when
activated during regular functioning. Excessive drug consumption creates effects that
powerfully encourage drug-seeking behavior thus teaching users to repeat their drug
consumption.
These alterations make it extremely challenging for addicted persons to discontinue drug
abuse. Treatments successfully assist people to fight against addiction. Research indicates
that most patients will succeed with treatment only when they receive combined behavioral
therapy alongside medication prescriptions when these treatments are available. The
treatment method must analyze individual drug habits to address their medical issues as well
as psychiatric conditions and social and environmental aspects.
Most people fail to understand the factors which lead people to drug dependency. Drugs
users encounter moral judgments from others since outsiders assume they could stop using
drugs by using their independent decision-making ability. Drug addiction stands as a
complex medical condition requiring means greater than good intentions and strong
willpower to overcome it. The way drugs modify brain structures leads to difficult drug
cessation for all individuals who actively try to quit. Research has provided scientists with
complete knowledge about drug effects on the brain through which they have developed
recovery treatments for people to achieve productive lives (NIDA, 2018 A).

1.1.2 Causes of Addiction:

Individuals differ in their susceptibility to extreme neurobiological changes thus they have
varying levels of vulnerability to addiction. The use of either cigarettes or post-surgery
morphine requirements does not necessarily lead to drug addiction in every individual case.
The act of gambling does not lead every participant to develop an addiction to gambling.
Several conditions affect addiction formation since they include genetic factors together with
weak social support structures and the existence of trauma or multiple mental diseases.
Addiction is a bio-psychosocial disorder. The disorder results from genetic elements
combined with brain anatomy and their mutual influence on psychological elements and
social aspects. Different substances enter the brain at different speeds but also demonstrate
varying levels of activation power.
Victims experience complete personality alteration because of mental faculty dysfunction.
They migrate outside social centers and receive alienation from their local communities and
also from overall society. The victims need comprehensive treatment beyond medical
procedures to regain some form of normal functionality.
1.1.3 Where:

India serves as the leading international source of legally required opium used for medical
treatments. The major worldwide opium cultivation regions are situated in close proximity to
India with the north-west focused on the golden crescent area and the northeastern section
termed as the "Golden Triangle."

Figure 2 "Golden crescent" and "golden triangle-opium trafficking routes"

Numerous drug addicts continue to increase in India as the country remains trapped in an
ongoing cycle of drug abuse. A United Nations report verifies that India officially records
one million registered heroin addicts yet unofficial records show five million people have
this addiction. According to survey results alcohol stands as the main psychoactive
substance used by Indians. Nationally 14.6% of the population from 10 to 75 years uses
alcohol. The number of people who use alcohol in India reaches 16 crore while 2.2 crore
people take bhang and 1.3 crore people use illegal cannabis products and 2.26 crore persons
use opioids (including Opium and Heroin and pharmaceutical opioids).

1.1.4 Substance or Drug Abuse:

Drugs become dangerous through either their excessive quantity or unorthodox method of
consumption which harm users or surrounding people. The disorder exists as one type of
substance-related condition.
The harmful consumption of psychoactive agents and illicit drugs and alcohol falls under the
definition of substance abuse. People who use psychoactive substances develop major health
issues which spread from themselves to their families as well as community members.
Research indicates alcohol and opiates as well as cocaine and amphetamines and
hallucinogens and over-the-counter and prescription drug abuse as substances of abuse since
psychoactive substances activate mental processes when introduced into human systems.

Figure 3 Commonly abused drugs and withdrawal symptoms

1.1.5 Reasons for Drug Abuse

 To be accepted by the peers

 Increasing economic stress
 Changing cultural values
 Experimentation
  Neurotic pleasure
 Ineffective Policing

1.1.6 Drug Abuse - Negative Impacts

Drug abuse creates various negative effects which include the following:
 The impairment of human health occurs due to HIV and Hepatitis B and C and
Tuberculosis diseases.
 Increase in violence
 Economic potential gets wasted
 Drug abuse harms relationships with family members and friends which generates
emotional alongside social problems.
 Increases financial burden
 Women face domestic violence

1.1.7 Harmful Effects of Drug Abuse

Drug abuse leads to either short-term or long-term detrimental impacts which can affect a
person directly or indirectly. Drug abuse creates direct or indirect outcomes during its usage.
The variety of drugs used determines how the negative effects will manifest. Short-term
effects are listed below.
 Change in heart rate
 Change in blood pressure
 Heart attack
 Stroke
 Psychosis
 Change in appetite

1.1.8 Symptoms:

 Change in personality traits

 Mental illness like depression or anxiety
 Paranoid, fearful or obsessive thoughts
 Negative self-image
 Dismal outlook on or attitude toward life
 Withdrawing emotionally from loved ones.
 Lack of motivation

1.1.9 Solution

 Stillness.
 Focus
 Calm –distraction
  Positive environment
 Engaging activity
 Feeling of belonging
 A proper routine

1.2 AIM

 To create a space that provides the suitable environment which will make their

1.3 LIMITATION

The Rehabilitation centre will be only designed for 50 beds. The Project may focus on the
other ways of treatments but this thesis will focus on a Holistic Approach of Treatment.
Landscaping will be done briefly.

Figure 4 ANI report, Sept 25 , 2019

1.4 PROJECT AND SITE SELECTION

 The project was floated by Fortis Hospital in collaboration with Punjab Government to
provide a quality de-addiction centre for Punjab and Haryana.

Figure 5 MASTER PLAN OF SECTOR 62, S.A.S NAGAR (MOHALI)

Figure 6 Site Plan
1.5 INTAKE AND ASSESSMENT AREA:

 Residential areas
 Therapy and counselling spaces
 Medical facilities
 Recreation areas
 Spiritual/Medical area
 Dining facilities
 Administrative spaces
 Outdoor areas
 Support services

1.6 METHODOLOGY
 CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE STUDY
2.1 INTRODUCTION

2.1.1 Drugs – What is drug:

Drugs function as chemicals that induce alterations of psychological or biological functions

during intake.
Dr. Rajinder Singh describes Drug as a medicinal substance that fights diseases and
promotes healthcare for individuals. The term Drug now indicates Psychoactive substances
throughout Punjab even though these substances never have medical purposes for disease
treatment but serve to temporarily modify someone's emotions.
Psychoactive Substances have a direct impact on both people and their mental state and
behavioral actions. These substances obtain their classification as Mood Altering Drugs
among others. The list of psychoactive substances contains alcohol followed by caffeine and
nicotine and marijuana with additional inclusion of specific pain medicines. Helium serves
as one of the many illegal substances that belong to the category of psychoactive substances
together with heroin and LSD and cocaine and amphetamines. Psychotropic substances are
also known as these drugs.
According to Cambridge Dictionary:
 Any substance from natural or artificial origins functions as medicine when
administrated to patients.
 A natural chemical substance or any manmade compound that someone utilizes
either for enjoyment or to boost their capabilities during activities makes it a
psychoactive substance.
Oxford Learners Dictionary identifies drugs as illegal substances people use through
drinking or smoking or injecting which produce physical and mental effects.
Types Of Drugs: The categorization of drugs into three main groups depends on
psychological effects as noted by Dr. Rajinder Singh in his February 2014 report (Singh,
Feb. 2014).
 Depressants: The most commonly used drugs worldwide function by blocking the
activity of the central nervous system (CNS). For example (Singh, Feb. 2014):-
Alcohol, Barbiturate Group, Tranquilizers and Anxiolytics, Hypnotics, Narcotic
Analgesics, Heroin, Smack, Volatile Solvents, etc.
 Stimulants: Stimulants represent a medical group which accelerates brain-to-body
message transmission. These drugs lead people to experience a synthetic body
alertness and mental self-assurance followed by extreme body energy. Students take
such substances to enhance study durations before exams because they expect better
academic performance from such methods. Similar patterns occur for athletes in
their sport. For Example: Amphetamine Group Of drugs, Cocaine, Nicotine
Substances, etc.
 Hallucinogens: These Drugs cause sudden alterations of perception combined with
emotional changes and disturbances in mental activity. The psychoactive drug
response gets named tripping while under ingestion. They have another common
name that refers to them as Psychedelic Drugs. For Example: Cannabis (marijuana,
 Ganja, Chars, Mescalin, Psilocybin, L.S.D. etc. The study conducted by Madhu Bala
(Bala, 2016) includes three additional subcategories of drugs which she detailed in
her thesis as shown below:
 Narcotic Analgesics: Pain-Killing medications with high addictive properties result
in severe psychic and physical dependence while creating euphoria and well-being
feelings.
 Inhalants: The group includes such items as glue, gasoline and paint thinner and
lighter fluid. Their fumes are inhaled. Drugs of this type create side effects
comparable to alcohol intoxication symptoms.
 Substance not classified: The unclassified drugs find their place in this category.
The group includes two types of drugs: cough syrups alongside both anti-histamine
and antipsychotic medications.

Figure 7 Effects of Different types

2.1.2 Commonly Found Drugs in India:

The research by Sharma and Vikram Kumar Gupta and Partners and Bala (2016) identifies
the widely used drugs in Punjab along with their popular names as follows:
Bala has identified the common drugs in Punjab with their native names as follows:
 Hashish: The resin of the plants usually reddish brown to
black in color. Drugs derived from Hashish have different
names including Charas, Cream, Mecana Cream, Afgan
snow and Bombay black.
Figure 8 Hashish

 Ganja: Both leaves and stems are included while the

substance typically displays a greenish hue. Among different
names for ganja are Pot, grass, dope, mary june, blunt and
herb.
Figure 9 Ganja
  Bhang : The dark brown or black marijuana leaf and flower
mixture serves as a marijuana product which may contain
additional herbs and spices.
 Spiff: Marijuana Cigarette
 Bong: Water pipe for smoking, Huka, etc
 Joint: Marijuana Cigarette made of rolling paper Figure 10 Bhang
 Ganga Jamuna: marijuana – Hash combination

 LSD: The drug (Lysergic acid diethylamide) presents

remarkable potency from minimal amounts of use. This drug
produces powerful hallucinations because it does not have an
odor, taste or coloring. The three common names used for
LSD are Acid and Lucy and sunshine. Figure 11 LSD

 Cocaine: The stimulant substance descends from coca plant

leaves that have a strong potential to be addictive. This
substance appears as white crystals in its normal form. The
cheaper and more affordable version of cocaine exists as
Crack. People refer to cocaine drugs through various terms
including Coke, chitta, Namak, Coca, Flack, Snow, Heaven Figure 12 Cocaine
dust and crack.
 Heroin: The highly addictive compound derivatives known
as heroin originates from poppy plant extract morphine
(afeem). The pure compound takes the form of white powder
but turns brown when combined with talcum powder. Smack
and horse and junk serve as common terms used to refer to Figure 13 Heroin
heroin.
 Solvents or Inhalants: Page, Thinner, petrol, gases together
with laughing gas constitute a list of substances that teens
accidentally inhale yearly. Along each year multiple teenage
individuals unintentionally inhale unauthorized substances
although several grow dependents to them throughout time.
Figure 14 Solvents or
 Alcohol: Ethanol functions as a psychoactive drug with the Inhalants
chemical name ethanol which acts as an active ingredient in beverages. Common
beverage types include Beers, cider, table
wines, fortified wines, distilled spirits and
liqueurs that mostly contain ethanol as well as
water.
 Tobacco: Tobacco stands as both a collective
name for multiple Nicotiana genus plants and
an overall designation for various products
derived from cured tobacco plant leaves.

2.2 DRUG ABUSE:

 It is a fact that has been realized that drug abuse is one of the biggest threats to public health
and social wellbeing today. It has received more attention in the recent past because of the
elevated rates, uses, and type of drugs especially among children and youths. Minors’
protection from drugs is being deemed as one of the important and paramount concerns of
the society today.
The World Health Organization defines drug abuse as the purposeful consumption of drugs
for unmedical reasons through unacceptable amounts and timing which leads to reduced
personal performance alongside social and physical as well as emotional damage.
According to World Health Organization (WHO) drug abuse describes “a state of periodic or
chronic intoxication detrimental to the individual and society, produced by repeated
consumption of a drug” (Handa, 2001).

Figure 17 Numbers of death from tobaco, alcohol, and drugs, world 2021

Figure 16 Effects of alcohol on human body

2.3 HISTORY OF DRUG ABUSE:

The study of drug history provides knowledge about human history while revealing man's
extended utilization of substances that alter the mind. Human history matches the dates of
drug consumption.
The usage of naturally occurring drugs found in plants and fungi has maintained medical,
social and religious purposes since centuries. Within Indian culture both historical and
present-day people regard cannabis as a sacred plant with essential religious applications.
The sacred grass received its recognition according to the Atharva Vedic texts. The use of
drugs exists in India for ages as it has deep roots within the cultural heritage of the nation.
Drug-abuse has only become a national problem in India during the 1980s.
2.4 DRUG ABUSE IN WORLD WIDE:

During 1840-1890 the period of pre civil war, per capita consumption of opiates
Skyrocketed. The number of tobacco smoking practices primarily focused on cigar usage
reached 26 per head while beer drinking perception exceeded 2.17 gallons annually per
person. (Brown, 1981).
In 19th century Americans first discovered new wonder drugs from opium like morphine,
heroin, and cocaine. Society faced drug misuse and addiction when these drugs were
misused after some time had passed. During the early 1900s American demographics
showed that 250,000 people were addicts throughout the nation. In 1970 National Institute
on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism together with multiple national agencies declared
alcoholism to be the most destructive drug issue throughout the United States. (Colemon,
1988).

Years
2010 2015
Drugs 1990 1995 2005
166 175
Cannabis 144 150 160
40 46
Amphetamine 29 30 34
25 32
Cocaine 14 13 19
23 35
Opiates 13 15 20
20 27
Heroin 9 10 13
274 m 315
Total ( in million) 209 m 218 m 246 m

2.5 DRUG ABUSE IN INDIA:

Drug abuse in India shows significant patterns among

teenage people as well as young adults. From ancient
times until now drugs have served two main purposes: to
obtain relief from the mental burdens of life and to
perform religious rituals. Historical documentation
demonstrates cannabis consumption by humans started
8000 years ago. During early civilizations people used
cannabis as medicine both for mental disorders and
stomach
Table 1 Increasing pattern of Drug abusing.
conditions. The
early literary works identified the poppy plant used to
obtain opium as a 'Joy Plant'. Traditional Hindu
scriptures mention the medicines needed to treat both

Figure 19 Scale of substance abuse in India

chronic alcoholism and mental illness resulting from alcohol overdoses known as delirium
tremens. The Indian territory came under Aryan invasion when Som-ras served as their
beverage. Thousands of years ago the Aryans discovered how cannabis produced euphoric
effects together with its narcotic properties so it is unquestionable they used these
substances. (Bala, 2016).
Early 1970s to early 1980s saw the emergence of heroin
smoking and heroin injecting combined with injecting
Dextropropoxyphene that became non-traditional drug use
forms after the common drugs of abuse included betel nut,
tobacco, cannabis, country liquor and opium. UNODC ROSA
documented that northeast Indian youth populations began
instant drug injections without experiencing previous stages of Table 2 No. of abusers in Late
cannabis use to sleeping pill and cough syrups containing 1980s (Ahuja, 2011)
codeine before drug injecting (UNODC ROSA and MSJE 2004b).
A study conducted by the Ministry of Welfare, Delhi in 1995 found the following results:

Young 12-17 18-23 24-30 31-45 46-60 Above 60

44% 4.54% 13.80% 30% 35% 13.0% 3.5%
Table 3 Age group percentage

2.6 DRUG ABUSE IN PUNJAB:

The northern Indian state of Punjab

presents three distinct sections called
Malwa and Majha and Doaba as each
territory develops unique drug addiction
traits which share common elements. The
drugs create disturbance in the social
network framework. The threats imposed
by drug abuse lead to the termination of
families. The crime rate in society steadily
rises because of drug abuse. Criminal
activities occur so drug addicts can obtain
money for buying drugs. The Punjab Police
conducted a study which revealed
concerning statistics about drug smuggling
and tracing in the state.
Figure 20 Effects of drug in punjab
The Anti-Narcotics Task Force collected
past 10-year statistics from all police stations throughout the state. The statistics indicate
NDPS Act resulted in over 43294 recorded cases during the previous 10-year period. The
police recovered these amounts during the period from 1999 through 2009 according to
Sood's record on March 1st 2012.

Heroin Smack Charas Opium Poppy husk Bhang

784 kg 278 kg, 899 kg 5560 kg 7759 kg 4980 kg
Table 4 Amount of drug recovered by punjab police
The entire Punjab region faces drug problems that create a storm which affects the youthful
moral strength along with personal character and well-being. People consider drug and
alcohol consumption to be an integral component of the Punjabi cultural identity. According
to (Avasthi, 2015) the main drug abusers in many villages consisted of people who ate
opium or poppy husk. The people who used heroin were known as 'Amli' in Punjabi society
at that time. According to studies before 1980 the drug use levels remained low. Research
shows that the drug patterns in the state have shifted towards newly emerged synthetic and
narcotic substances during the latest twenty years. The rise of heroin availability across our
nation after 1980 resulted in a sharp surge of smack and various drug use by students
together with slum dwellers alongside truck drivers as well as rickshaw pullers and industrial
workers.

2.7

Figure 21 Crimes due to Drugs

STATISTICS:

The national statistics show that dependency

patterns exist among 19% of alcohol users
throughout the country. Problem cannabis
use appears at a low level nationwide
considering those who develop harmful or
dependent patterns of cannabis use. Among
cannabis users in the country the rate of
dependence stands at 0.25% which means
one user in eleven experiences this
condition. The population requiring opioid
help in India amounts to around 77 lakh
people which makes up 0.70 percent of the
population. Nationally the estimate shows
that People Who Inject Drugs (PWID) reach
approximately 8.5 lakh in total quantity. The
opioid drugs primarily get injected by
People Who Inject Drugs through two main
pharmaceutical categories (heroin -46% as Figure 22 Statistics of drug users in India
well as pharmaceutical opioids -46%).
2.8 SYMPTOMS:

Drug addiction results in multiple behavioral symptoms which also include:

 Addiction symptoms arise when a person regularly needs to take the drug.
 Daily or even several times a day.
 The intense drug desires eliminate all other mental processes from your awareness.
 When the drug usage continues users need increasing amounts of the drug to achieve
the same effect.
 You take bigger amounts of the drug throughout an extended time period that
exceeds your original plan.
 The drug addiction symptoms include ensuring you have an ongoing access to the
substance.
 Although you lack enough funds to cover the expense you choose to purchase the
substance. Drug use results in non-performance of work duties or missing both
professional obligations and recreational activities.
 Using the drug regardless of the negative consequences it produces to your lifestyle
or your physical or psychological state
 Action of stealing emerges during drug-seeking behaviors which you would never
consider doing.
 Participating in dangerous activities combined with being under drug influence
constitutes another sign of drug use.
 The drug-related activities require significant period of time for obtaining,
consuming and recovering from the drug's effects.
 You fail to stop using the drug when you try to break free from it.
 You will experience withdrawal symptoms whenever you try to stop taking the drug.

2.9 WHAT IS REHABLITATION:

Rehabilitation defines itself as "a structured system of interventions meant to enhance

personal functional abilities alongside disability reduction for people with medical
conditions through their environmental encounters."
The basic notion of rehabilitation makes individuals from all age groups achieve maximum
freedom to carry out everyday activities while enabling them to support their educational
and professional pursuits and family responsibilities. The system manages essential
problems (such as pain) as it optimizes individual functionality within their daily routines.
This assistance enables them to overcome obstacles linked to thinking, seeing, hearing as
well as conveying and eating and moving around.
The therapeutic approach under recovery focuses exclusively on individual patients because
their specific treatment options and methods adapt to their treatment goals and personal
preferences. The delivery of recovery services occurs in various environments which include
long-term hospital wards and private care facilities as well as locations within the
community such as a patient's residence.
Helps in optimal degree of:
Functionality
Personal Autonomy
Quality of life

2.10 WHAT IS DRUG REHABLITATION:

 Drug rehabilitation consists of psychotherapeutic treatment which professionals

provide to those addicted to drugs. The therapy assists patients to break free from
substance abuse while processing their abuse related issues. Healthcare experts will
counsel addiction patients while doctors might prescribe depression medication as
well as spiritual interventions. All drug rehabilitation centers operate programs with
residential treatment followed by local support groups and extended care centers
along with recovery houses and out-patient services. No one treatment approach fits
all patients during drug rehabilitation programs therefore effective principles must
be followed. Professional treatment services should exist readily. A successful
treatment process handles diverse needs of individuals by requiring regular
evaluation of strategy alterations. It is essential to stay in treatment for an adequate
duration for the process to become effective.
 The rehabilitation journey depends heavily on both counseling and behavioral
therapies and medical prescription approaches to treatment so drug monitoring
during treatment becomes essential. Effective rehabilitation depends on nearby
programs that provide different support networks including nearby support groups
combined with extended care services.
 Considered one of the most challenging responsibilities all recovering addicts must
address.

2.11 REHAB CENTER:

Patients expect a series of key steps during their commencement in a complete drug rehab
program.

2.11.1 Orientation:

The initial part of treatment concentrates on making patients feel comfortable while medical
personnel learn about specific patient requirements. A successful treatment plan requires
doctors and therapists to have full understanding of the patient's drug background coupled
with mental health background as well as medical history.
2.11.2 Detox:

The first step follows diagnostic evaluation when patients exhibit physical dependence
and/or withdrawal symptoms. Patients receive medical treatment, if necessary, before
starting psychotherapeutic care which constitutes most of their recovery.

2.11.3 Counseling:

Patients obtain care through therapy sessions that include personal and experiential along
with group formats. During this phase patients undertake their recovery of underlying
psychological trauma as well as existing mental health issues which initially led them to
begin their addictive behaviors.

2.11.4 Aftercare:

The counseling process continues once treatment ends because patients resume their
counseling work when coming back home. The range of aftercare may include therapy
alongside yoga along with acupuncture services and possible enrollment in residential sober
living programs.

2.12 SPACES IN A DRUG REHABILITATION CENTRE:

A drug rehabilitation center exists to support patients suffering from drug addiction with
various treatment services. A drug rehabilitation center requires specific areas for its
operations these depend on the treatment services delivered to patients.
Intake and assessment area:
A certain area functions for primary patient evaluations of new admissions.
Residential areas:
The center maintains areas designed for patient residential care as part of their treatment
program. The residential facilities of a drug rehabilitation center can consist of a
combination between dormitories together with private rooms or apartments.
Therapy and counseling spaces:
A facility includes spaces that enable patients to get individual therapy and group
interactions and counseling and behavioral therapeutic sessions. The treatment center
contains separate space for individual counseling rooms in addition to both group therapy
rooms and spaces for family therapy.
Medical facilities: A drug rehabilitation facility requires medical facilities to properly
manage detoxification and withdrawal symptoms among patients. Drug rehabilitation
facilities have an infirmary alongside a medication room and a pharmacy as their medical
spaces.
Recreation areas: The rehabilitation facility provides recreational areas for patients to
participate in physical sports and arts or music therapy programs.
Dining facilities: The rehab facility contains an eating space which allows patients to share
their meals together.
Administrative spaces: The workspace provides staff members with necessary areas to
execute patient records management and conduct billing together with administrative
operations.
Outdoor areas: The medical facility provides shaded outdoor locations for patients who
can experience fresh air while taking part in physical exercises.
Support services: In addition to healthcare areas multiple support services must be
established for laundry services maintenance work and housekeeping activities. These areas
need proper design considerations which should accommodate patient requirements together
with staff needs along with privacy principles and security measures and accessibility
requirements.

2.13 THEORIES OF DRUG ADDICTION:

Various social scientists have studied increasing drug addiction levels over the past two
centuries which led to improved knowledge about drug addiction impacts both for society
and individuals. We will use the below-listed basic theoretical perspectives to build our
perspective about drug addiction.
Many theories explain the reasons behind people taking drugs predominantly among
younger groups of individuals. The main theories describing drug addiction include:
 Biological,
 Psychological and
 Sociological.

2.13.1 Biological theories of drug addiction:

Biological theories that address drug addiction

concentrate their investigation on irregular use patterns
of addiction. Biological theories base their assumptions
on some natural body process that drives people toward
drug usage and sustained drug use after initial
exploration. The biological theories are:
 Genetic theory
 Exposure theory of biological model
 Exposure theory of conditioning model
 Biochemical and disease model theory
Drug addiction with a genetic basis is known as
addictive inheritance since it seeks to distinguish

Figure 23 Genetic Causes of Drug addiction

between genetic factors and environmental factors in addictive behaviors. The genetic factor
contributes significantly to the development of alcoholism. Research involving twins and
adopts and siblings who experienced separate upbringing supports the idea that genes play a
part in alcohol abuse.

2.13.2 Psychological theories of drug addiction:

Drugs abuse theories consist of three main explanations including the psychoanalytical
theory and the Learning/conditioning theory and Personality deficiency theory.
Psychoanalytical,
Personality deficiency and
Learning/conditioning theories
Sigmund Freud created the
psychoanalytical theory. Based on
Freudian thought alcoholics develop
their condition because of powerful
oral influences that started during their
early childhood years. Drugs provide
satisfaction to alcoholics by engaging
their essentially oral fixation which
leads to pleasure through oral-related
activities. According to Menninger the
primary origin of alcohol troubles
begins from self-destruction instincts. Figure 24 Maslow's hierarchy of needs
According to some psychoanalyst’s alcoholism describes an intense feeling of inferiority
that emerges from insecurity and leads people to run away from responsibility.
The description of drug use within personality deficiency theory includes extensive
information about personality traits and social patterns. Most drug addicts remain
emotionally undeveloped since they failed to develop appropriate solutions for life's
problems.
Persons who lack emotional maturity demonstrate two traits: they accept appreciation yet
experience emotional suffering upon failure. The drug addict personality displays low
tolerance for frustration and feelings of deficiency alongside poor self-esteem and isolation
dissatisfaction and absent responsibility (Singh Feb. 2014).
The behavior can acquire a new response when one associates it with a stimulus through
reinforcement as learning/conditioning theory illustrates. The principles of social learning
theory serve as the foundation according to Akers (1999).

2.13.3 Sociological theories of drug addiction:

These theories express the fundamental roots of drug addiction which exist within modern
society by approaching problems from different intensity levels. Social control theory
together with anomie theory and self-control theory and social learning theory represent the
primary sociological theories.
During the 1930s Anomie theory emerged when sociologist Robert K. Merton defined its
relationship to deviant behavior. The person who experiences disagreements between their
life targets and available pathways for reaching them becomes anomic and alienated
afterwards so they start engaging in deviant behavior as self-soothing (Merton, 1957;
Cloward & Ohlin, 1960). Merton's (1957) anomie theory maintains that during societies
which stress ambition and materialism and reward achievement success can be pursued by
everyone while in reality only limited groups access it. Cloward Ohlin (1960) adjusted the
anomic approach through their modification.
From a social control viewpoint drug users experience two types of failure because they do
not succeed in obtaining their goals through proper channels or through illegal means.
Social control theory: According to Hirsch families together
with schools and peers define the major factors which
substantially influence our lives especially during the
childhood years. According to his theory being closely
involved with law-abiding peers and parents and teachers
functions as the key force which regulates individual
conduct. A moral connection between juveniles and society
which includes affection for others while practicing
conventional ethics in regular activities backed by strong
beliefs in law structures reduces delinquency. Figure 25 Socialism of an
Individual

Self-control theory: According to self-control theory drug consumption together with

unconventional and deviant or criminal action finds explanation within this model. The self-
control theory aligns with social control theory based on its threat deal explanation;
according to self-control theory deficient parental socialization creates a shortage of self-
control.

Social learning theory: Edwin Sutherland developed social learning theory when he
expanded his criminology principles in their third edition during 1939. A person will
perform deviant behaviors when they face direct influences from deviant values.
Researchers suggest that increased differential association will lead individuals to have
higher risks of deviant conduct (Sutherland & Cressey, 1960).

2.14 MAJOR REASONS BEHIND DRUG ABUSING:

The Problem Of drug abusing experienced continuous growth throughout the past century
particularly following the world war. These factors combine with Negligence and Fun and
Hallucinations alongside Bad accompany and Time shortages together with Lack of parental
Love and Childhood moral failure to drive Drug Abusing rates upward.
The rural population of Punjab exhibits drug abuse at a level of 67% (Gurpreet Singh Toor,
2013) which requires attention to reinvestigate the drug abusing issue in Punjab.
The state of Punjab faces six fundamental causes behind this menace according to Dr.
Rajinder Singh (2014) who outlines these causes as follows:

2.14.1 Change in vision and Moral Criteria:

Scientific discoveries enable today's life to function at a rapidly rising pace with increasing
smoothness. Religious faith among communities gradually disappears while adults continue
to disbelieve in traditional religious practices. Society views such customs as outdated
practices which unlearned individuals perform. Materialistic values have replaced
communities' conventional moral behaviors and beliefs. Modern educated or Forwarded
people exclude their children from religious influence to avoid their corruption. Western
civilization leads the way toward this undesirable social transformation in modern times.

2.14.2 Faster and a stressful life:

The aging people made their way through

life expecting God's will to guide them in
the unknown. Needs and desires were few.
Few families continue to exist in this
manner as people choose employment
opportunities that force them to relocate
from their homes. Modern society
experiences quickening life expectancies in
its general population. Major social factors
including desires and expectations together
with hopes and needs and engagements have
risen traditionally. And the poor faces many
life problems while those who are rich strive
to become even richer. The various causes
leading to elevated stress and anxiousness
and deep frustration have affected the entire
population. People who cannot manage
negative emotions alongside their real-life Figure 26 Stressful Lives
problems look for assistance and they discover this assistance in drugs.

2.14.3 Widespread Corruption:

Corruption in society plays a vital role in pushing drug abuse

throughout the community. Drugs and alcohol use by bribe
recipients and those who are forbidden from taking them
cannot be said to be nonexistent. Petty bribes from
employees lead to bottles of wine as their requested form of
payment. A necessary bribe blocks all movement of files
Figure 27 Supplying Drug as
Corruption
through the system. The workers continue to circulate and perform their tasks while the
executives keep them circling when the organization lacks motivated leadership. Drug
addiction together with alcoholism need to propagate themselves when society faces such
large-scale mental illnesses.

2.14.4 Suddenly Appeared richness and prosperity in Punjab:

Dr. Rajinder Singh indicates that Punjab experienced its green revolution birth following the
introduction of multiple crop breeds after Independence. The state of Punjab started its
ascent into prosperity. Alcoholism again rises up. Collected an amount as (fig. 28)

Figure 28 Growth in Money Collection

2.14.5 Media and explicit Singing:

Very few individuals remain loyal to both the

original song and its associated Sufi culture.
Online pornography serves as the principal
dietary substance that affects the spiritual well-
being of youth individuals today. The business
value of performing Punjabi folk music has
increased substantially. Day after day pop
musicians continue emerging while original
songs also develop. The devotees use Punjabi
channels along with cassettes and stage shows to
consume the spiritual essence of their devotees.
The song that promotes seductive indulgence
successfully evokes excessively filthy emotional
responses and lecherous sensations in both
listeners' minds is their criteria for judging
musical quality. These musical compositions Figure 29 Explicit Music
lack all qualities of poetry. The religious followers often struggle with alcoholism which
leads them to use phrases like bottle as well as Nain Shrabi and ishq brandi often.
2.14.6 The contribution of political leaders and the government:

A large part of the revenue of every state government in the country. Excise duty that
applies to alcohol originates from excise duty levied by the government. State exchequer
receives billion of rupees every year from this source. The government requires zero effort
to collect excise duty since it functions better than standard tax collection types.
People have to pay their advance
payments only during permit
issuance. The government aims to
boost revenue from basic alcohol
sources by expanding alcohol supply
for upcoming generations. Every
year the government opens new
alcohol contracts and it raises the
current contract quotas by 5% each
year. The absence of clean drinking
water in any village does not stop the Figure 30 Money and drugs for votes
government from considering this provision essential for contract purposes. Elections rarely
occur without alcohol purchases influencing democratic votes among the Lok Sabha and
Vidhan Sabha and Panchayat or Municipal committees. Leaders who deliver opposition to
drugs behind the scenes cannot be embarrassed about seeking office within their political
region. Although the party performs this task it avoids such duties.