CPE409 Image Processing

Part 7
Color Image Processing

Assist. Prof. Dr. Caner ÖZCAN

It is only after years of preparation that the young artist should touch
color—not color used descriptively, that is, but as a means of
personal expression. ~Henri Matisse
Outline

6. Color Image Processing

► Color Fundamentals
► Color Models
► Pseudocolor Image Processing
► Basics of Full-Color Image Processing
► Color Transformations
► Smoothing and Sharpening
► Image Segmentation Based on Color
► Noise in Color Images
► Color Image Compression
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Renk Temelleri

► White light

Newton 1665

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Slide credit: B. Freeman, A. Torralba, K. Grauman
Color Fundamentals

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Color Fundamentals

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Renk Temelleri
Three basic parameters are used to express the
property of colored light:
1. Radiance: It is the total amount of energy
emitted from the light source and is measured in
Watt (W).
2. Luminance: It is the total amount of energy that
the observer perceives from the light source and
is measured in Lumen (lm).
3. Brightness: It is a subjective descriptive
parameter that is practically impossible to
measure. It indicates colorlessness of intensity.
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Color Fundamentals

► Cone cells are responsible for color vision in the

eye.

► 6 to 7 million cones in the human eye can be

divided into three principal sensing categories,
corresponding roughly to red, green, and blue.

65%: red 33%: green 2%: blue (blue cones are

the most sensitive)
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Color Fundamentals

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Color Fundamentals
► The characteristics generally used to distinguish
one color from another are brightness, hue, and
saturation

brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.

hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves,

represents dominant color as perceived by an observer.

saturation: relative purity or the amount of white light

mixed with its hue.
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Color Fundamentals

► Tristimulus
Red, green, and blue are denoted X, Y, and Z,
respectively. A color is defined by its trichromatic
coefficients, defined as
X
x=
X +Y + Z
Y
y=
X +Y + Z
Z
z=
X +Y + Z
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CIE Chromaticity Diagram

It shows color
composition as
a function of x
(red) and y
(green)

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RGB Color Model

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RGB Color Model

Pixel depth

The total number of colors

in a 24-bit RGB image is
(28)3 = 16,777,216

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The CMY and CMYK Color Models

 C  1  R 
 M  = 1 − G 
    
 Y  1  B 
Equal amounts of the pigment primaries, cyan, magenta, and yellow
should produce black. In practice, combining these colors for
printing produces a muddy-looking black.

To produce true black, the predominant color in printing, the fourth

color, black, is added, giving rise to the CMYK color model.

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 CMY vs. CMYK

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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CMYK
HIS Color Model

brightness: the achromatic notion of intensity.

hue: dominant wavelength in a mixture of light waves,

represents dominant color as perceived by an observer.

saturation: relative purity or the amount of white light

mixed with its hue.

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HIS Color Model

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Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the H

component of each RGB pixel is obtained using the
equation
 if B  G
H =
 360 −  if B>G

 1 
−1 
 ( R − G ) + ( R − B )  
 = cos  2
1/2 
 ( R − G ) + ( R − B )(G − B )  
2

  

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Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the saturation

component is given by

3
S = 1−  min( R, G, B)
( R + G + B)

Note: All color values

are normalized to
the range [0-1].
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Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

► Given an image in RGB color format, the intensity

component is given by
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S = 1−  min( R, G, B)
( R + G + B)

Note: All color values

are normalized to
the range [0-1].
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Converting Colors from RGB to HSI

• For an image in RGB color format, the

intensity component is given as:
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I = ( R + G + B)
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Python code:
hsvImage = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_RGB2HSV)

Note: All color values are

normalized to the [0-1] range.

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Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector (0  H  120 )

B = I (1 − S )
 S cos H 
R = I 1 + 
 cos(60 − H ) 
and
G = 3I − ( R + B )
Note: All color values
are normalized to
the range [0-1].
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Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector (120  H  240 )

H = H − 120
R = I (1 − S )
 S cos H 
G = I 1 + 
 cos(60 − H ) 
and
B = 3I − ( R + G ) Note: All color values
are normalized to
the range [0-1].
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Converting Colors from HSI to RGB

► RG sector (240  H  360 )

H = H − 240
G = I (1 − S )
 S cos H 
B = I 1 + 
 cos(60 − H ) 
and Note: All color values
are normalized to
R = 3I − (G + B ) the range [0-1].

Python Code:
rgbImage = cv2.cvtColor(image, cv2.COLOR_HSV2RGB) 25
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Pseudocolor Image Processing

► The process of assigning colors to gray values

based on a specified criterion.

► Intensity Slicing

f ( x, y ) = ck if f ( x, y ) Vk

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Pseudocolor by combining
several of the sensor images
from the Galileo spacecraft,
some of which are in spectral
regions not visible to the eye.

Bright red depicts materials

newly ejected from an active
volcano on Io, and the
surrounding yellow materials
are older sulfur deposits.

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Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

Let c represent an arbitrary vector in RGB color space:

 cR   R 
c =  cG  = G 
 cB   B 
At coordinates (x, y ),
 cR ( x, y )   R ( x, y ) 
c( x, y ) = cG ( x, y )  = G ( x, y ) 
 cB ( x, y )   B ( x, y ) 

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Basics of Full-Color Image Processing

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References

► Sayısal Görüntü İşleme, Palme Publishing, Third Press

Trans. (Orj: R.C. Gonzalez and R.E. Woods: "Digital
Image Processing", Prentice Hall, 3rd edition, 2008).
► “Digital Image Processing Using Matlab”, Gonzalez &
Richard E. Woods, Steven L. Eddins, Gatesmark
Publishing, 2009
► Lecture Notes, CS589-04 Digital Image Processing,
Frank (Qingzhong) Liu, http://www.cs.nmt.edu/~ip
► Lecture Notes, BIL717-Image Processing, Erkut Erdem
► Lecture Notes, EBM537-Image Processing, F.Karabiber
► https://docs.opencv.org/
► Bekir Aksoy, Python ile İmgeden Veriye Görüntü
İşleme ve Uygulamaları, Nobel Akademik Yayıncılık
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