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DAVID ETHERIDGE

JAVA: GRAPHICAL USER

INTERFACES
AN INTRODUCTION TO JAVA PROGRAMMING

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David Etheridge

Java: Graphical User Interfaces

– An Introduction to Java Programming

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2
Java: Graphical User Interfaces – An Introduction to Java Programming
© 2009 David Etheridge & Ventus Publishing ApS
ISBN 978-87-7681-496-0

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces Contents

Contents
1. The Input/Output Package 6
1.1 An Introduction to Streams 7
1.2 Categories of Streams and their Classes 7
1.3 Using Streams 11
1.4 Object Streams 19
1.5 Files and File I/O 21
1.6 Data Streams 25
1.7 Summary of Streams 27

2. Collecting Data II 28
2.1 The Java Collections Framework 28
2.2 The Core Collection Interfaces 28
2.3 Implementation Types 31
2.4 Operations, Methods, Iterators and Algorithms 34
2.5 Generics and the Collections Framework 36
2.6 Collections in the Themed Application 42
2.7 Summary of the Java Collections Framework 46

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces Contents

3. User Interfaces 47
3.1 What is a User Interface? 47
3.2 Client/Server Applications 49
3.3 The Construction of User Interfaces 50
3.4 A Visual Approach to GUI Design 64
3.5 Activating User Interface Components 68
3.6 The GUI for the Themed Application 83
3.7 Summary of Event Handling 87

4. Concurrency with Threads 90

4.1 An Introduction to Threads 90
4.2 Creating Threads 91
4.3 Using Threads in Java Applications 93
4.4 Summary of Threads 100
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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

1. The Input/Output Package

Chapter One considers some of the classes of the java.io package. Java defines input and output (I/O) in
terms of classes known as streams. Streams provide system input and output in a way that isolates the
developer from the details about how an operating system provides access to system resources for the
purposes of I/O. Streams are not required for input and output when a graphical user interface (GUI) is
used to capture and display information in an application. Graphical user interface design is examined in
Chapter Three.

There are approximately 60 classes in the java.io package. Consequently, this guide does not aim to cover
every stream class. Instead, some of the main categories of streams are explained in general terms and
examples are provided of the use of specific types of streams in a practical situation.

The reader is referred to the java.io package of the API for the documentation associated with the many
stream classes provided by the Java language.
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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

1.1 An Introduction to Steams

A stream is an abstraction of the underlying mechanism that is used by an operating system to transfer
information into and out of a Java programme. The level of abstraction means that the developer uses
classes of the java.io package for I/O. As a consequence, I/O can be regarded as a high-level programming
activity that transparently maps onto the low-level mechanisms associated with system I/O.

A stream is a sequence of bits of information that is passed along a virtual path between a source and a
destination. An input stream provides a path from a source to a programme and, similarly, an output
stream is a path from a programme to a destination. Figure 1.1 visualises the general representation of
streams as paths between code and a source or a destination.

Figure 1.1 The source and destination associated with a stream

Sources and destinations of information include files, disks and networked resources; the information
passed along streams can take any form, such as objects, text, images and sound.

1.2 Categories of Streams and their Classes

Streams in the java.io package usually occur as input/output pairs and fall into one of three categories -
byte streams, character streams or object streams. This section looks at classes in the first of these two
categories in relatively general terms to give a flavour of their functionality and to encourage the reader to
refer to the API for the java.io package. A later section examines object streams.

1.1.1 Byte Streams

A byte streams carries a sequence of binary data and is one of two types, either an input stream or an
output stream. To read a byte stream in an application, one of the subclasses of the InputStream class is
used. An extract from the API displayed on the next page shows some of the input stream classes that are
subclasses of the abstract class InputStream.

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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

java.io

Class InputStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.InputStream
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable
Direct Known Subclasses:
AudioInputStream, ByteArrayInputStream, FileInputStream, FilterInputStream,
ObjectInputStream

Table 1.1 below summarises the main functions of these InputStream types, as indicated by the
documentation for each class in the API.

Type Function

AudioInputStream Reads a specified audio format and length of audio file

ByteArrayInputStream Contains in internal buffer that contains bytes read from the stream

FileInputStream Inputs bytes from a file in a file system

FilterInputSteam: has a number of Contains some other input stream, which it uses as its basic source
subclasses of data, possibly transforming the data along the way or providing
additional functionality

ObjectInputStream Reads primitive data and objects previously written using an

ObjectOutputStream

Table 1.1 Some of the input streams

Some of the corresponding output stream classes that are subclasses of the abstract class OutputStream
are shown in the next extract from the API.

java.io

Class OutputStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.OutputStream
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Flushable
Direct Known Subclasses:
ByteArrayOutputStream, FileOutputStream, FilterOutputStream, ObjectOutputStream

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

Table 1.2 below summarises the main function of these OutputStream types, as indicated by the
documentation for each class in the API.

Type Function

ByteArrayOutputStream Data is written into a byte array

FileOutputStream Writes data to a file

FilterOutputStream: has a number of Contains some other output stream, which it uses as its basic source
subclasses of data, possibly transforming the data along the way or providing
additional functionality

ObjectOutputStream Writes objects to a file for persistent storage

Table 1.2 Some of the output streams

The next sub-section presents a similar overview of some of the character streams.

1.2.2 Character Streams

The Java language uses the UTF–16 (Unified Transformation Format) 16 bit encoding to represent text
characters. The streams that carry text-based information are called readers and writers. To read a
character stream in an application, one of the subclasses of the Reader class is used. The following extract
from the API shows some of the readers that are subclasses of the abstract class Reader.
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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

java.io

Class Reader
java.lang.Object
java.io.Reader
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Readable
Direct Known Subclasses:
BufferedReader, CharArrayReader, InputStreamReader, StringReader

Table 1.3 summarises the main function of these readers, as indicated by the API.

Type Function

BufferedReader Reads text from a character-input stream, buffering characters so as

to provide for the efficient reading of characters, arrays, and lines

CharArrayReader This class implements a character buffer that can be used as a

character input stream

InputStreamReader An InputStreamReader is a bridge from byte streams to character

streams. It reads bytes and decodes them into characters using a
specified charset. The charset that it uses may be specified by name
or may be given explicitly, or the platform's default charset may be
accepted

StringReader A character stream whose source is a string

Table 1.3 Some of the readers

Some of the corresponding subclasses of the abstract class Writer are shown in the next extract from
the API.

java.io

Class Writer
java.lang.Object
java.io.Writer
All Implemented Interfaces:
Closeable, Flushable, Appendable
Direct Known Subclasses:
BufferedWriter, CharArrayWriter, OutputStreamWriter, PrintWriter, StringWriter

Table 1.4 on the next page summarises the main function of these writers, as indicated by the API.

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10
Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

Type Function

BufferedWriter Writes text to a character-output stream, buffering characters so as

to provide for the efficient writing of single characters, arrays, and
strings

CharArrayWriter This class implements a character buffer that can be used as a

character output stream

OutputStreamWriter An OutputStreamWriter is a bridge from character streams to byte

streams: Characters written to it are encoded into bytes using a
specified charset. The charset that it uses may be specified by
name or may be given explicitly, or the platform's default charset
may be accepted

PrintWriter Prints formatted representations of objects to a text output stream

StringWriter A character stream that collects its output in a string buffer, which
can then be used to construct a string

Table 1.4 Some of the writers

The next section gives some examples of using streams.

1.3 Using Streams

Although most applications use a GUI to input relatively small amounts of information to an application,
streams are very useful for testing the methods of classes in an application before such an interface is
constructed. On the output side of an application, object streams can be used to write objects out to a file
so that the data associated with an application takes on a persistent state. Streams are also extremely useful
when an application needs to output information to data storage devices or input data from them.

A general algorithm for using streams for I/O in an application can be expressed as follows:

1. Instantiate a stream object: this automatically opens the stream.

2. Read from or write to the stream in a try block.
3. Catch IOException objects (and any other exceptions that may
occur).
4. Close the stream.

An application typically uses more than one stream chained together, depending on whether a buffer or a
bridge or some other functionality is required: see tables 13.1 to 13.4 for a summary of the functionality of
streams. Chaining streams can be visualised as connecting pipes together, as you would do when
undertaking plumbing jobs at home, as shown in Figure 1.2. (The author strongly recommends that the
reader never attempt this kind of thing in your own home; instead, bring in a professional plumber to do
the work.)

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 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

Figure 1.2 Chaining streams together

Chaining is achieved by passing a stream object into the constructor of another stream object, as will be
shown by the examples that are presented in sub-section 1.3.2 below. Before embarking on the examples
of chaining streams, sub-section 1.3.1 looks at how streams are used for screen output.

1.3.1 Screen Output

A number of examples in previous chapters use the statement

System.out.println( <parameter> );

to output the results of test classes to a computer’s screen.

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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

The System class includes a number of fields that are used for input and output. The static field with the
identifier out provides an output stream of the PrintStream type. The stream is automatically open and is
ready to accept output data.

The class PrintStream inherits from a subclass of OutputStream, as shown in the extract from the API.

java.io

Class PrintStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.OutputStream
java.io.FilterOutputStream
java.io.PrintStream

A PrintStream object adds functionality to its parent output stream, so that it can print primitive data to
the console. All characters printed by a PrintSteam object are converted into bytes using the platform's
default character encoding. One interesting and convenient feature of PrintStream objects is that they
never throw an IOException.

Standalone Java applications, such as those that use a dedicated main method for testing purposes, write a
line of output as follows:
System.out.println( data );

The print and println methods of the PrintStream class are overloaded for primitive data types.

If an object reference is passed to any of the variants of print or println, as in

System.out.println( objectReference );

the println method calls String.valueOf( objectReference ) to return the object’s String value before it
behaves as though it invokes println with a String passed to it. In effect, the statement behaves as if it
invokes the toString method on objectReference.

In general, invoking toString on an object reference returns what is known as the String representation of
the object. It is good practice to override this method for all developer-written classes so that the result is a
representation of the object that is informative when invoked.

1.3.2 Keyboard Input

The static field with the identifier in of the System class is an InputStream object that can be used for
keyboard input. Given that InputStream is an abstract class, an appropriate subclass is automatically
instantiated when accessing the in field of System. This stream is already open and ready to supply input
data. The InputStream class has a read method that reads a byte of data and returns an int in the range 0
to 255. The int is cast to convert it to a char.

The example that follows shows how a byte is entered via the computer’s keyboard and output to the
computer’s screen.

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Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

import java.io.*;

public class Keyboard {

public static void main( String[ ] args ) {

try
{
System.out.print( "Please press any key: " );
char key = ( char )System.in.read( );
System.out.print( "The key pressed was: " + key );
System.out.println( "The class is: " + System.in.toString( ) );
}
catch( IOException ioe )
{
// do something about the exception
}
} // end of main

} // end of class definition

Executing main results in the following output:

C:\ > java Keyboard

Please press any key: a
The key pressed was: a
The class is: java.io.BufferedInputStream@3e25a5

The output shows that selecting System.in.toString( ) returns the object reference of the object that is
automatically instantiated when referring to System.in and shows that the object is of the type
BufferedInputStream. The class BufferedInputStream is shown in the next extract from the API.

java.io

Class BufferedInputStream
java.lang.Object
java.io.InputStream
java.io.FilterInputStream
java.io.BufferedInputStream

We can conclude, therefore, that selecting System.in instantiates an object of the BufferedInputStream
type and closes the stream when it has been finished with.

The code for the Keyboard class (on the previous page) implies that invoking read should be included in a
loop to add each char to a String to, in effect, input a string of characters via the keyboard. However, the
code would have to detect when the last character has been entered in order to determine the end of
the loop.

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14
 Java: Graphical User Interfaces The Input/Output Package

In short, using System.in.read is not a particularly useful way to input data from the computer’s keyboard.
As an alternative, a number of streams can be chained together in order to read characters and strings and
numbers from the keyboard.

String Input via the Keyboard

The following class chains three streams in order to read characters from the keyboard. Firstly, System.in
is the byte stream that is used for keyboard input, as shown in the previous sub-section. Secondly,
System.in is connected to a stream of the InputStreamReader type to act a bridge between the byte stream
and a character stream. Thirdly, a buffer is required because keyboard input tends to be irregular.
Therefore, the InputStreamReader is connected to a buffer of the BufferedReader type. The readLine
method of BufferedReader reads, in the example below, a set of characters from the keyboard. When the
enter key is pressed, the method returns a String.

Chaining the three streams together is achieved by passing one stream object to the constructor of the next
stream in the chain, as shown in the class definition that follows and continues on the next page.

 
 

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 INDEX TO VOL. I.
OF THE

ANTI-JACOBIN REVIEW AND

MAGAZINE.

[This Index and the two preceding articles (by W.

Cobbett, pp. 311–319) are reprinted in order to show
that the same spirit which pervaded The Anti-Jacobin
was continued in its successor, The Anti-Jacobin
Review and Magazine, although the Editor and
Contributors were different.]

A.
Alfred—Letters of Ghost of, reviewed, No. 1, p. 62;
object of, 63;
opinion concerning Erskine;
ditto, concerning the acquittals, 1794;
Letters, Monthly Review of, reviewed, 68.
Algernon Sidney, an enthusiast in Republicanism,
451;
illegally condemned, 452.
Almanack of revolutions, 789;
illustrates the wild system of innovation, ib.;
account of Switzerland, 792.
America, 4;
infected by French principles;
Congress of, democratic members abuse our
sovereign, 14;
buildings described, 222.
American Annual Register, 829;
composed by Calender, a refugee Scotch
democrat;
assertions, false;
reasoning, trivial;
language and manner, coarse and vulgar, 830;
author tries to be witty on Burke, 833;
praises Jefferson, Tom Paine, and the French
Revolutionists, ib.
Analytical Review analysed, 3;
Review of Wakefield’s reply, reviewed, 75;
idea of the constituents of independence, 76;
consistently with itself ridicules prayer, 77;
Analytical Reviewers, not critics, but partisans, 83;
endeavour to influence juries, 84;
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give no account of the books they censure, 86;
Analytical Reviewer of Godwin’s Memoirs,
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99;
expects a time when Mrs. Wollstonecraft’s conduct
will be admired, ib.;
asserts the proceedings of the French Directory
and English Government to be the same, 182;
abuses due laws and government, ib.;
declamatory abuse of Mr. Gifford’s address, 185;
whom the Analytical think the friends of liberty,
186;
praises Charlotte Smith’s Delmont, 190;
attacks Murphy’s Arminius, 193;
Abuses Bowdler’s Reform of Ruin, 195;
Invective of, against Peter Porcupine, ib.;
tries wit, 197;
blasphemous comparison by, of Godwin, to the
Supreme Being, 335;
God of, not the God of Christians, ib.;
abuses Peter Porcupine, 342;
principles of, 344;
praises of Jones, the itinerant lecturer, 345;
Gerald, ib.;
enraged at an allusion to the French faction at
home, 448;
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censuring the English regicides, 449;
exclaims against the punishment of regicides, 450;
defends Ludlow, the murderer of his king, 451;
styles a conspirator the fairest character in English
history, 452;
defends the United Irishmen, 464;
abuses Mr. Budworth, for praising the answerer of
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Anarchists, ode to, 365.
Anecdotes of Republican judges, 15;
political, 212.
Annual Register, New, principles of, 150;
patronised by H. M. Williams, ib.;
conducted by a dignitary of the Church, hostile to
our established institution, 348;
anecdote of that conductor, 349;
praise of Oldfield’s Defence of Universal Suffrage,
456;
high praise of Erskine on the War, 697;
exposed, 698;
character of, ib.;
remarks on, 700.
Anti-Gallican Spirit commended, 107.
Anti-Jacobin newspaper praised, 55.
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plan of, 3;
proposes to counteract Jacobinical criticism, 5;
preface of, to reviewers reviewed, 55;
object, 56;
observations of, on the constitution, 60;
prophesies the destruction of the French fleet by
Nelson, 123;
opinion of, on obedience to constituted authorities,
61;
opinion of duelling, 153;
declaration of political principles, 166;
discusses Locke’s Opinions on Government, 167;
explains the duty of obedience, 169;
defines the constitution to be what is actually
constituted, 170;
opinion of, on pulpit politics, 304;
political creed of, 314;
illustrated and enforced, ib.;
states the reciprocal duties of sovereign and
subject, ib.;
principles of, 315;
exposes the Anti-Christian doctrines of the Monthly
Reviewers, 316;
canvasses the opinions of Dr. Geddes, 318;
character of La Fayette, 345;
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text book of its principles, 402;
recommends to the Bishops to suppress schism
among the established clergy, ib.;
admonishes Mr. Wansey, on his insolent and foolish
letter to the Bishop of Salisbury, 415;
admonishes fathers of families to discountenance
Jacobinical writings, 434;
proves the authenticity of Scriptures against
Socinians and Deists, 439;
abused by the Literary Census, 667;
reason of the abuse, its support of the
Constitution, ib.
Aristotle, Gillies’s translation of, reviewed, 253;
fate of his writings, 255;
life of, 257;
analysis of his speculative works, 258;
error of these works, ib.;
organon, 261;
misunderstood by the school-men, ib.;
his zoology, the most perfect of his works, 387;
sagacious discoveries and comprehensive
knowledge, ib.;
searches too much for efficient causes, 389;
ethics and politics, part of the same general
system, 390;
analysis of happiness, virtue, and habit, 391;
 application of principles, 392;
jurisprudence, 393;
social affection, 394;
importance of his work at present, 395;
inculcates the necessity of subordination, 396;
anticipates Adam Smith, 397;
demonstrates the absurdity of the levelling system,
ib.;
the folly of hasty innovations, ib. See Gillies.
His opinions on commerce, 513;
honoured agriculture more than trade, 516;
had he lived in Britain, might have thought
differently, ib.;
the SAGE thinks the functions of religion the first in
dignity, ib.;
doctrines on education little more than copied by
succeeding writers, 517;
tests of good government, 518;
refutes the absurd opinion that all men are fitted
to govern, 519;
sentiments on demagogues and faction, ib.;
illustrated in the Corresponding Societies and Whig
Club, 520;
admirable book on sedition and revolutions, ib.;
addresses the WILL, as well as the UNDERSTANDING, 523.
Associations, legal, praised, 137;
address to. See Gifford.
 Exhortation to, 210.

B.
Barras’ motion, concerning, and cause, 144.
Barristers, Irish, encroach on the office of the Judge,
by laying down the law, 540;
inaccurate, ib.
Bedford, Duke of, contributions to the State, 20.
Bisset, Dr., reply of, to a letter in the Monthly Review,
588;
charges the Priestleyan dissenters with a design to
subvert our establishment, 590;
quotes Priestley’s declaration to that effect, ib.;
reprobates the metaphysical politics of Priestley’s
First Principles of Government; and Price, on
Civil Liberty, ib.;
vindicates Burke, for opposing the repeal of the
Test Act, 591;
his anonymous antagonist, supposed to be
Anthony Robinson, linen draper, dissenting
preacher, and debating society orator, ib.
Blasphemy, punishment of, according to Burn. See
Geddes.
Boaden’s Cambro Britons, reviewed, 415;
 just description of invaders and invaded, 416;
ranting phraseology, ib.;
farcical strainings after humour, ib.;
admonished to discontinue writing as soon as a
relish for works of genius shall again prevail,
417.
Boffe, De, publications of, 845.
Bond, Oliver, testimony of, 300.
Book clubs, either through ignorance or design,
circulate hurtful writings, 475;
account of one at Maidstone, ib.;
proposed regulations for rendering them useful,
ib.;
praised by the Monthly Magazine, 476;
the praise of that performance renders them
suspicious, ib.
Bowles, the champion of the British Constitution,
reprobated by the Critical Review, 678.
Brissot, avowed design to abolish monarchy, 27;
conformity of French conduct to his declaration,
ib.;
memorable report of, 512.
British Critic praised, 343;
abused by the Literary Census, because hostile to
atheists and levellers, 667.
Brothers’s Letters to Miss Cott, a fellow lunatic, 568.
British public characters, reviewed, 634;
arrogant dedication to the King, 635;
strange assortment of characters, ib.;
imperfect and trifling execution, ib.;
bungling daub of Mr. Fox, 636;
sketch of Mr. Pitt less imperfect, but very
inadequate to the original, ib.
Buonaparte, entirely differs from the great Condé,
32;
expedition of, 123;
denies the existence of Christ, 372;
proclaims his veneration for Mahomet, ib.;
original letters from him and army, 647;
object of his expedition, ib.;
legislative talents of, 649;
campaign of, in Italy, 770.

C.
Cambridge Intelligencer abuses the most respectable
characters in Ireland, 130.
Camille Jordan, address from, reviewed, 180;
unjustly treated by the Analytical, 481.
See Gifford.
Catholics, Irish, Grattan’s intrigue with, 39;
 Catholic emancipation a mere pretext, 293.
Catiline liberality and moderation, cant terms of, 443.
Cato, of Utica, speech against conspirators who
invited the Gallic nation to invade their country,
441.
Census, Literary, reviewed, 666;
abuses works and characters friendly to the
constitution, 667;
reviles Messrs. Pitt, Burke, Dundas, and Lawrence,
ib.;
praises Paine, Sheridan, and Fox, ib.;
reprobates the Anti-Jacobin Reviewers for
defending order, morals, religion, and the British
constitution, ib.
Chatham, Earl, conduct, character, measures, and
success of, 576;
contrasted with those of Lord Holland, ib.
Christian ministers vindicated, 429;
religion vilified by impious and obscene
publications, 435;
the firmest basis of every virtue, ib.;
professors of, adjured to discourage Jacobinism,
ib.;
writings in vain plead to Jacobinical Reviewers,
437.
Clare, Chancellor, speech of, 461;
wise and able, 462.
Cléry’s Journal of Louis XVI., 42;
animated and interesting, 43;
Lamballe’s head carried about, 44.
Cobbett, efforts of, in America, 7.
See Peter Porcupine.
Committee, Secret. See Ireland and Irish.
Connor’s, O’, State of Ireland, examined, 463;
address, ditto, ib.;
copious extracts from, by the Analytical Reviewers,
464;
defends the United Irishmen, ib.;
testimony at Maidstone, 290.
Considerations on Public Affairs, reviewed, 25;
author of, anti-Gallican, not anti-Jacobin, 32;
ditto, 263;
erroneously considers our contest as with the
physical force of France only, 264;
proposes merely a defensive war, 265;
dangerous tendency of certain positions, 266;
affected imitation of Burke, 267;
inaccuracy of language, 268.
Conspiracy against Social Order, with the part taken
by the Jacobinical Reviews, 591.
Constitution, British, its principles illustrated, 468;
antiquity, nature, and excellence, ib.;
history and principle, epochs, 469;
Mr. Reeve’s assertion respecting, 470;
the Duke of Norfolk’s, ditto, ib.;
Reeve’s principle discussed and defended from
English history, 471;
ditto, from Lord Coke, 472.
Contributions, voluntary, praised, 135;
ridiculed by Unitarian dissenters, 136;
Quakers’, pretence of scruples of conscience
shown from their own conduct to be unfounded,
ib.;
proof of loyalty to the king, and attachment to the
country, 140.
Cornwallis, praises the proceedings of his
predecessors, 490;
speech of, 491;
praises the regulars and militia, ib.
Courier, abuses the friends of Government, 158;
conduct of, respecting France, considered, 203;
justifies the proceedings of France, extols her
resources, and abuses England, 204;
patronised by Lord Moira, 205;
account of the Report of the Secret Committee,
247;
 endeavours to revive the spirits of Jacobins, 486;
a disgrace to the English press, 376;
justifies every enormity of the French, ib.;
threatens to prosecute the Anti-Jacobin, ib.
Critical Review of Wakefield’s Reply, reviewed, 73;
praises Wakefield, 75;
supports Kingsbury’s address to Dr. Watson, 78;
inveighs against the Bishop, 79;
remarks of, resemble those of the French
regicides, 81;
great praise of Edmund Oliver, 179;
commends those parts of Monboddo’s Metaphysics
which ascribe preeminent evil to England, 667.

D.
David, a painter, gives the Deity the face of
Robespierre, 22.
Democracy, apostrophe to, 35.
Derwent Priory, a novel, frivolous and extravagant,
417.
Directory, French, account of, 8;
wish to suppress Cléry’s narrative, 51;
arrogance of, 122;
policy of, respecting foreign powers, 124;
 motives of, for proscribing the moderate members,
143;
arts of, 493;
tyranny of, 494;
tries to excite dissension in foreign states, ib. See
France and History.
Falsehood, injustice, and violence of, to
Switzerland, 505. See Underwald and French.
Dissenters, political conduct of, 626;
active members of the Corresponding Society, 631;
Hardy, the shoemaker, one of their number, ib.;
preacher of the tribe appeared to his character, ib.;
chief supporters of Thelwall’s lectures, ib.;
Paine, once a dissenting preacher, 632:
Godwin, a dissenting minister, ib.;
Gilbert Wakefield, ditto;
conductors of the Monthly, Analytical, and Critical,
ditto, ib.;
conductors of the Chronicle and Courier, ditto;
abstain from voluntary contributions, ib.;
fast increasing, 633;
the designs of their chief apostles discussed and
exposed by Dr. Bisset, 590.
Dissenters, Irish, declared, by Dr. Jackson to be
determined Republicans, and friends of the French
Revolution, 294.
Dublin, instructions to citizens of, by Grattan, 38.
Duigenan’s answer to Grattan, ib.

E.
Economists propagate principles inconsistent with the
well-being of society, 4.
Ego, Counsellor, soliloquy, 355.
Emigrant, a novel, appendix, 741;
moral, political, and religious tendency of, 742;
gross and licentious sentiments of, 743;
supposes the public law of Europe mouldering into
ruins, 744;
proposes the destruction of history to be replaced
by romance, 745;
a vehicle of revolutionary doctrines, 746.
Emmet’s evidence before the Secret Committee, 299.
Erskine, supposed author of the Secession from
Parliament, 19;
his egotism disgusting, 20;
his testimony at Maidstone, 28;
speech of, at the Whig Club, discussed, 526;
advances a position contrary to reason and truth,
ib.;
 copies the language and rant of Kingsbury, the
dissenting minister and razor-maker, ib.;
his allegations sanctioned by the authority of John
Ball, Wat Tyler, and John Cade, 527.

F.
Fantoccini, political, 364.
La Fayette, praised by the Analytical Review, 345.
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, transcribes the resolutions
of National Committee, 293;
innocence defended by the Morning Chronicle,
379.
Fox, secession of, discussed, 17;
duty as a member of Parliament, 18;
conduct of, 19;
proposed plan of ministry under, 20;
resentment of, for the dismissal of the Duke of
Norfolk, 90;
observation of, in the Whig Club, concerning
associations, 138;
testimony at Maidstone, 285;
promulgates his political creed at a tavern, 487;
adopts Gilbert Wakefield’s opinions, 488;
sentiments of, respecting Ireland, ib.;
thinks the punishments of traitors cruelty, ib.;
 defence of Lord Edward Fitzgerald, ib.;
insult to his constituents, 489;
libel on parliaments, ib.;
abuse of anticipated taxes, 490;
letter to, 530;
attachment of, to the accused, and convicted of
sedition and treason, 531;
reprobated, ib.;
conduct at Maidstone, considered, 532;
contrasted with Pitt. See Pitt.
France, regicides of, find advocates in our metropolis,
2;
principles and intrigues of, 4;
not physical force of, formidable, but moral, 25;
between monarchy and republic of, difference, of
contest, 30;
state of, Jacobinical, capital of, 33;
internal state of, 122.
Fraunces, an American Jacobin, 843;
lends his wife, ib.;
extorts money from a dupe on account of the loan,
ib.;
conduct of, illustrates Jacobin morality, 844.
French, a nation of plundering banditti, 124;
philosophers of, 445;
Republic, conduct of, to the Venetians, 460;
 to the United Provinces, ib.;
to the Germans, 461;
now the time to crush, 495.
See Directory and History, army, proceedings of, at
Berne, 508.
Friends of the People, recommend Oldfield’s Defence
of Universal Suffrage, 456.

G.
Geddes, Dr., chiefly known as an arraigner of the
Scriptures, 694.
Gerald, Joseph, praised by the Analytical, 346.
Geraldina, a novel, reviewed, 668;
ignorance, frivolity, and folly of, 669.
Gifford, John, preface to, see Jordan’s Address, 180;
a zealous and able champion of our laws, religion,
and morals, 181;
abused by the Jacobins, ib.;
address from, to the loyal associations, 183;
list of Directory for England, Scotland, and Ireland,
184;
salutary tendency, and ability of execution, 185;
Second Letter of, to Mr. Erskine, review of,
reviewed, 678;
 as a champion of the constitution, he, according to
the Critical Reviewers, deserves no quarter, ib.;
attacks the legal champion of opposition,
surrounded by his army of tropes and figures,
misrepresentations, egotism, and anachronism,
ib.;
exposes Mr. Erskine’s falsifications of dates, 679;
illustrates the wrong conclusions in which the
lawyer abounds, 680;
proves the proceedings of seditious societies and
demagogues to have been the causes of the
proclamation, 1792;
forcible extracts from, 681;
refers Mr. Erskine to the Report of the Irish
Committee, ib.
Godwin, edits the Posthumous Works of his wife, 91;
inculcates the promiscuous intercourse of the
sexes, ib.;
reprobates marriage, 93;
considers Mary Godwin as a model for female
imitation, 94;
certifies his wife’s constitution to have been
amorous, 96;
memoirs of her, ib.;
account of his wife’s adventures as a kept
mistress, 97;
 celebrates her happiness while the concubine of
Imlay, ib.;
informs the public that she was concubine to
himself before she was his wife, 98;
declares no person in his right senses will frequent
places of public worship, ib.;
morals examined, 331;
if his principle be granted, his deduction not
absurd, 332;
his principle refuted, 333;
praised by the Analytical, 335;
compared to the Supreme Being, ib.
Government can only perish by suicide, 9.
See Constitution, Directory.
Grattan, answer to, 37;
character and projects of, 38;
arguments for Catholic emancipation, 40;
evidence concerning, 298.

H.
Hamilton, on the United States, 841;
an able and staunch advocate for the American
government, ib.;
hostile to France, ib.;
persecutions by Jacobins, 842.
Harper, Goodloe, speech of, reviewed, 421;
divides revolutionists into philosophers, Jacobins,
and Sans-Culottes, 422;
account of the artifices of French agents, 423.
Hedgehog, Humphrey, abused by the Jacobinical
Reviewers, 343;
causes of their abuse, 344.
Henshall, strictures of, on the Duke of Leinster’s and
Mr. Sheridan’s motions, 300;
character of, 310;
treatise on the Saxon and English languages, 381;
proposes the most effectual means of explaining
Anglo-Saxon words, 382;
proves the Saxon language the spring of pure
English, 384;
marks the changes of the English language, ib.;
critique on the Diversions of Purley, 385;
general character of, 386;
strictures of, on the Gentleman’s Magazine and
Analytical Review, 579;
vindicates his Treatise on Saxon Literature, 580.
History of politics, foreign and domestic, 119;
general view of affairs in America and Europe, ib.;
congress at Rastadt, 120;
Mr. D’Arnim’s Answer to the King of Prussia, 121;
discipline and courage of British seamen, 123;
reflections, 125;
domestic affairs, 127;
origin and progress of the Irish rebellion, ib.;
religion, a mere pretence, 128;
real cause, Jacobin conspiracy, ib.;
objects of the rebellion, separation from Britain,
129;
friends of Government abused by the Jacobin
prints, 130;
an awful crisis, 240;
congress at Rastadt, ib.;
general confederacy recommended, 241;
consequences of the late King of Prussia’s conduct,
ib.;
Russia, ib.;
Naples, ib.;
despotic power of the Directory, 243;
France boasts of her virtue, ib.;
wretched state of French finance, 245;
indecision of the Emperor, 363;
spirit and vigour of Russia and Turkey, ib.;
inactivity of Prussia, ib.;
conduct of the French at Milan, 370;
anarchy of the Cisalpine Republic, ib.;
objects of the revolutions from French politics, and
French power, ib.;
 French, try to exclude British manufactures from
the Continent, 374;
in vain, ib.;
Nelson’s victory, 483;
immediate effects of, 484;
accession of ships to Britain, ib.;
Nelson’s victory prevents revival of rebellion in
Ireland, 485;
effects of Nelson’s victory, 605;
proceedings at Rastadt, ib.;
march of the Russian army, 607;
internal state of France, 608;
Erskine’s speech at the Whig Club, 609;
plan of finance, 610;
resolutions of merchants and bankers, ib.;
conduct of opposition, 611;
political state of Europe, 734;
French declare war against Naples and Sardinia,
737;
views of the French government, 738.
Hoche, General, differs from Turenne, 32;
life of, dedicated to the eternal Republic, by
Rousselin, 754;
birth and parentage of, 755;
his father a dog-keeper, himself a groom, ib.;
learns philosophy from Rousseau and French
novels, ib.;
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