UNIT – V

LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Definition: Let F (t) be a function defined for all positive
∞ −𝑠 𝑡
values of t, then 0
𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠).

Provided the integral exist, is called Laplace Transform of

F (t). It is denoted by L {F (t)}.

∞
∴ 𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

Here ‘s’ is a parameter which may be real or complex.

Laplace Transform of some elementary functions:

𝟏
1. 𝑳𝟏 = , 𝒔 > 0.
𝒔

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 1
∴𝐿 1 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 1 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = − (0 − 1)
0 0 −𝑠 0
𝑠

𝟏
∴𝑳 𝟏 = , 𝒔 > 0.
𝒔

1
 𝒏!
2. 𝑳 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒔 > 0.

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

n=1
t 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
∞
∴𝐿 𝑡 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 +

−𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 ∞ 𝒆−𝒔𝒕

𝑒 𝑒 1 −𝒔
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 = −𝑡 − 2
𝑠 𝑠 0 -
1 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 = −0 − 0 + 0 + 2 0 𝒔𝟐
𝑠
𝟏
∴ 𝑳 𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 , s >0
t2 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
n=2
+
∞
∴ 𝐿 𝑡2 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
2t −𝒔
−𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 −𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝑒 𝑒 𝑒
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 = −𝑡 2 −2𝑡 − 2 -
𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3 0
𝒆−𝒔𝒕
2 𝒔𝟐
2
∴ 𝐿 𝑡2 = 3
𝑠 +

𝟐 𝟐! 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
𝟐 0
∴𝑳 𝒕 = = , s >0 −𝒔𝟑
𝒔𝟑 𝒔𝟑

2
n=3

3 ∞ −𝑠 𝑡 3 t3 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
∴𝐿 𝑡 = 0
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
+
−𝑠𝑡 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑒
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 3 = −𝑡 3 − 3 𝑡2 2 − 6 𝑡 − 6 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠4 0 3t 2
−𝒔

3
6 -
∴𝐿 𝑡 = 4
𝑠
𝒆−𝒔𝒕
6t
𝟔 𝟑! 𝒔𝟐
𝟑
∴𝑳 𝒕 = = , s >0
𝒔𝟒 𝒔𝟒 +
Similarly n = 4 𝒆−𝒔𝒕
6 −𝒔𝟑
𝟐𝟒 𝟒!
∴ 𝑳 𝒕𝟒 = = , s >0 -
𝒔𝟓 𝒔𝟓
𝒆−𝒔𝒕
𝒏! 0 𝒔𝟒
∴ 𝑳 𝒕𝒏 = 𝒏+𝟏 , s >0
𝒔
𝟏
3. 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔−𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂.

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎)𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
0 0 −(𝑠 − 𝑎) 0

𝒂𝒕
𝟏
∴𝑳 𝒆 = ,𝒔 > 𝑎
𝒔−𝒂

3
 𝟏
4. 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔+𝒂

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎)𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠+𝑎) 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
0 0 −(𝑠 + 𝑎) 0

𝟏
∴ 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 =
𝒔+𝒂
𝒂
5. 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞
−𝑠 𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (−𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
0 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 0

1
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 0 − (0 − 𝑎 1)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝒂
∴ 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐

4
 𝒔
6. 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = (−𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)
0 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 0

1
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 0 − 2 (−𝑠 − 0)
𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝒔
∴ 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐
𝒔 + 𝒂𝟐
OR

We know that 𝑒 𝑖 𝑥 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑥 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑥

⇒ 𝑒 𝑖 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 and 𝑒 −𝑖 𝑎 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

1
We know that 𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠−𝑎
1 𝑠+𝑖𝑎 𝑠+𝑖𝑎 𝑠 𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑒𝑖 𝑎 𝑡 = = 2 = + 𝑖
𝑠 − 𝑖 𝑎 𝑠 + 𝑖 𝑎 𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝑠 𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑖 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = + 𝑖
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝑠 𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡} + 𝑖 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = + 𝑖
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2

Equating real and imaginary parts on both sides, we get

𝒔 𝒂
∴ 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = ∴ 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 =
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
5
 𝒂
7. 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔𝟐 > 𝒂𝟐

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2

∞ ∞
1 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑡
1
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0 2 0

1 1 1 1 𝑠+𝑎−𝑠+𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 = − =
2 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2

1 2𝑎 𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 = =
2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2

𝒂
∴ 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 =
𝒔𝟐 − 𝒂𝟐
𝒔
8. 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 , 𝒔𝟐 > 𝒂𝟐

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡
0 0 2

∞ ∞
1 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑡
1
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
2 0 2 0
6
 1 1 1 1 𝑠+𝑎+𝑠−𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 = + =
2 𝑠−𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2

1 2𝑠 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 = =
2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2 𝑠 2 − 𝑎2
𝒔
∴ 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝟐 𝟐
, 𝒔𝟐 > 𝒂𝟐
𝒔 −𝒂

Properties of Laplace Transform:

1. Linear property:

Statement: If C1 and C2 are constants and F and G are

functions of t ,then

𝐿 𝐶1 𝐹 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 } + 𝐶2 𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐶1 𝑓 𝑠 + 𝐶2 𝑔 𝑠

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞ −𝒔 𝒕 ∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔) and 𝑳{𝑮 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑮 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒈(𝒔)

∞
𝐿{𝐶1 𝐹 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝐺 𝑡 }= 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 {𝐶1 𝐹 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝐺 𝑡 }𝑑𝑡
0

∞ ∞
−𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐶1 𝐹 𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝐶1 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝐶2 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐺 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

𝑳 𝑪𝟏 𝑭 𝒕 + 𝑪𝟐 𝑮 𝒕 = 𝑪𝟏 𝒇 𝒔 + 𝑪𝟐 𝒈 𝒔

7
2. First Shifting Theorem:

Statement: If L {F (t)} = f(s), then L {eat F (t)} = f(s –a)

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞ ∞
𝑎𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑎𝑡
𝐿 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 −(𝑠−𝑎) 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0

∞
𝐿 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 = 0
𝑒 −𝑢 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑢) , where u = s – a

L eat F t = f(s − a)

Similarly, L e−at F t = f(s + a)

3. Change of scale property:

1 𝑠
Statement: If L {F (t)} = f(s), then L {F (a t)} =𝑎 f(𝑎 )

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
𝟎

∞
𝐿 𝐹 𝑎𝑡 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑢 𝑢
Put at = u ⇒ a dt = du ⇒ dt = and 𝑡 = 𝑎
𝑎

8
 𝑠
∞ −𝑠 𝑡 ∞ − 𝑢 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑎𝑡 = 0
𝑒 𝐹 𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 0
𝑒 𝑎 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑎

𝟏 ∞ −𝒔𝒖 𝟏 𝒔
𝑳 𝑭 𝒂𝒕 = 𝒆 𝒂 𝑭 𝒖 𝒅𝒖 = 𝒇( )
𝒂 𝟎 𝒂 𝒂

𝒏!
(i) 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝒏+𝟏
𝒏!
(ii) 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝒏+𝟏
𝒃
(iii) 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
𝒃
(iv) 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
𝒔−𝒂
(v) 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐

−𝒂𝒕 𝒔+𝒂
(vi) 𝑳𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
𝒃
(vii) 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐

−𝒂𝒕 𝒃
(viii) 𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
𝒔−𝒂
(ix) 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
𝒔+𝒂
(x) 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒕 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐

9
Examples:

1. Find the Laplace Transform of 𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡}

𝑠
We know that 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +4

𝑠+1
𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡} = (𝑠+1)2 +4 (By first shifting theorem)

2. Find 𝑳{𝒆−𝟑𝒕 (𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕 + 𝟑𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟒𝒕)}

Solution:

𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 = 𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡

𝒔 𝟒
We know that 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗 and 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔

Applying first shifting theorem

𝑠+3 4
𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 = + (𝑠+3)2 +16
(𝑠+3)2 +9

𝑠+3 4
𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 3𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 = + (𝑠+3)2 +16
(𝑠+3)2 +9

10
3. Find 𝑳(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡} = 2 𝐿{cos 3𝑡 − 2𝑡 − cos 3𝑡 + 2𝑡 }

𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
(𝑨 + 𝑩)

1 1 𝒔 𝒔
= 2 𝐿{cos t − cos 5𝑡} = 2 − 𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓
𝒔𝟐 +𝟏

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
∴ 𝑳(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕} = −
𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓

4. Find 𝑳(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 5𝑡 + 3𝑡 + sin⁡
(5t − 3t)

𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)

1
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 8𝑡 + sin2t}

𝟏 𝟖 𝟐
𝑳(𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕} = +
𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟔𝟒 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒

11
5. Find 𝑳(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 4𝑡 + 3𝑡 − sin⁡
(4t − 3t)

𝟏
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐁 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)

1
𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 7𝑡 − sint}

𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
𝑳(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕} = −
𝟐 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗 𝒔𝟐 + 𝟏

6. Find 𝑳(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡} = 2 𝐿{cos 4𝑡 + 𝑡 + cos 4𝑡 − 𝑡 }

𝟏
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)
1 1 𝒔 𝒔
𝐿(𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡} = 2 𝐿{cos 5t + cos 3𝑡} = 2 + 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗
𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓

𝟏 𝒔 𝒔
∴ 𝑳(𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕} = +
𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗

12
7. Find 𝑳{𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 𝟐𝒕}

Solution:
1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 4𝑡 1+𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡 = 𝐿 ∵ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 𝑡 =
2 2

1
= 2 𝐿 1 + 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡

1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2 2𝑡 = 2 + 𝑠 2 +16
𝑠

8. Find 𝑳{𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕}

Solution:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝐿 ∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 =
2 2

1
= 2 𝐿 1 − 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 2 − 𝑠 2 +4
𝑠

1 1 𝑠−2
𝐿 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 2 − (𝑠−2)2 +4 (By first shifting theorem)
𝑠−2

13
9. Find 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑 𝟐𝒕}

Solution:
Give that 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡
3 1
∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 ⇒ 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 𝑡 = 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 4 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡

3
3 1
∵ 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡
4 4
3 1
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡 = 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡} − 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛6𝑡}
4 4
3 2 1 6 3 1 1
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3 2𝑡 = − = −
4 𝑠 2 +4 4 𝑠 2 +36 2 𝑠 2 +4 𝑠 2 +36

10. Find 𝑳(𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 5𝑡 + 3𝑡 + sin⁡
(5t − 3t)

𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐁 + 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)

1
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 8𝑡 + sin2t}

1 8 2
𝐿(𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{𝑠 2 +64 + }
𝑠 2 +4

1
𝐿(𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{𝑒 2𝑡 sin 8𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 sin2t}

𝟏 𝟖 𝟐
𝑳(𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟓𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕} = − (By F.S.T)
𝟐 (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟔𝟒 (𝒔−𝟐)𝟐 +𝟒

14
11. Find 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 + 𝟐𝒕 + 𝟒}

Solution:

𝐿(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4} = 𝐿{𝑡 2 } + 2𝐿{𝑡} + 4𝐿{1}

2 1 4
𝐿(𝑡 2 + 2𝑡 + 4} = 𝑠 3 + 𝑠 2 + 𝑠

12. Find 𝑳{𝒕𝟑 + 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 + 𝒆𝟑𝒕 − 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕}

Solution:

𝐿{𝑡 3 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡} =

𝐿{𝑡 3 } + 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑒 3𝑡 } − 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡} + 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡} − 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡}

6 𝑠 1 3 2 𝑠
= 𝑠 4 + 𝑠 2 +16 + 𝑠−3 − 𝑠 2 +9 + 𝑠 2 −4 − 𝑠 2 −1

t 2 , 0  t  2

13. Find the Laplace Transform of F (t )  t  1 ,2  t  3
7 , t  3


Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠

2 3 ∞
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 2 3

2 −𝑠 𝑡 3 −𝑠 𝑡 ∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 + 2
𝑒 (𝑡 − 1)𝑑𝑡 + 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 7 𝑑𝑡 ------(1)

2
2
𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
2 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑡
−𝑠 𝑡 2
−2𝑡 2 −2 3
0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 0
15
 2 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒−2𝑠 𝑒−2𝑠 𝑒−2𝑠 2
𝑒 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = −4 − 4 2 − 2 3 + -----(2)
0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠3

3
3
𝑒−𝑠𝑡 𝑒−𝑠𝑡
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡 = −(𝑡 − 1) − 2
2 𝑠 𝑠 2

3 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒−3𝑠 𝑒−3𝑠 𝑒−2𝑠 𝑒−2𝑠

2
𝑒 𝑡 − 1 𝑑𝑡 = −2 𝑠
− 𝑠2
+ 𝑠
+ 𝑠2
----- (3)

∞ 7
3
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 7𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿 7 = 7𝐿 1 = -------(4)
𝑠

Equation (1) = (2) + (3) + (4)

sin t ,0  t  
14. Find the Laplace Transform of F (t )  
0 , t  

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠

𝜋 ∞
−𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 𝜋
𝜋 ∞
−𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
0 𝜋

𝜋 −𝑠 𝑡 𝜋
𝑒
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 (−𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
0 𝑠 +1 0

𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 −𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜋 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 − 2 −𝑠 sin⁡
(0) − 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 )
𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 1 − 2 −1
𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1
1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 + 1
𝑠 +1
16
Gamma Function:
∞
Definition: The definite integral 0
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑛−1 𝑑𝑥 𝑛 ≥ 1 is
called Gamma function and is denoted by Г (n).
∞
Г 𝐧 = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒙 𝒙𝒏−𝟏 𝒅𝒙
∞ −𝑥 ∞
Г 1 = 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑥 = − 𝑒 −𝑥 0 =− 0−1 =1
∞ ∞
Г 2 = 0
𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 𝑒 −𝑥 − 𝑒 −𝑥 0 = 0+1 =1
∞
∞
Г 3 = 𝑒 −𝑥 𝑥 2 𝑑𝑥 = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 0
0
∞
Г 3 = −𝑥 2 𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑥𝑒 −𝑥 − 2𝑒 −𝑥 0 = (0 − 0 − 0 + 2 = 2
Г 3 = 2! Г 4 = 3! Г 5 = 4! Г n = (𝑛 − 1)!
Г 𝐧 + 𝟏 = 𝒏!
Г 𝐧 + 𝟏 = 𝒏 𝒏 − 𝟏 ! = 𝒏Г 𝐧
1
Г = 𝜋
2
1 1 1
Г −2 + 1 = −2Г −2
1 1 1 1 1
Г = −2Г −2 ⇒ 𝜋 =− 2 Г − 2
2
1 1
⇒ −2 𝜋 =Г − 2 ⇒Г − 2 = −2 𝜋
3 1 1 1 1
Г =Г +1 = 2Г =2 𝜋
2 2 2
5 3 3 3 3 1
Г =Г +1 = 2Г =2 𝜋
2 2 2 2
7 5 5 5 5 3 1
Г 2
=Г 2
+1 = 2Г 2
=2 2 2
𝜋

17
 𝟏
15. Find 𝑳{ }
𝝅𝒕

Solution:
1
1
1 1 1 1 − 1 Г −2 +1
𝐿 = 𝐿 = 𝐿 𝑡 2 = 1
𝜋𝑡 𝜋 𝑡 𝜋 𝜋 − +1
𝑠 2

𝑛! Г n+1
We know that 𝐿 𝑡 𝑛 = 𝑠 𝑛 +1 = 𝑠 𝑛 +1

1
1 1 Г 2 = 1 𝜋= 1 = 1
𝐿 =
𝜋𝑡 𝜋 𝑠 12 𝜋 𝑠 12 1
𝑠2 𝑠

𝟏 𝟑
16. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕 − }
𝒕

Solution:
1 3 3 3 1 1
− −
𝐿{ 𝑡 − } =L { 𝑡 } – 𝐿{𝑡 2 2 } − 3𝐿 𝑡 2 + 3𝐿{𝑡 2 }
𝑡

3 3 1 1
1 3 Г +1 Г − +1 Г +1 Г − +1
2 2 2 2
𝐿{ 𝑡 − } = 3 – 3 −3 1 +3 1
𝑡 +1 − +1 +1 − +1
𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠2 𝑠 2

5 1 3 1
Г Г − Г Г
2 2 2 2
= 5 – 1 −3 3 +3 1
−
𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠2 𝑠2

3 1 1
𝜋 −2 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
= 2 2
5 – 1 −3 2
3 +3 1
−2
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2

3 𝜋 𝜋 3 𝜋 𝜋
= 5 +2 1 −2 3 +3 1
4 −
𝑠2 𝑠 2 𝑠2 𝑠2

18
17. Find 𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 }

Solution: 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 }

We know that

𝑡 𝑡3 𝑡5 𝑡7
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = − + − −−−−
1! 3! 5! 7!

𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 𝑡5/2 𝑡7/2

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 = − + − −−−−
1! 3! 5! 7!
𝑡1/2 𝑡3/2 𝑡5/2 𝑡7/2
𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 } = 𝐿 −𝐿 +𝐿 −𝐿 −−−−
1! 3! 5! 7!

Г 3/2 1 Г 5/2 1 Г 7/2 1 Г 9/2

= – + − ------
𝑠 3/2 3! 𝑠 5/2 5! 𝑠 7/2 7! 𝑠 9/2

1 𝜋 31 1 𝜋 53 1 1 𝜋 753 1 1 𝜋
= – − − ------
2 𝑠 3/2 2 2 3! 𝑠 5/2 2 2 2 5! 𝑠 7/2 2 2 2 2 7! 𝑠 9/2

1 𝜋 31 𝜋 53 1 𝜋 753 1 𝜋
= 1– 2 3! − 2 2 5! − 2 2 2 7! −−−
2 𝑠 3/2 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠3

1 𝜋 1 1 1 1
= 1– 4 𝑠 − (4 𝑠)2 2! − (4 𝑠)3 3! + (4 𝑠)4 4! − − −
2 𝑠 3/2

𝟏 𝝅
𝑳{𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝒕 }= 𝒆−𝟏/𝟒𝒔
𝟐 𝒔𝟑/𝟐

19
18. Find 𝑳{𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕}
Solution:
1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1 1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝐿 2
= 2 {𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2 𝑠
− 𝑠2+4
1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = −
2 𝑠 𝑠2 +4
1 1 𝑠+3
𝐿 𝑒−3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = − 2 (By F.S.T)
2 𝑠+3 (𝑠+3) +4

19. Find 𝑳{𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡} = 2 𝐿{sin 4𝑡 + 3𝑡 − sin⁡
(4t − 3t) }
𝟏
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐬𝐢𝐧 𝐀 + 𝐁 − 𝐬𝐢𝐧⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)
1
𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡} = 𝐿{sin 7𝑡 − sint}
2
𝟏 𝟕 𝟏
𝑳{𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕} = −
𝟐 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟒𝟗 (𝒔 + 𝟏)𝟐 + 𝟏
20. Find 𝒊 𝑳{𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟒𝒕 } 𝒊𝒊 𝑳{𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 }
Solution:
𝑠
𝒊 𝐿{𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕4𝑡 } = 2
𝑠 − 16
2𝑡
𝑠−2
𝐿{𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕4𝑡 } =
(𝑠 − 2)2 − 16
2
𝑖𝑖 𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 } =
𝑠2 − 4
2
𝐿{𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 } =
(𝑠 + 3)2 − 4
20
Second Shifting Theorem:

F (t  a) , t  a
Statement: If L {F(t)} = f(s) and G (t )  
0 , t  a

then L { G(t)} = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔
𝟎

∞ 𝑎 ∞
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑒 𝐺 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑒 𝐺 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐺 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0 0 𝑎

𝑎 ∞
−𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑒 (0)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑎

∞
𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑡

𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑡 − 𝑎 = 𝑢 ⇒ 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑑𝑢 and 𝑡 = 𝑢 + 𝑎

𝑡 = 𝑎 ⇒ 𝑢 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑡 = ∞ ⇒ 𝑢 = ∞
∞
𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠(𝑢+𝑎) 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

∞
𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑳{𝑮 𝒕 } = 𝒆−𝒔𝒂 𝒇(𝒔)

21
Examples:

1. Find the Laplace Transform of G(t) , where

  
cos(t  ) , t 
 3 3
G (t )  
0 
,t 

 3

𝜋
Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡, 𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3

𝑠
∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠2 + 1

Applying second shifting theorem

𝑠𝜋
−𝑠𝑎 − 𝑠
𝐿 𝐺 𝑡 =𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 =𝑒 3
𝑠 2 +1

2. Find the Laplace Transform of G(t) , where

  
sin(t  6 ) , t  6
G (t )  
0 , t  
 6

𝜋
Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡, 𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 6

1
∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠2 + 1

Applying second shifting theorem

𝑠𝜋
−𝑠𝑎 − 1
𝐿 𝐺 𝑡 =𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 =𝑒 6
𝑠 2 +1
22
3. Find the Laplace Transform of G(t) , where
(t  3)3 , t  3
G(t )  
0 , t  3

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 3 , 𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 3

6
∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑡3 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠4

Applying second shifting theorem

6
𝐿 𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠𝑎 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑒 − 3𝑠
𝑠4

4. Find the Laplace Transform of G(t) , where

(t  2)5 , t  2
G (t )  
0 , t  2

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 5 , 𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 2

5!
∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑡5 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠6

Applying second shifting theorem

−𝑠𝑎 − 2𝑠 120
𝐿 𝐺 𝑡 =𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑒
𝑠6

23
5. Find the Laplace Transform of G(t) , where
e3(t  4) , t  4
G(t )  
0 , t  4

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 3𝑡 , 𝑕𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝑎 = 4

1
∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 3𝑡 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠−3

Applying second shifting theorem

−𝑠𝑎 − 4𝑠
1
𝐿 𝐺 𝑡 =𝑒 𝑓 𝑠 =𝑒
𝑠−3

Laplace Transform of Derivative:

Statement: If F (t) is continuous and of exponential order,

and F1(t) is sectionally continuous then Laplace Transform of

F1(t) is given by

𝐿 𝐹1 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹(0), when 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

𝐿 𝐹𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑛 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹1 0 − − − −

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

∞
n=1 𝐿{𝐹1 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹1 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

24
 ∞ ∞
𝐿 𝐹1 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 0
− 0
−𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

∞
𝐿 𝐹1 𝑡 = 0 − 𝐹(0) + 𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝐿 𝐹1 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹(0)-------- (1)

We have 𝐿 𝐺 1 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑔 𝑠 − 𝐺(0)

𝐿 𝐺1 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝐿 {𝐺 𝑡 } − 𝐺(0)

Let 𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐹1 𝑡

𝐿 𝐹11 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝐿 {𝐹1 𝑡 } − 𝐹1 0

𝐿 𝐹11 𝑡 = 𝑠 [𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹 0 ] − 𝐹1 0

𝐿 𝐹11 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝐹 0 − 𝐹1 0 -------(2)

We have 𝐿 𝐻11 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 𝑕(𝑠) − 𝑠 𝐻 0 − 𝐻1 0

𝐿 𝐻11 𝑡 = 𝑠2 𝐿 𝐻 𝑡 − 𝑠 𝐻 0 − 𝐻1 0

Let 𝐻 𝑡 = 𝐹1 𝑡

𝐿 𝐹111 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 𝐿 {𝐹1 𝑡 } − 𝑠 𝐻 0 − 𝐻1 0

𝐿 𝐹111 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 [𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹 0 ] − 𝑠 𝐹1 0 − 𝐹11 0

𝐿 𝐹111 𝑡 = 𝑠 3 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝐹 0 − 𝑠 𝐹1 0 − 𝐹11 0

Similarly we can prove

𝐿 𝐹𝑛 𝑡 = 𝑠 𝑛 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹1 0 − − − −

25
 𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝒕
For example 𝑳{ }
𝒕

Solution: Let F (t) = 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 and F (0) = 0

1 𝜋
𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡 }= 𝑒 −1/4𝑠 = 𝑓(𝑠)
2 𝑠 3/2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡
𝐹1 𝑡 = 𝑡

𝐿 𝐹1 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹(0)

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 1 𝜋 −1/4𝑠
𝐿 = 𝑒
𝑡 2 𝑠 3/2

𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 1 𝜋 −1/4𝑠
𝐿 = 𝑒
𝑡 2 𝑠 3/2

Laplace Transform of Integral:

𝑡 1
Statement: If 𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑓(𝑠), then 𝐿{ 0 𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢} = 𝑠 𝑓(𝑠).

𝑡
Proof: Let 𝐺 𝑡 = 0
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then

𝑑 𝑡
𝐺1 𝑡 = 0
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹(𝑡)
𝑑𝑡

𝐺 1 𝑡 = 𝐹(𝑡) and 𝐺 0 = 0

∴ 𝐿{𝐺 1 𝑡 } = 𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 }

26
 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑠𝑔 𝑠 − 𝐺(0)

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑔 𝑠 − 𝐺(0)

∴𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑔 𝑠 − 0
1
∴ 𝑠𝑔 𝑠 = 𝑓 𝑠 ⇒ 𝑔 𝑠 = 𝑠𝑓 𝑠

1
⇒ 𝐿{𝐺 𝑡 } = 𝑓 𝑠
𝑠

𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿{ 0
𝑓 𝑢 𝑑𝑢} = 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠

Examples:
𝒕
1. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒆−𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 𝒅𝒕}

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑠
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2
𝑠 +1
𝑠+1
𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝑠+1)2 +1 = 𝑓(𝑠) (By F.S.T)

𝑡
1 1 𝑠+1
𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑠 =
0 𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)2 + 1

27
 𝒕
2. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒆𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝒅𝒕}

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡

3
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 =
𝑠2 + 9
3
𝐿 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = (𝑠−2)2 +9 = 𝑓(𝑠) ( by F.S.T)

𝑡
2𝑡
1 1 3
𝐿 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑠 =
0 𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 − 2)2 + 9

𝒕
3. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕}

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝑡

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝑡
𝑠
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 −4
𝑡
1 1 𝑠 1
𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑠 = =
0 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 − 4

28
 𝒕
4. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟑 𝒅𝒕}

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 3

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 3

3! 6
𝐿 𝑡3 = =
𝑠4 𝑠4
6
𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 3 = (𝑠+2)4 = 𝑓(𝑠) ( by F.S.T)

𝑡
−2𝑡 3
1 1 6
𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑠 =
0 𝑠 𝑠 (𝑠 + 2)4

Multiplication by t:

Statement: If 𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑓(𝑠), then

𝑑
𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑓(𝑠)

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

∞
𝑓(𝑠) = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑑 ∞ 𝑑
[𝑓 𝑠 ] = 0 𝑑𝑠
(𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 ) 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑓 ∞
𝑑𝑠
= 0
(−𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 ) 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

29
 𝑑𝑓 ∞
=− 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 [𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 ]𝑑𝑡
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑓
= −𝐿{𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 }
𝑑𝑠

𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

2 𝑑2𝑓
Similarly 𝐿 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑑𝑠 2

𝑛
𝑛 𝑛𝑑 𝑓
𝐿 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 = −1 𝑑𝑠 𝑛

Examples:

1. Find 𝑳{𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

𝑎
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑎
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

(𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 ) 0 −𝑎 2 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )2

−2𝑎 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )2

2𝑎 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )2

30
2. Find 𝑳{𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

𝑠
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 + 𝑎2
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

(𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 ) 1 −𝑠 2 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )2

𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 − 2𝑠 2
=−
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝑎2 − 𝑠 2
=−
(𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 )2

𝑠2 −𝑎2
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2
(𝑠2 +𝑎2 )

3. Find 𝑳{𝒕 𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡

3
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠2 + 9
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠
𝑑 3
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +9

31
 (𝑠 2 +9) 0 −3 (2 𝑠)
=− (𝑠 2 +9)2

−6 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +9)2

6𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +9)2

6 (𝑠+2)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = ((𝑠+2)2 +9)2 (By F.S.T)

6 (𝑠+2)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +4+4𝑠+9)2

6 (𝑠+2)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+13)2

4. Find 𝑳{𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡

𝑠
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 +4
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +4

(𝑠 2 +4) 1 −𝑠 2 𝑠
=−
(𝑠 2 +4)2

𝑠 2 +4−2𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 +4)2

4−𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 +4)2

32
 𝑠 2 −4
= (𝑠 2 +4)2

3𝑡 (𝑠−3)2 −4
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2 (By F.S.T)
((𝑠−3)2 +4)

3𝑡 (𝑠−3)2 −4
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2
(𝑠2 +9−6𝑠+4)

3𝑡 (𝑠−3)2 −4
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2
(𝑠2 −6𝑠+13)

5. Find 𝑳{𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡

𝑠
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 −1
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 −1

(𝑠 2 −1) 1 −𝑠 2 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 −1)2

𝑠 2 −1−2𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 −1)2

−1−𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 −1)2

𝑠 2 +1
= (𝑠 2 −1)2

33
 4𝑡 (𝑠−4)2 +1
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = 2 (By F.S.T)
((𝑠−4)2 −1)

4𝑡 (𝑠−4)2 +1
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = 2
(𝑠2 +16−8𝑠−1)

4𝑡 (𝑠−4)2 +1
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = 2
(𝑠2 −8𝑠+15)

6. Find 𝑳{𝒕 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝟐𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡

2
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 −4
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 2
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 −4

(𝑠 2 −4) 0 −2 (2 𝑠)
=− (𝑠 2 −4)2

−4 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 −4)2

4𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 −4)2

4 (𝑠+1)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = ((𝑠+1)2 −4)2 (By F.S.T)

4 (𝑠+1)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +1+2𝑠−4)2

4 (𝑠+1)
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +2𝑠−3)2

34
7. Find 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −3𝑡

−3𝑡
1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 =𝐿 𝑒 = = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠+3
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 1
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑠 𝑠+3

−1
=− (𝑠+3)2

1
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 = (𝑠+3)2

𝑑 1
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠+3)2

−2
=− (𝑠+3)3

2
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑒 −3𝑡 = (𝑠+3)3

8. Find 𝑳{𝒆−𝟐𝒕 𝒕𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

𝑠
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 +1
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

35
 𝑑 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +1

(𝑠 2 +1) 1 −𝑠 2 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +1)2

𝑠 2 +1−2𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 +1)2

1−𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 +4)2

𝑠 2 −1
= (𝑠 2 +1)2

𝑠 2 −1
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +1)2

𝑑 𝑠 2 −1
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 +1)2

(𝑠 2 +1)2 2𝑠 −(𝑠 2 −1)2 (𝑠 2 +1) (2𝑠)

=− (𝑠 2 +1)4

(𝑠 2 +1) 2𝑠 −(𝑠 2 −1)2 (2𝑠)

=− (𝑠 2 +1)3

2𝑠 3 +2𝑠−4𝑠 3 +4𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +1)3

−2𝑠 3 +6𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +1)3

2 2𝑠 3 −6𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +1)3

−2𝑡 2 2(𝑠+2)3 −6(𝑠+2)

∴𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 3 (By F.S.T)
((𝑠+2)2 +1)
36
 −2𝑡 2 2(𝑠+2)3 −6(𝑠+2)
∴𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 3
(𝑠2 +4𝑠+4+1)

−2𝑡 2 2(𝑠+2)3 −6(𝑠+2)

∴𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 3
(𝑠2 +4𝑠+5)

9. Find 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒆𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

2
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 +4
𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

𝑑 2
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +4

(𝑠 2 +4) 0 −2 (2 𝑠)
=− (𝑠 2 +4)2

−4 𝑠
=− (𝑠 2 +4)2

4𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +4)2

𝑑 4𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = −
𝑑𝑠 (𝑠 2 +4)2

(𝑠 2 +4)2 4 − 4𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +4)(2𝑠)
=− (𝑠 2 +4)4

(𝑠 2 +4)4− 4𝑠 2 (2𝑠)
=− (𝑠 2 +4)3

37
 4𝑠 2 +16−16𝑠 2
=− (𝑠 2 +4)3

12𝑠 2 −16
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +4)3

3𝑡 2 12(𝑠−3)2 −16
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = (By F.S.T)
((𝑠−3)2 +4)3

3𝑡 2 12(𝑠−3)2 −16
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +9−6𝑠+4)3

3𝑡 2 12(𝑠−3)2 −16
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 = (𝑠 2 −6𝑠+13)3

10. Find 𝑳{𝒕 𝒆𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝟑𝒕 }

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡
1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠6𝑡 1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡 = 𝐿 = − 2 = 𝑓(𝑠)
2 2 𝑠 𝑠 + 36

𝑑𝑓
∴𝐿 𝑡𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑑𝑠

1 𝑑 1 𝑠
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡 = − 2 𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 2 +36
𝑠

1 1 (𝑠 2 +36)1−𝑠 (2𝑠)
= − 2 − 𝑠2 − [ ]
(𝑠 2 +36)2

1 1 36−𝑠 2 )
=2 + [(𝑠 2 +36)2 ]
𝑠2

1 (𝑠 4 +72𝑠 2 +1296+36𝑠 2 −𝑠 4
=2 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +36)2

1 108𝑠 2 +1296
=2 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +36)2

38
 108 𝑠 2 +12
= 2 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +36)2

𝑠 2 +12
∴ 𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 3𝑡 = 54 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +36)2

4𝑡 2 (𝑠−4)2 +12
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = 54 (By F.S.T)
(𝑠−4)2 ((𝑠−4)2 +36)2

4𝑡 2 𝑠−4 2 +12
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = 54 𝑠−4 2 (𝑠 2 +16−8𝑠+36)2

4𝑡 2 (𝑠−4)2 +12
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 = 54 (𝑠−4)2 (𝑠 2 −8𝑠+52)2

Division by t:

Statement: If 𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 𝑓(𝑠), then

𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 , provided the integral exist
𝑡

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)
∞
𝑓(𝑠) = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Integrating both sides with respect to s from s to ∞

∞ ∞ ∞
𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑠

Interchanging the order of integration in the repeated

integrals s and t are independent variables.

39
 ∞ ∞ ∞
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑠 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 0 𝑠

∞
∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 0
𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
−𝑡 𝑠

∞ 𝑒 −𝑠𝑡
= 0
𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑡

∞ 𝐹 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡
= 0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝐿{ }
𝑡 𝑡

𝐹 𝑡 ∞
∴𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

Examples:
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
1. Find the Laplace transform of
𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

1
Let 𝐹 𝑡 = sint ⇒𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 =𝐿 sint = = f(s)
s 2 +1
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∞ 1
𝐿 = 𝑠 s2 +1
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) ∞
𝑠
𝑡

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) ∞
𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)
𝜋
= 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠)
𝑡

40
 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 − 𝒆−𝒃𝒕
2. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕
}
Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform
∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡

−𝑎𝑡 −𝑏𝑡 1 1
⇒𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 =𝐿 𝑒 − 𝑒 = −
s+a s+b
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 ∞ 1 1
𝐿 𝑡
= 𝑠 s+a
− s+b
𝑑𝑠

∞
= 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 + 𝑎 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡
(𝑠 + 𝑏) 𝑠

𝑠+𝑎 ∞
= log 𝑠+𝑏 𝑠

𝑎 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
= log 𝑠
𝑏
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

𝑎 ∞
(1+ )
= log 𝑠
𝑏
(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

1 𝑠+𝑎
= log − log
1 𝑠+𝑏

𝑠+𝑎 𝑠+𝑏
= 0 − log = log
𝑠+𝑏 𝑠+𝑎

𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑏𝑡 𝑠+𝑏

∴𝐿 = log
𝑡 𝑠+𝑎

41
 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟑𝒕
3. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕
}
Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform
∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)
Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
s s
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 = −
s 2 +4 s 2 +9
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 ∞ s s
𝐿 = − s 2 +9 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 s 2 +4
1 ∞ 2s 2s
=2 𝑠 s2 +4
− s2 +9
𝑑𝑠
1
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡
(𝑠 2 + 9) ∞
𝑠
∞
1 s 2 +4
= 2 log s 2 +9 𝑠
4 ∞
1 s 2 (1+ 2 )
s
= 2 log 2 9
s (1+ 2 )
s 𝑠
4 ∞
1 (1+ 2 )
s
= 2 log 9
(1+ 2 )
s 𝑠
1 1 s 2 +4
= 2 log − log
1 s 2 +9
1 s 2 +4 1 s 2 +9
= 2 0 − log = 2 log
s 2 +9 s 2 +4
𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡 1 s 2 +9
∴𝐿 = 2 log
𝑡 s 2 +4

42
 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
4. Find L { 𝒕
}
Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform
∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = 12 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

1 4 2
=2
s2 +16
+ s2 +4
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1 ∞ 4 2
𝐿 𝑡
=2 𝑠 s2 +16
+ s2 +4
𝑑𝑠

1 𝑠 𝑠 ∞
−1 −1
= 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛
4 2 𝑠

1 𝜋 𝜋 −1 𝑠 𝑠
=2 + − (𝑡𝑎𝑛 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
2 2 4 2

1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 𝜋 − (𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 )
4 2

𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕
5. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕
}
Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform
∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
1 s
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = −
s s 2 +4
43
 𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 ∞ 1 s
𝐿 𝑡
= 𝑠 s
− s2 +4
𝑑𝑠

1 ∞ 2 2s
=2 𝑠 s
− s2 +4
𝑑𝑠

1
(𝑠 2 + 4)
= 2 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡ ∞
𝑠

1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡
(𝑠 2 + 4) ∞
𝑠
2
∞
1 s2
= 2 log s 2 +4 𝑠
∞
1 s2
= 2 log 4
s 2 (1+ 2 )
s 𝑠

∞
1 1
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 4
(1+ 2 )
𝑠 𝑠

1 1 𝑠2
= 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
1 𝑠 2 +4

1 𝑠2 𝑠 2 +4
= 2 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑠 2 +4 𝑠2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 s 2 +4
∴𝐿 = log
𝑡 s2

44
 𝟏−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
6. Find 𝑳{ }
𝒕𝟐

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
1 s
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −
s s 2 +1
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞ 1 s
𝐿 𝑡
= 𝑠 s
− s2 +1
𝑑𝑠

1 ∞ 2 2s
=2 𝑠 s
− s2 +1
𝑑𝑠

1
(𝑠 2 + 1)
= 2 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡ ∞
𝑠

1
𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔⁡
(𝑠 2 + 1) ∞
𝑠
2
∞
1 s2
= 2 log s 2 +1 𝑠
∞
1 s2
= 2 log 1
s 2 (1+ 2 )
s 𝑠
∞
1 1
= 2 log 1
(1+ 2 )
s 𝑠

1 1 s2
= 2 log − log
1 s 2 +1
45
 1 s2 s 2 +1
= 0 − log = log
2 s 2 +1 s2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1 s 2 +1
∴𝐿 = 2 log
𝑡 s2

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1
∴𝐿 = 2 log s 2 + 1 − log s2
𝑡

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1
∴𝐿 = 2 log s2 + 1 − 2 log s
𝑡

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞1
∴𝐿 = log s 2 + 1 − 2 log s 𝑑𝑠
𝑡2 𝑠 2

∞1
= 𝑠 2
log s 2 + 1 − 2 log s 1 𝑑𝑠
∞
𝑠 2 1 ∞ 2s 2
= log s + 1 − 2 log s − − 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 2 𝑠 s2 +1 𝑠
∞ ∞
𝑠 s 1
= log s2 + 1 − log s2 − − 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
2 𝑠 𝑠 s2 + 1 𝑠
∞
∞
𝑠 s2 + 1 s2 − s2 − 1
= log − 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
2 s2 𝑠 s (s2 + 1)
𝑠

∞
𝑠 s2 + 1 1
= − log + 𝑑𝑠
2 s2 𝑠 s2 + 1

𝑠 s2 ∞
= log 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) 𝑠
2 s +1

𝑠 s2
= log 2 + 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)
2 s +1

1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑠 s2 𝜋
∴𝐿 = log 2 + − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)
𝑡2 2 s +1 2
46
 𝒕 𝟏−𝒆−𝒕
7. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒕
𝒅𝒕}

Solution: Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡

𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡

1 1
𝐿 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 = − = 𝑓(𝑠)
𝑠 𝑠+1
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

1−𝑒 −𝑡 ∞ 1 1
𝐿 = 𝑠
− 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 𝑠+1

∞
= log s − log⁡
(s + 1) 𝑠

s ∞
= log s+1 𝑠
∞
s
= log 1
s(1+ )
s 𝑠
∞
1
= log 1
(1+ )
s 𝑠

1 s s+1
= log − log = log
1 s+1 s

1−𝑒 −𝑡 1 s s+1
𝐿 = log − log = log
𝑡 1 s+1 s

𝑡
1−𝑒 −𝑡 1 s+1
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = log
0 𝑡 𝑠 s

47
 𝒕 𝒆𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
8. Find 𝑳{ 𝟎 𝒕
𝒅𝒕}

Solution:
1
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 =
s2 + 1

𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ∞ 1
𝐿 = 𝑠 s2 +1
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) ∞
𝑠
𝑡

= 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) ∞
𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠)
𝜋
= 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠)
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴ 𝐿 𝑒𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠 − 1)
𝑡

𝑡
𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 1
𝐿 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠 − 1)
0 𝑡 𝑠

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒕
9. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕 }
Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform
∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑡
1
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑡 =
s 2 −1
48
 𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑕𝑡 ∞ 1
𝐿 = 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 s2 −1
1 s−1 ∞
= 2 log s+1 𝑠

1 s(1−1\s) ∞
= 2 log s(1+1\s) 𝑠

1 s−1
= 2 log 1 − log s+1

1 s−1
= 2 0 − log s+1

1 s+1
= 2 log s−1

𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕
10. Find 𝑳{ 𝒕
}

Solution:
2
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 =
s2 + 4

𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 ∞ 2 ∞
−1 𝑠
𝐿 = 𝑠 s2 +4
𝑑𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2)
𝑡 𝑠
∞
−1 𝑠 𝑠
= 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (2) = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (2)
𝑠

𝜋 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2)
2

49
 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠
∴𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (2)
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡 𝑠+3
∴ 𝐿 𝑒 −3𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 ( )
𝑡 2

−3𝑡
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 −1
𝑠+3
𝐿 𝑒 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 ( )
𝑡 2

Evaluation of Integrals by Laplace Transforms:

Sometimes, evaluation of improper integrals. i.e., Integrals

having lower limit 0 and upper limit ∞ can be done easily by
Laplace Transforms.

Examples:
∞ −𝟑𝒕 𝟑
1. Evaluate 𝟎
𝒆 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)
∞
3 −𝑠 𝑡 3
3! 6
𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 4 = 4
0 𝑠 𝑠
6 ∞
𝐿 𝑡 3 = 𝑠4 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 3 𝑑𝑡--------- (1)
∞ −3𝑡 3
The given integral is 0
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Put s= 3 in (1), we get

∞
−3 𝑡 3
6 6
∴ 𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 4 =
0 3 81
50
 ∞ −𝟐𝒕 𝟐
2. Evaluate 𝟎
𝒆 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

∞
2
2
𝐿 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 =
0 𝑠3

2 ∞
𝐿 𝑡 2 = 𝑠3 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡--------- (1)

∞ −2𝑡 2
The given integral is 0
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Put s= 2 in (1), we get

∞
2 2 1
∴ 𝑒 −2 𝑡 𝑡 2 𝑑𝑡 = = =
0 23 8 4
∞ −𝟒𝒕
3. Evaluate 𝟎
𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟑𝒕𝒅𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

∞
−𝑠 𝑡
3
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 = 2
0 𝑠 +9

3 ∞ −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +9 = 0
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡--------- (1)

∞
The given integral is 0
𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡

51
Put s= 4 in (1), we get
∞
3 3 3
∴ 𝑒 −4𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡𝑑𝑡 = = =
0 𝑠 2 + 9 16 + 9 25
∞
4. Evaluate 𝟎
𝒕 𝒆−𝟑𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

∞
2𝑠
𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 =
0 (𝑠 2 + 1)2

2𝑠 ∞ −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 = (𝑠 2 +1)2 = 0
𝑒 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 --------- (1)

∞
The given integral is 0
𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Put s= 3 in (1), we get

∞
2𝑠 6 3
∴ 𝑡 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = =
0 (𝑠 2 + 1)2 100 50
∞ 𝟐
5. Evaluate 𝟎
𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

4 (3𝑠 2 −4) ∞ −𝑠 𝑡 𝟐
𝐿 𝒕𝟐 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 = (𝑠 2 +4)3
= 0
𝑒 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝑑𝑡 -------(1)

52
 ∞ 𝟐
The given integral is 𝟎
𝒕 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Put s= 4 in (1), we get

∞
2 −4𝑡
4 (3𝑠 2 − 4) 4 (48 − 4) 11
∴ 𝑡 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = = =
0 (𝑠 2 + 4)3 (16 + 4)3 500

∞ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
6. Evaluate 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝜋 ∞ −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = 𝑒 𝑑𝑡 ------- (1)
𝑡 2 0 𝑡

∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
The given integral is 𝑑𝑡
0 𝑡

Put s= 0 in (1), we get

∞
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝜋 𝜋 𝜋
∴ 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 = −𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 0 =
0 𝑡 2 2 2

∞ 𝒆−𝒕 − 𝒆−𝟐𝒕
7. Evaluate 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡

1 1
⇒𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 =𝐿 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡 = −
s+1 s+2
53
 𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡 ∞ 1 1
𝐿 𝑡
= 𝑠 s+1
− s+2
𝑑𝑠

∞
= log 𝑠 + 1 − log⁡
(𝑠 + 2) 𝑠

𝑠+1 ∞
= log 𝑠+2 𝑠

1 ∞
𝑠(1+ )
= log 𝑠
2
𝑠(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

1 ∞
(1+ )
= log 𝑠
2
(1+ )
𝑠 𝑠

1 𝑠+1
= log − log
1 𝑠+2

𝑠+1 𝑠+2
= 0 − log = log
𝑠+2 𝑠+1

𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡 𝑠+2

∴𝐿 = log
𝑡 𝑠+1

∞ −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡 𝑠+2

0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = log (put s=0)
𝑡 𝑠+1

∞ 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒−2𝑡 0+2

0
𝑑𝑡 = log = 𝑙𝑜𝑔2
𝑡 0+1

54
 ∞ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟓𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒕
8. Evaluate 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡

s s
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 = −
s 2 +25 s 2 +1
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 ∞ s s
𝐿 = − s 2 +1 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 s 2 +25

1 ∞ 2s 2s
=2 𝑠 s2 +25
− s2 +1
𝑑𝑠

1
= 2 log s 2 + 25 − log⁡
(s 2 + 1) ∞
𝑠

∞
1 s 2 +25
= 2 log s 2 +1 𝑠

25 ∞
1 s 2 (1+ 2 )
s
= 2 log 1
s 2 (1+ 2 )
s 𝑠

25 ∞
1 (1+ 2 )
s
= 2 log 1
(1+ 2 )
s 𝑠

1 1 s 2 +25
= 2 log − log
1 s 2 +1

1 s 2 +25 1 s 2 +1
= 2 0 − log = 2 log
s 2 +1 s 2 +25

55
 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1 s 2 +1
∴𝐿 = 2 log
𝑡 s 2 +25

𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 s 2 +1
∴𝐿 = log
𝑡 s 2 +25

∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 s 2 +1
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = log (put s=0)
0 𝑡 s 2 +25

∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 0+1 1

0
𝑑𝑡 = log = log
𝑡 0+25 25

∞ 𝑐𝑜𝑠 5𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 1
0
𝑑𝑡 = log
𝑡 5

∞ −𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 𝒕
9. Evaluate 𝒆 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝑳{𝑭 𝒕 } = 𝟎
𝒆−𝒔 𝒕 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕 = 𝒇(𝒔)

1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1 1 1 𝑠
𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝑡 = 𝐿 = 2 𝐿 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 = 2 − 𝑠 2 +4
2 𝑠

𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡 1 ∞ 1 s
𝐿
𝑡
= 𝐿
2 𝑡
=
2 𝑠 s
− s2 +4
𝑑𝑠

1 ∞ 2 2s
=4 𝑠 s
− s2 +4
𝑑𝑠

1
(s2 + 4)
= 4 2 log s − log⁡ ∞
𝑠

1
log s2 − log⁡
(s 2 + 4) ∞
𝑠
4
56
 ∞
1 s2
= 4 log s 2 +4 𝑠
∞
1 s2
= 4 log 4
s 2 (1+ 2 )
s 𝑠
∞
1 1
= 4 log 4
(1+ 2 )
s 𝑠

1 1 s2
= 4 log − log
1 s 2 +4

1 s2 1 s 2 +4
= 0 − log = log
4 s 2 +4 4 s2

𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1 s 2 +4
𝐿 = 4 log
𝑡 s2

∞ −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1 s 2 +4
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 4 log (Put s=1)
0 𝑡 s2

∞ −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2 𝑡 1 1+4 1
0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = 4 log = 4 log 5
𝑡 1

∞ 𝟐𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕−𝟑𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒕
10. Evaluate 𝒆−𝟒𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝟎 𝒕

Solution: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)

Let 𝐹 𝑡 = 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡

2 3
⇒ 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 = −
s 2 +1 s 2 −1
𝐹 𝑡 ∞
𝐿 = 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑡

57
 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑡 ∞ 2 3
𝐿 = − s 2 −1 𝑑𝑠
𝑡 𝑠 s 2 +1

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑡 ∞ 2 ∞ 3
𝐿 = 𝑠 s 2 +1
𝑑𝑠 − 𝑠 s 2 −1
𝑑𝑠
𝑡

3 𝑠−1 ∞
−1 ∞
= 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠) 𝑠 − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+1 𝑠
1 ∞
3 𝑠(1− )
= 2 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 ∞ − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 (𝑠) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑆
1
𝑠(1+ )
𝑆 𝑠

1 ∞
𝜋 3 (1− )
−1 𝑆
=2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 1
2 (1+ )
𝑆 𝑠

𝜋 −1 3 1 𝑠−1
=2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛 (𝑠) − 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔
2 1 𝑠+1

3 𝑠−1
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠) − 2 0 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠+1

2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑡 3 𝑠−1

𝐿 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠+1

∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑡 3 𝑠−1

0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 𝑠+1

(Put s=4)
∞ 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 −3𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑕𝑡 3 3
0
𝑒 −4 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 4 + 2 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝑡 5

58
Laplace Transform of Some Special Functions:

Unit Step function or Heaviside’s Unit function:

This function is denoted by u(t –a ) or H(t –a) is defined as

0 , t  a
follows u(t  a)  H (t  a)  1 , t  a where a >0.


Laplace transform of Unit Step function

By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = 𝑓(𝑠)
∞
𝐿{𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞
= 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑑𝑡
𝑎 ∞
= 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡 + 𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (1)𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑎
= = −𝑠 0 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑎 =
−𝑠 𝑎 𝑠

Examples:

1. Evaluate 𝑳{𝒕𝟐 𝒖 𝒕 − 𝟐 }

Solution: The unit step function u (t –a) is defined by

0 , t  2
u (t  2)  
1 , t  2
∞
∴ 𝐿{𝑢 𝑡 − 2 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
2 −𝑠 𝑡 ∞
= 0
𝑒 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡 + 2
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
59
 2 −𝑠 𝑡 ∞
= 0
𝑒 (0)𝑑𝑡 + 2
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (1)𝑑𝑡
∞
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 1 −2𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠
= = −𝑠 0 − 𝑒 =
−𝑠 2 𝑠

𝑒 −2𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝑢 𝑡 − 2 } = 𝑠

2 𝑑2 𝑒 −2𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 } = 𝑑𝑠 2 (Multiplication by t)
𝑠

𝑑 𝑒 −2𝑠 1 −𝑠(−2𝑒 −2𝑠 ) 𝑑 𝑒 −2𝑠 + 2 𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 )

= 𝑑𝑠 = 𝑑𝑠
𝑠2 𝑠2

𝑒 −2𝑠 + 2 𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 )2𝑠−𝑠 2 (−2𝑒 −2𝑠 +2 𝑒 −2𝑠 −4𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠

= 𝑠4

1+ 2𝑠)−𝑠(−2𝑠)
= 2 𝑠𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑠4

−2𝑠 1+ 2𝑠+2𝑠 2
= 2 𝑠𝑒
𝑠4

2 −2𝑠 1+ 2𝑠+2𝑠 2
𝐿{𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 } = 2 𝑒 𝑠3

2. Find 𝑳{𝒆𝒕−𝟑 𝒖 𝒕 − 𝟑 }

Solution: The unit step function u (t –3) is defined by

0 , t  3
u (t  3)  
1 , t  3
∞
∴ 𝐿{𝑢 𝑡 − 3 } = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 𝑑𝑡
3 −𝑠 𝑡 ∞
= 0
𝑒 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 𝑑𝑡 + 3
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑢 𝑡 − 2 𝑑𝑡
3 −𝑠 𝑡 ∞
= 0
𝑒 (0)𝑑𝑡 + 3
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (1)𝑑𝑡

60
 ∞
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 1 −3𝑠 𝑒 −3𝑠
= = −𝑠 0 − 𝑒 =
−𝑠 3 𝑠

𝑒 −3𝑠
∴ 𝐿{𝑢 𝑡 − 3 } = 𝑠

−3 𝑡 −3 𝑒 −3(𝑠−1)
∴ 𝐿{𝑒 𝑒 𝑢 𝑡 − 3 }} = 𝑒 (By F.S.T)
𝑠−1

Laplace Transform of Periodic Functions:

Definition of Periodic Function: A function F (t) is said to

be periodic function, if and only if F (t + T) =F (t) for some
value of T and for every of t. The smallest value of T for which
the equation is true for every value of t is called periodic
function. (or)

A function F (t) is said to be periodic function of period T,

if F (t)= F (t +T)= F (t+2T)=--------= F (t + n T).

For example,

F (t) = sin t and cost are periodic functions with period 2π.

F (t) = tan t and cot t are periodic functions with period π.

61
Theorem: If F (t) is a periodic function with period T, then
1 𝑇 −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿{𝐹 𝑡 } = 1−𝑒 −𝑠𝑇 0
𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

Proof: By definition of Laplace Transform

∞
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇 2𝑇 3𝑇
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + − − −
0 𝑇 2𝑇

Put t =u +T in the second integral

⇒dt = du , t = T ⇒ u = 0 , t = 2T ⇒ u = T

Put t =u +2 T in the third integral

⇒dt = du , t = 2T ⇒ u = 0 , t = 3T ⇒ u = T

Put t =u +3 T in the fourth integral and so on. Then

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 (𝑢 +𝑇)
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 𝐹 𝑢 + 𝑇 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑠 (𝑢+2𝑇) 𝐹 𝑢 + 2𝑇 𝑑𝑢 + − − −
0 0 0

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + − − −
0 0 0

(∵ F (u) is a periodic function with period T, then

F (u)= F (u +T)= F (u+2T)=--------= F (u + n T).)

𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑒 −2𝑠𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠𝑢 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 + − − −
0 0 0

𝑇 𝑇
−𝑠 𝑡 −𝑠 𝑇 −2𝑠𝑇 −3𝑠𝑇
= 𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝑒 +𝑒 +𝑒 + −−−− 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑢 𝐹 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0 0

𝑇
−𝑠 𝑇 −2𝑠𝑇 −3𝑠𝑇
= 1+𝑒 +𝑒 +𝑒 + −−−− 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0
62
 𝑇
−𝑠𝑇 −1
= 1−𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
0

𝟏 𝑻 −𝒔 𝒕
𝑳𝑭 𝒕 = 𝟏−𝒆−𝒔𝑻 𝟎
𝒆 𝑭 𝒕 𝒅𝒕

Examples:
sin t , 0  t  
1. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F (t )  
0 ,   t  2
Where F (t) is a periodic function with period 2π.

Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period 2π,

1 2𝜋
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 𝜋 2𝜋
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡

1 𝜋
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (−𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑠 2 +1 0

1 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (0 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑠 2 +1 cos⁡
(0)
𝑠 2 +1

1 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1 1 −𝑠𝜋 1
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 2 + 2 = −2𝜋𝑠 2 1 + 𝑒
𝑠 +1 𝑠 +1 1−𝑒 𝑠 +1

1 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝜋

= 𝑠 2 +1 = 𝑠 2 +1
1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (1+𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )

1 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +1 1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠

63
  
sin at , 0  t 
 a
2. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F(t)= F (t )  
0 ,   t  2

 a a
𝟐𝝅
Where F (t) is a periodic function with period .
𝒂

𝟐𝝅
Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period ,
𝒂
1 2𝜋 /𝑎
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2𝜋 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
− 𝑠 0
1−𝑒 𝑎

1 𝜋/𝑎 2𝜋/𝑎
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋/𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑎 𝑠
1−𝑒

1 𝜋/𝑎 2𝜋/𝑎
= 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋/𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
− 𝑎 𝑠
1−𝑒

1 𝜋/𝑎
= 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋/𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= 2𝜋 (−𝑠 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡)
− 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 0
1−𝑒 𝑎
𝜋
− 𝑠
1 𝑒 𝑎 𝑎
= 2𝜋 (0 − 𝑎 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 cos⁡
(0)
− 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋
− 𝑠 𝜋
1 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎 𝑎 1 𝑎 − 𝑠
= 2𝜋 + = 2𝜋 1+𝑒 𝑎
− 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1−𝑒 𝑎 1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋 𝜋
− 𝑠 − 𝑠
𝑎 1+𝑒 𝑎 𝑎 1+𝑒 𝑎
= 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 2𝜋 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠
𝜋
− 𝑠
𝜋
− 𝑎 𝑠
1−𝑒 1−𝑒 𝑎 (1+𝑒 𝑎 )

𝑎 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠
𝜋
1−𝑒 𝑎

64
 cos t , 0  t  
3. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F (t )  
0 ,   t  2
Where F (t) is a periodic function with period 2π.

Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period 2π,

1 2𝜋
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

1 𝜋 2𝜋
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 𝜋 2𝜋
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡

1 𝜋
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝜋
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 (−𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)
𝑠 2 +1 0

1 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 −𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 0 − 𝑠 2 +1 (sin⁡0 − scos0)
𝑠 2 +1

1 𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 𝑠 1 𝑠
= 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 + 𝑠 2 +1 = 1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 𝑠 2 +1 1 + 𝑒 −𝑠𝜋
𝑠 2 +1

𝑠 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝜋 1 1+𝑒 −𝑠𝜋

= 𝑠 2 +1 = 𝑠 2 +1
1−𝑒 −2𝜋𝑠 1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 (1+𝑒 −𝜋𝑠 )

𝑠 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 =
𝑠 2 +1 1−𝑒 −𝜋𝑠

65
  
cos at , 0  t 
 a
4. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F(t)= F (t )  
0 ,   t  2

 a a

𝟐𝝅
Where F (t) is a periodic function with period .
𝒂

𝟐𝝅
Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period ,
𝒂
1 2𝜋 /𝑎
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎

1 𝜋/𝑎 2𝜋/𝑎
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋/𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎

1 𝜋/𝑎 2𝜋 /𝑎
= 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡 + 𝜋/𝑎
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 (0)𝑑𝑡
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎

1 𝜋/𝑎
= 2𝜋 0
𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋/𝑎
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= 2𝜋 (−𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡)
− 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 0
1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋
− 𝑠
1 𝑒 𝑎 𝑠
= 2𝜋 (−𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜋 + 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 cos0)
− 𝑎 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1−𝑒

𝜋
− 𝑠 𝜋
1 𝑒 𝑎 𝑠 1 𝑠 − 𝑠
= 2𝜋 + = 2𝜋 1+𝑒 𝑎
− 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
1−𝑒 𝑎 1−𝑒 𝑎

𝜋 𝜋
−𝑎 𝑠 −𝑎 𝑠
𝑠 1+𝑒 𝑠 1+𝑒
= 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 2𝜋 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠
𝜋
− 𝑠
𝜋
− 𝑠
1−𝑒 𝑎 1−𝑒 𝑎 (1+𝑒 𝑎 )

𝑠 1
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 − 𝑠
𝜋
1−𝑒 𝑎

66
 1, 0  t  1
5. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F (t )  
 1 , 1  t  2

Where F (t) is a periodic function with period 𝟐

Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period 𝟐,

1 2 −𝑠 𝑡
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 0
𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

1 1 −𝑠 𝑡 2 −𝑠 𝑡
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 0
𝑒 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡 + 1
𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 1 −𝑠 𝑡 2 −𝑠 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 0
𝑒 (1)𝑑𝑡 + 1
𝑒 (−1)𝑑𝑡

1 1 −𝑠 𝑡 2 −𝑠 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 − 1
𝑒 𝑑𝑡

1 2
1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 − − −
𝑠 0 𝑠 1

1 𝑒 −𝑠 1 𝑒 −2𝑠 𝑒 −𝑠
= 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 − +𝑠 − − +
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠

1 2 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 1
= 1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 − + +𝑠
𝑠 𝑠

1 1
=𝑠 𝑒 −2𝑠 − 2 𝑒 −𝑠 + 1
1−𝑒 − 2𝑠

1 1
=𝑠 1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 2
1−𝑒 − 2𝑠

1 1− 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1 1− 𝑒 −𝑠 2 1 (1− 𝑒 −𝑠 )
=𝑠 = =
1−𝑒 − 2𝑠 𝑠 1−𝑒 − 𝑠 (1+𝑒 − 𝑠 ) 𝑠 (1+𝑒 − 𝑠 )

1 𝑒 𝑠/2 (1− 𝑒 −𝑠 ) 1 (𝑒 𝑠/2 −𝑒 −𝑠/2 ) 1 𝑒 𝑠/2 −𝑒 −𝑠/2

= = =
𝑠 𝑒 𝑠/2 (1+𝑒 − 𝑠 ) 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠/2 +𝑒 −𝑠/2 𝑠 𝑒 𝑠/2 +𝑒 −𝑠/2

1 s
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠 tanh 2

67
 𝑲
6. Find 𝑳 𝑭 𝒕 , if F(t)= 𝑻 𝒕 , 0 < t < T

Where F (t) is a periodic function with period 𝑻

Solution: Since F (t) is a periodic function with period 𝑻,

1 𝑇 −𝑠 𝑡
then, 𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 0
𝑒 𝐹 𝑡 𝑑𝑡.

1 𝑇 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐾
𝐿 𝐹 𝑡 = 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 0
𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇

1 𝑇 −𝑠 𝑡 𝐾
= 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 0
𝑒 𝑡𝑑𝑡
𝑇

𝐾 1 𝑇 −𝑠 𝑡
= 𝑇 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 0
𝑒 𝑡 𝑑𝑡

𝑇
𝐾 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑡
= −𝑡 −
𝑇 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 𝑠 𝑠2 0

𝐾 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 1
= −𝑇 − +
𝑇 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠2

𝐾 1 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 1
= −𝑇 + 𝑠 2 (1 − 𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 )
𝑇 1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 𝑠

𝑒 −𝑠 𝑇 𝐾 1
= −𝐾 𝑠 (1−𝑒 − 𝑠𝑇 ) + 𝑇 𝑠 2

68
 INVERSE LAPLACE TRANSFORMS
Definition: Let f (s) is Laplace Transform of a function F (t),
then F (t) is called Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s).

i.e., 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) . Here 𝐿−1 is called Inverse

Laplace Transform operator.

Some standard Laplace and Inverse Laplace Transforms:

𝟏 𝟏
1. 𝑳 𝟏 = 𝒔 , s >0 1. 𝑳−𝟏 =1
𝒔

𝒏 𝒏! −𝟏 𝟏 𝒕𝒏
2. 𝑳 𝒕 = 𝒔𝒏+𝟏 , 𝒔 > 0 2. 𝑳 = 𝒏!
𝒔𝒏+𝟏
𝟏 𝟏
3. 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔−𝒂 , 𝒔 > 𝒂. 3. 𝑳−𝟏 = 𝒆𝒂𝒕
𝒔−𝒂
𝟏 𝟏
4. 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔+𝒂 , 4. 𝑳−𝟏 = 𝒆−𝒂𝒕
𝒔+𝒂
𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
5. 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 5. 𝑳−𝟏 =
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒔 𝒔
6. 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 6. 𝑳−𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
𝒂 𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕
7. 𝑳 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 7. 𝑳−𝟏 =
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝒂
𝒔 𝒔
8. 𝑳 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕 = 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 8. 𝑳−𝟏 = 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
𝒏! 𝟏 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏
9. 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏 = (𝒔−𝒂)𝒏+𝟏 9. 𝑳−𝟏 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!

−𝒂𝒕 𝒏 𝒏! −𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒕𝒏
10. 𝑳 𝒆 𝒕 = (𝒔+𝒂)𝒏+𝟏 10. 𝑳 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝒏+𝟏 𝒏!

𝒂𝒕 𝒃 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
11. 𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 11. 𝑳 (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
= 𝒃

69
 −𝒂𝒕 𝒃 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕
12. 𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 12. 𝑳 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒃
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒂
13. 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 13. 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
= 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
𝒔+𝒂 𝒔+𝒂
14. 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐+𝒃𝟐 14. 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 +𝒃𝟐
= 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕

𝒂𝒕 𝒃 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕
15. 𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 15. 𝑳 =
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝒃

−𝒂𝒕 𝒃 −𝟏 𝟏 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕

16. 𝑳 𝒆 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒃𝒕 = 16. 𝑳 =
(𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 𝒃
𝒔−𝒂 𝒔−𝒂
17. 𝑳 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐 17. 𝑳−𝟏
(𝒔−𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
= 𝒆𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒕

𝒔+𝒂 𝒔+𝒂
18. 𝑳 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐−𝒃𝟐 18. 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 −𝒃𝟐
= 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒉𝒃𝒕

𝟐𝒂𝒔 𝒔 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕
19. 𝑳 𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕 = 19. 𝑳−𝟏 𝟐 =
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐𝒂

𝒔−𝒂𝟐 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐
20. 𝑳 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕 = 20. 𝑳−𝟏 𝟐 = 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐

𝟏 𝟏 𝟏 𝟏
21. 𝑳 = 21. 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔
=
𝝅𝒕
𝝅𝒕 𝒔
𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕
22. 𝑳 = 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔) 22. 𝑳−𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔) = 𝒕
𝒕
𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒆−𝒃𝒕 𝒔+𝒃 𝒔+𝒃 𝒆−𝒂𝒕 −𝒆−𝒃𝒕
23. 𝑳 𝒕
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔+𝒂
23. 𝑳 −𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔+𝒂
=
𝒕
𝟏/𝟐 𝟏/𝟐
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕 𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕−𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒃𝒕
24. 𝑳 𝒕
= 𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
24. 𝑳 −𝟏
𝒍𝒐𝒈
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐
=
𝒕

𝟏 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒂𝒕−𝒂𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝒂𝒕
25 𝑳−𝟏 𝟐 =
𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟑

𝟏 𝒂𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕−𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒉𝒂𝒕
26 𝑳−𝟏 𝟐 =
𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐 𝒂𝟑

70
Linear Property:

If 𝑓1 𝑠 and 𝑓2 𝑠 are Laplace transforms 𝐹1 𝑡 and 𝐹2 𝑡

respectively then,

𝐿−1 𝑐1 𝑓1 𝑠 + 𝑐2 𝑓2 𝑠 =𝑐1 𝐿−1 𝑓1 𝑠 } + 𝑐2 𝐿−1 {𝑓2 𝑠

Where 𝑐1 and 𝑐2 are any constants.

First Shifting Theorem:

If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 , then 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑎 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿{𝑓 𝑠 }

If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 , then 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 + 𝑎 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝐿{𝑓 𝑠 } .

Use of partial fractions to find Inverse Laplace Transform:

𝑔(𝑠)
If f(s) is given in the form of , where g and h are polynomials
𝑕(𝑠)

in s, then F (t) can be obtained by resolving f(s) in to partial

fractions and multiplying term by term.

Examples:

𝟐𝒔−𝟓
1. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of .
𝒔𝟐 −𝟒

2𝑠−5
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −4 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡.

2𝑠 − 5 𝑠 1 5
𝐿−1 = 2𝐿−1
− 5 = 2𝑐𝑜𝑠h2t − sinh2t
𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 − 4 𝑠2 − 4 2

71
 𝟐𝒔+𝟏
2. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of .
𝒔 (𝒔+𝟏)

𝟐𝒔+𝟏
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝒔 (𝒔+𝟏) . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡.

2𝑠 + 1 𝑠+𝑠+1 𝑠 𝑠+1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 +
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠 (𝑠 + 1)

2𝑠 + 1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 + = 𝑒 −𝑡 + 1
𝑠 (𝑠 + 1) (𝑠 + 1) 𝑠
𝟑𝒔−𝟖
3. Find the Inverse Laplace Transform of .
𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓

𝟑𝒔−𝟖
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝟒𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡.

3𝑠−8 3𝑠−8
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 25
4𝑠 2 +25 4(𝑠 2 + )
4

3 𝑠 1
=4 𝐿−1 5 2
− 2𝐿−1 5 2
(𝑠 2 + (𝑠 2 +
2 2

3𝑠−8 3 5 4 5
𝐿−1
4𝑠 2 +25
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑡
4 2 5 2

𝟑
−𝟏 𝒔 −𝟑𝒔+𝟒
4. Find 𝑳 𝒔𝟒

s 3 −3s+4
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = . By definition Inverse Laplace
s4

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

72
 3
−1 𝑠 −3𝑠+4 1 1 1
𝐿 = 𝐿−1 − 3𝐿−1 +4 𝐿−1
𝑠4 𝑠 𝑠3 𝑠4

𝑡2 1
=1−3 2
+ 4 3! 𝑡 3

𝒔+𝟐
5. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑

𝒔+𝟐
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+2 𝑠+2
𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4𝑠+13
= 𝐿−1 2 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 (By F.S.T)
(𝑠+2) +9

𝒔+𝟐
6. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟏𝟑

𝑠+2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −4𝑠+13 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+2 𝑠−2+4
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠2 −4𝑠+13 (𝑠−2)2 +9

𝑠−2 4
= 𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1
(𝑠−2)2 +9 (𝑠−2)2 +9

𝑠 4
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +9
+ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +9

𝑠+2 4
𝐿−1 𝑠2 −4𝑠+13
= 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡

73
 𝟒
7. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔+𝟏 (𝒔+𝟐)

4
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = . By definition Inverse
𝑠+1 (𝑠+2)

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

4 1 1
𝑓 𝑠 = =4 − 𝑠+2
𝑠+1 (𝑠+2) 𝑠+1

4 1 1
𝐿−1 = 4𝐿−1 − = 4 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠+1 (𝑠+2) 𝑠+1 𝑠+2

𝒔+𝟐
8. Find 𝑳−𝟏
𝒔𝟐 −𝟓𝒔+𝟔

𝑠+2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −5𝑠+6 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+2 𝑠+2
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −5𝑠+6 = 𝑠−2 (𝑠−3)

𝑠+2 𝐴 𝐵
𝑠−2 (𝑠−3)
= 𝑠−2
+ (𝑠−3)

⇒𝑠 + 2 = 𝐴 𝑠 − 3 + 𝐵 𝑠 − 2 --------(1)

Put s = 2 in (1) ⇒ 4 = 𝐴 2 − 3 ⇒ 𝐴 = −4

Put s = 3 in (1) ⇒ 5 = 𝐵 3 − 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = 5
𝑠+2 −4 5
= + (𝑠−3)
𝑠−2 (𝑠−3) 𝑠−2

𝑠+2 −4 5
∴ 𝐿−1 𝑠−2 (𝑠−3)
= 𝐿−1 𝑠−2
+ 𝑠−3
= −4 𝑒 2𝑡 + 5 𝑒 3𝑡

74
 𝟏
9. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔 𝒔+𝟏 (𝒔+𝟐)

𝟏
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝒔 . By definition Inverse
𝒔+𝟏 (𝒔+𝟐)

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

1 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2
𝑠 𝑠+1 (𝑠+2)

⇒1 = 𝐴 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 2 + 𝐵 𝑠 𝑠 + 2 + 𝐶 𝑠 𝑠 + 1 -------- (1)

1
Put s = 0 in (1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 0 + 1 0 + 2 ⇒ 𝐴=
2

Put s = -1 in (1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 −1 −1 + 2 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1

1
Put s = -2 in (1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐶 −2 −2 + 1 ⇒ 𝐶 =
2

1 1 1 1 1 1
=2 − 𝑠+1 + 2
𝑠 𝑠+1 (𝑠+2) 𝑠 𝑠+2

1 1 1 1 1 −1 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 { } − 𝐿−1 { } + 𝐿 { } = −𝑒 −𝑡 + 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠 𝑠+1 (𝑠+2) 2 𝑠 𝑠+1 2 𝑠+2 2 2

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝒔−𝟐
10. Find 𝑳 𝒔 𝒔+𝟑 (𝒔−𝟐)

𝑠 2 +𝑠−2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 𝑠+3 (𝑠−2)
. By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 2 +𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠 + 𝑠+3 + 𝑠−2
𝑠 𝑠+3 (𝑠−2)

⇒ 𝑠 2 + 𝑠 − 2 = 𝐴 𝑠 + 3 𝑠 − 2 + 𝐵 𝑠 𝑠 − 2 + 𝐶 𝑠 𝑠 + 3 -------- (1)

1
Put s = 0 in (1) ⇒ −2 = 𝐴 0 + 3 0 − 2 ⇒ 𝐴=
3
75
 4
Put s = -3 in (1) ⇒ 4 = 𝐵 −3 −3 − 2 ⇒ 𝐵 =
15
4 2
Put s = 2 in (1) ⇒ 4 = 𝐶 2 2 + 3 ⇒ 𝐶 = =
10 5

𝑠 2 +𝑠−2 1 1 4 1 2 1
𝑠 𝑠+3 (𝑠−2)
= 3 𝑠 + 15 𝑠+3
+5 𝑠−2

𝑠2 +𝑠−2 1 1 4 1 2 1 1 4 2
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 + 15 𝐿−1 {𝑠+3} + 5 𝐿−1 {𝑠−2} = 3 + 15 𝑒 −3𝑡 + 5 𝑒 2𝑡
𝑠 𝑠+3 (𝑠−2) 3 𝑠

𝟓𝒔−𝟐
11. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 𝒔+𝟐 (𝒔−𝟏)
5𝑠−2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠2 𝑠+2 (𝑠−1)
. By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

5𝑠−2 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶 𝐷
= + + +
𝑠2 𝑠+2 (𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠2 𝑠+2 𝑠−1

⇒ 5𝑠 − 2 = 𝐴 𝑠 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 2 + 𝐵 (𝑠 + 2) 𝑠 − 1 + 𝐶 𝑠 2 𝑠 − 1 + 𝐷 𝑠 2 𝑠 + 2 --- (1)

Put s = 0 in (1) ⇒ −2 = 𝐵 0 + 2 0 − 1 ⇒ 𝐵=1

Put s = 1 in (1) ⇒ 3 = 𝐷 1 1 + 2 ⇒ 𝐷 = 1

Put s = - 2 in (1) ⇒ −12 = 𝐶 4 −2 − 1 ⇒ 𝐶 = 1

Comparing coefficient of 𝑠 3 , we have

⇒ 0 = 𝐴 + 𝐶 + 𝐷 ⇒ 𝐴 = −𝐶 − 𝐷 = −2

5𝑠−2 −2 1 1 1
= + 2 + +
𝑠 2 𝑠+2 (𝑠−1) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠−1

5𝑠 − 2 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = −2 𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1 2 + 𝐿−1 + 𝐿−1
𝑠2 𝑠 + 2 (𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+2 𝑠−1

5𝑠 − 2 −2𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 = −2 + 𝑡 +𝑒 + 𝑒𝑡
𝑠2 𝑠 + 2 (𝑠 − 1)

76
 −𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔 − 𝟒
12. Find 𝑳 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) (𝒔−𝟓)

𝑠2 +2𝑠 − 4
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 2 . By definition Inverse Laplace
(𝑠 +9) (𝑠−5)

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 2 +2𝑠 − 4 𝐴 𝐵 𝑠+𝐶
= +
(𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠−5) 𝑠−5 (𝑠 2 +9)

⇒ 𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 4 = 𝐴 (𝑠 2 + 9) + 𝐵 𝑠 + 𝐶 (𝑠 − 5) ----- (1)

31
Put s = 5 in (1) ⇒ 31 = 𝐴 34 ⇒ 𝐴 =
34

279 415 83
Put s = 0 in (1) ⇒ −4 = 𝐴 9 − 5𝐶 ⇒ 5𝐶 = +4= ⇒ 𝐶=
34 34 34

Comparing coefficient of 𝑠 2 , we have

31 3
⇒ 1 = 𝐴 + 𝐵⇒ 𝐵 = 1 − 𝐴 = 1 − 34 = 34

𝑠 2 +2𝑠 − 4 31 1 3 𝑠+83
= +
(𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠−5) 34 𝑠−5 34 (𝑠 2 +9)

−1
𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 4 31 −1 1 3 −1 𝑠 83 −1 1
∴𝐿 = 𝐿 + 𝐿 + 𝐿
(𝑠 2 + 9) (𝑠 − 5) 34 𝑠 − 5 34 𝑠2 + 9 34 𝑠2 + 9

−1
𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 − 4 31 5𝑡 3 83 1
∴𝐿 = 𝑒 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛3𝑡
(𝑠 2 + 9) (𝑠 − 5) 34 34 34 3

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐
13. Find 𝑳 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓)

𝑠2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 2 2 . By definition Inverse Laplace
(𝑠 +4) (𝑠 +25)

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

77
 𝑠2 1 𝑠2 𝑠2 1 (𝑠 2 +4)−4 (𝑠 2 +25)−25
= 21 − 𝑠 2 +25 = −
(𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +25) 𝑠 2 +4 21 𝑠 2 +4 𝑠 2 +25

1
=
21
1 − 𝑠24+4 − 1 + 𝑠225
+25
= 1
21
25
𝑠2 +25
− 𝑠24+4

𝑠2 1 25 4
= 21 − 𝑠 2 +4
(𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +25) 𝑠 2 +25

−1
𝑠2 1 −1 25 4
∴𝐿 = 𝐿 −
(𝑠 2 + 4) (𝑠 2 + 25) 21 𝑠 2 + 25 𝑠 2 + 4

−1
𝑠2 5 −1 5 2 −1 2
∴𝐿 = 𝐿 − 𝐿
(𝑠 2 + 4) (𝑠 2 + 25) 21 𝑠 2 + 25 21 𝑠2 + 4

−1
𝑠2 1
∴𝐿 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡 − 2𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
(𝑠 2 + 4) (𝑠 2 + 25) 21

𝟏
14. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)
1
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 2 2 . By definition Inverse Laplace
𝑠2 (𝑠 +4) (𝑠 +1)

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

1 1 1 1
=3 − 𝑠 2 +4
(𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +1) 𝑠 2 +1

1 1 1 1 1
=3 −3
𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +1) 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +1) 𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +4)

1 1 1 1 1 1
=3 − 𝑠 2 +1 − 12 − 𝑠 2 +4
𝑠2 𝑠2

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 − 𝑠 2 +1 − 12 − 𝑠 2 +4
𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +1) 3 𝑠2 𝑠2

1 1 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 3 𝑡 − 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 12 𝑡 + 24 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝑠 2 (𝑠 2 +4) (𝑠 2 +1)
78
 −𝟏 𝟐𝒔𝟐 −𝟔𝒔+𝟓
15. Find 𝑳 𝒔𝟑 −𝟔𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟏𝒔−𝟔

2𝑠2 −6𝑠+5
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠3 −6𝑠2 +11𝑠−6
. By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠−2 + 𝑠−3
𝑠−1 (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)

⇒ 2𝑠 2 − 6𝑠 + 5 = 𝐴 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 − 2 + 𝐵 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 − 1 + 𝐶 (𝑠 − 1) 𝑠 − 2 -------- (1)

1
Put s = 1 in (1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐴 1 − 3 1 − 2 ⇒ 𝐴=
2

Put s = 2 in (1) ⇒ 1 = 𝐵 2 − 3 2 − 1 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1
5
Put s = 3 in (1) ⇒ 5 = 𝐶 3 − 1 3 − 2 ⇒ 𝐶 =
2

2𝑠 2 −6𝑠+5 1 1 1 5 1
= 2 𝑠−1 − 𝑠−2 + 2
𝑠−1 (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3) 𝑠−3

2
2𝑠 −6𝑠+5 1 1 1 5 −1 1
∴𝐿 −1
𝑠−1 (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3)
= 𝐿−1 {
2 𝑠−1
} − 𝐿−1 {
𝑠−2
} + 2
𝐿 {
𝑠−3
}

2
−1 2𝑠 −6𝑠+5 1 5
∴𝐿 = 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 2𝑡 + 𝑒 3𝑡
𝑠−1 (𝑠−2)(𝑠−3) 2 2

𝒔
16. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟗) (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝟓)
𝒔
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝒔𝟐+𝟏)(𝒔𝟐+𝟗)(𝒔𝟐+𝟐𝟓) . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

1 1 1 1
=8 − 𝑠 2 +9
(𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠 2 +1) 𝑠 2 +1

1 1 1 1
(𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠 2 +25)
=8 (𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠 2 +25)
− (𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠 2 +25)

79
 1 1 1 1
=8 −8
(𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠 2 +25) (𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠 2 +25)

1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
=8 − − −
24 (𝑠 2 +1) (𝑠 2 +25) 8 16 (𝑠 2 +9) (𝑠 2 +25)

𝑠 1 −1 1 𝑠 𝑠 1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1 2 2 2
=
8
𝐿
24 (𝑠 2 +1)
−
(𝑠 2 +25)
−
16 (𝑠 2 +9)
−
(𝑠 2 +25)
(𝑠 +9) (𝑠 +1) (𝑠 +25)

𝑠 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 2 2 2
=
8 24
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡 −
16
𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠5𝑡
(𝑠 +9) (𝑠 +1) (𝑠 +25)

𝟑𝒔−𝟐
17. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 −𝟒𝒔+𝟐𝟎

3𝑠−2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −4𝑠+20 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

3𝑠−2 3 𝑠−2 +4
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠2 −4𝑠+20 (𝑠−2)2 +16

𝑠−2 4
= 3𝐿−1 2 + 𝐿−1
(𝑠−2) +16 (𝑠−2)2 +16

𝑠 4
= 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +16
+ 𝑒 2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +16

3𝑠−2
𝐿−1 𝑠2 −4𝑠+20
= 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 + 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡

𝟑𝒔−𝟏𝟒
18. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟖

3𝑠−14
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +4𝑠+8 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

3𝑠−14 3 𝑠+2 −20

𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠2 +4𝑠+8 (𝑠+2)2 +4
80
 𝑠+2 20
= 3𝐿−1 2 − 𝐿−1 2
(𝑠+2) +4 (𝑠+2) +4

𝑠 4
= 3 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +16
− 5 𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +16

3𝑠−14
𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4𝑠+8
= 3 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − 5 𝑒 2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡

𝒔+𝟑
19. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 −𝟏𝟎𝒔+𝟐𝟗

𝑠+3
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 −10𝑠+29 . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+3 𝑠−5 +8
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠2 −10𝑠+29 (𝑠−5)2 +4

𝑠−5 2
= 𝐿−1 2 + 4𝐿−1 2
(𝑠−5) +4 (𝑠−5) +4

𝑠 2
= 𝑒 5𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4
+ 5 𝑒 5𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4

𝑠+3
𝐿−1 = 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 5 𝑒 5𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
𝑠2 −10𝑠+29

𝟐𝒔+𝟏𝟐
20. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟏𝟑

2𝑠+12
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +6𝑠+13 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

2𝑠+12 2 𝑠+3 +6
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1
𝑠2 +6𝑠+13 (𝑠+3)2 +4

81
 𝑠+3 2
= 2𝐿−1 2 + 3 𝐿−1 2
(𝑠+3) +4 (𝑠+3) +4

𝑠 2
= 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4
+ 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4

2𝑠+12
𝐿−1 𝑠2 +6𝑠+13
= 2𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 3 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

𝒔
21. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟒 +𝟒 𝒂𝟒

𝑠
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 4 + 4 𝑎4 = 𝑠 2 + 2 𝑎2 2
− 2𝑎𝑠 2
= (𝑠 2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2 𝑎2 )(𝑠 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2 𝑎2 )

𝑠 𝑠
=
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 (𝑠 2 −2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )(𝑠 2 +2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )

𝑠 1 1 1
= −
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 4 𝑎 (𝑠 2 −2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 ) (𝑠 2 +2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )

𝑠 1 1 1
= −
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 4 𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎)2 + 𝑎 2 ) (𝑠+𝑎)2 + 𝑎 2 )

𝑠 1 −1 1 1
𝐿−1 4 = 4𝑎
𝐿 2 − 2
𝑠4+4 𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎) + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠+𝑎) + 𝑎2)

1 1 1 1
= 4 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 − 4 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1
𝑠2+ 𝑎2 𝑠2+ 𝑎2

1 1 𝑎 1 1 𝑎
= 4 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝐿−1 2 2 − 4 𝑎 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑎 𝐿−1 2 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎

1 𝑎𝑡 1
= 2 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎t
4𝑎 4𝑎

82
 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 2
2𝑎
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 2

𝑠 1
𝐿−1 4 =
2 𝑎2
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
𝑠4+4 𝑎

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐
22. Find 𝑳 𝒔𝟒 +𝟒 𝒂𝟒

𝑠2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 4 + 4 𝑎4 = 𝑠 2 + 2 𝑎2 2
− 2𝑎𝑠 2
= (𝑠 2 − 2𝑎𝑠 + 2 𝑎2 )(𝑠 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 + 2 𝑎2 )

𝑠2 𝑠2
=
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 (𝑠 2 −2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )(𝑠 2 +2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )

𝑠2 1 𝑠 𝑠
= −
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 4 𝑎 (𝑠 2 −2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 ) (𝑠 2 +2𝑎𝑠 +2 𝑎 2 )

𝑠2 1 𝑠 𝑠
= −
𝑠 4 +4 𝑎 4 4 𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎)2 + 𝑎 2 ) (𝑠+𝑎)2 + 𝑎 2 )

𝑠2 1 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿 −1
= 4 𝑎 𝐿−1 −
𝑠4+4 𝑎4 (𝑠−𝑎) + 𝑎2 )
2 2
(𝑠+𝑎) + 𝑎2)

1 −1 𝑠−𝑎 +𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 −𝑎
=
4𝑎
𝐿 2 − 2
(𝑠−𝑎) + 𝑎2 ) (𝑠+𝑎) + 𝑎2 )
1 −1 𝑠−𝑎 𝑎 1 −1 𝑠+𝑎 𝑎
=
4𝑎
𝐿 2 + 2 −
4𝑎
𝐿 2 − 2
𝑠−𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑠−𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑠+𝑎) + 𝑎2 (𝑠+𝑎) + 𝑎2

1 𝑠
=
4𝑎
𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
+ 𝑠2+𝑎𝑎2 − 41𝑎 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 + 𝑎2
𝑠
− 𝑠2+𝑎𝑎2

1 1
=
4𝑎
𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 4 𝑎 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
83
 1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡( 𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡( 𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 )
4𝑎

1 𝑒𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 𝑒𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒−𝑎𝑡

=
2𝑎
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 2
+ 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 2

−1 𝑠2 1
𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡
𝑠4+4 𝑎4 2𝑎

Inverse Laplace Transform of Derivative:

1
If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡) then 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑑 1
We know that 𝐿 𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = − 𝑑𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 = −𝑓 (𝑠)

1
⇒ 𝐿 𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = −𝑓 (𝑠) ⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑓1 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑛 𝑛
𝑛 𝑑
𝑛
𝐿 𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = (−1) 𝑑𝑠 𝑛 𝑓 𝑠 = (−1)𝑛 𝑓 (𝑠)

⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑓𝑛 (𝑠) = (−1)𝑛 𝑡𝑛 𝐹(𝑡)

Examples:
𝒔+𝟏
1. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔−𝟏

𝑠+1
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . By definition Inverse
𝑠−1

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+1
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 + 1 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 − 1
𝑠−1

84
 1 1
𝑓1 𝑠 = −
𝑠+1 𝑠−1

1 1
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 − = 𝑒 −𝑡
− 𝑒 𝑡
𝑠+1 𝑠−1

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 ------ (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝑒 −𝑡 − 𝑒 𝑡 ⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 𝑒−𝑡 − 𝑒𝑡

𝑒 −𝑡 −𝑒 𝑡 𝑒 𝑡 −𝑒 −𝑡
⇒ 𝐹𝑡 = −𝑡
= 𝑡

𝑠+1 𝑒 𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
𝑠−1 𝑡

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒃𝟐
2. Find 𝑳 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 + 𝒂𝟐

𝑠2 + 𝑏 2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . By definition Inverse
𝑠2 + 𝑎 2

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠2 + 𝑏 2
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝑠2 + 𝑎 2

2𝑠 2𝑠
𝑓1 𝑠 = 2 −
𝑠2 + 𝑏 𝑠2 + 𝑎2

2𝑠 2𝑠
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 − 𝑠2 + 𝑎 2
𝑠2 + 𝑏 2

𝑠 𝑠
= 2 𝐿−1 − 𝑠2 + 𝑎 2
𝑠2 + 𝑏 2

85
 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 ------ (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡

⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡−𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡

−1
𝑠 2 + 𝑏2 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
∴𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 =
𝑠 + 𝑎2 𝑡

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟒
3. Find 𝑳 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐 +𝟗

𝑠 2 +4
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . By definition Inverse
𝑠 2 +9

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 2 +4
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 4 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 9
𝑠 2 +9

2𝑠 2𝑠
𝑓1 𝑠 = −
𝑠2 +4 𝑠2 +9

2𝑠 2𝑠
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 − 𝑠 2 +9
𝑠 2 +4

𝑠 𝑠
= 2 𝐿−1 − 𝑠 2 +9
𝑠2 + 4

= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡
86
 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 ------ (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡

⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠
−𝑡
3𝑡
=
2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 3𝑡−𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑡
𝑡

𝑠2 + 4 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠3𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 𝑙𝑜𝑔 2 =
𝑠 +9 𝑡

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔
4. Find 𝑳 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝒔𝟐

𝑠 2 +16
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 . By definition Inverse
𝑠2

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠 2 +16
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 ⇒ 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2 + 16 − 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑠 2
𝑠2

2𝑠 2
𝑓1 𝑠 = −
𝑠2 +16 𝑠

2𝑠 2
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 𝐿−1 −𝑠
𝑠 2 +16

𝑠 1
= 2 𝐿−1 −𝑠
𝑠 2 + 16

= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − 1

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − 1 ----- (1)

87
 1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − 1

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡 − 1

⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠−𝑡4𝑡−1 = 2 1−𝑐𝑜𝑠
𝑡
4𝑡

−1
𝑠 2 + 16 2 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠4𝑡
∴𝐿 𝑙𝑜𝑔 =
𝑠2 𝑡

𝒔
5. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

𝒔
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐)𝟐 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑎
We know that 𝐿 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

𝑎 1 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝐿−1 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑑 1 1
𝐿−1 = − 𝑎 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑑𝑠 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

−2𝑠 1
𝐿−1 = − 𝑎 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 2

𝑠 1
∴ 𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 2
= 2 𝑎 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

88
6. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔)

Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠) . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)
π
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 = 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠

1 1
𝑓1 𝑠 = 0 − =−
𝑠2 +1 𝑠2 +1

1
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = −𝐿−1 𝑠2 +1

= −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡----- (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
−𝑡
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
𝑡

𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠) =
𝑡

7. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒄𝒐𝒕−𝟏 (𝒔 + 𝟏)

Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 (𝑠 + 1) . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)
89
 π
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑐𝑜𝑡 −1 𝑠 + 1 = 2 − 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 𝑠 + 1

1 1 1
𝑓 𝑠 =0− =−
(𝑠+1)2 +1 (𝑠+1)2 +1

1
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = −𝐿−1
(𝑠+1)2 +1

= − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡----- (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = − 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = − 𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

− 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
⇒ 𝐹𝑡 = −𝑡
= 𝑡

−1 −1
𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
∴𝐿 𝑐𝑜𝑡 (𝑠 + 1) =
𝑡
𝟐
8. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒕𝒂𝒏−𝟏 𝒔

2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1 . By definition Inverse
𝑠

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

2
𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−1
𝑠

90
 1 2 2
𝑓1 𝑠 = 2 2
− =−
+1 𝑠2 𝑠2 +4
𝑠

2
𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = −𝐿−1 𝑠2 +4

= − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡----- (1)

1
We know that 𝐿−1 𝑓 (𝑠) = −𝑡 𝐹(𝑡)

From (1) 𝐿−1 𝑓 1 𝑠 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

⇒−𝑡 𝐹(𝑡) = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡

⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = − 𝑠𝑖𝑛
−𝑡
2𝑡
=
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑡
𝑡

−1 −1
2 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡
∴𝐿 𝑡𝑎𝑛 =
𝑠 𝑡

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐
9. Find 𝑳 (𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

𝑠2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠2 𝑠2 𝑠2 1 𝑠 𝑠
= 2 = = 4𝑎 −
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 𝑠+𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎) 𝑠+𝑎 2 (𝑠−𝑎)2 (𝑠−𝑎)2 𝑠+𝑎 2

𝑠2 1 𝑠−𝑎 +𝑎 𝑠+𝑎 −𝑎
= 4𝑎 −
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 (𝑠−𝑎)2 𝑠+𝑎 2

91
 𝑠2 1 1 𝑎 1 𝑎
= 4𝑎 + − +
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 𝑠−𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎)2 𝑠+𝑎 (𝑠+𝑎)2

𝑠2 1 1 𝑎 1 𝑎
𝐿−1 = 4 𝑎 𝐿−1 + − +
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 𝑠−𝑎 (𝑠−𝑎)2 𝑠+𝑎 (𝑠+𝑎)2

−1 𝑠2 1
𝐿 = 4 𝑎 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2

1
= 4 𝑎 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) + 𝑎 𝑡 (𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 2𝑎 ( )+𝑎𝑡( )
2 2

1
= 2 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡

𝒔+𝟏
10. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔+𝟐)𝟐

𝑠+1
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2 . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

𝑠+1 𝑠+1 𝑠
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1
(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2 (𝑠+1)2 +1)2 (𝑠 2 +1)2

𝑠+1 𝑠
𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1
(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2 (𝑠 2 +1)2

𝑠+1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 2 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ∵ 𝐿−1
𝑠
= 𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)2 (𝑠 2 +1)2 2

92
Inverse Laplace Transform of Integrals:
∞ 𝐹(𝑡)
If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡) then 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑡

𝐹(𝑡) ∞
We know that 𝐿 𝑡
= 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 (prove this in division by t)

∞ 𝐹(𝑡)
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 =
𝑡

∞
⇒ t 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠 = 𝐹(𝑡)

∞
⇒ 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠
𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠

Examples:
𝒔
1. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 )𝟐

𝑠
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

∞
𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠
𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 (𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2
𝑑𝑠
1 −1 ∞ 2𝑠 𝑓1 (𝑥) 1
= 𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑠 (𝑠2 −𝑎2 )2
𝑑𝑠 ∵
𝑓(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑓(𝑥)

1 −1 1 ∞
= 𝑡 𝐿 −
2 𝑠2 −𝑎2 𝑠

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿 − 0−
2 𝑠2 −𝑎2

93
 1 −1 1 1 −1 𝑎
= 𝑡 𝐿 = 𝑡 𝐿
2 𝑠2 −𝑎2 2𝑎 𝑠2 −𝑎2
𝑠 𝑡
𝐿−1 = 2 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
(𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 )2
𝒔+𝟐
2. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟒𝒔+𝟓)𝟐

𝑠+2
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)2 . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

∞
𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠+2 ∞ 𝑠+2
𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)2
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)2
𝑑𝑠
1 −1 ∞ 2𝑠+4 𝑓1 (𝑥) 1
= 𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑠 (𝑠2 +4𝑠+5)2
𝑑𝑠 ∵
𝑓(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑓(𝑥)

1 −1 1 ∞
= 𝑡 𝐿 −
2 𝑠2 +4𝑠+5 𝑠

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿 − 0−
2 𝑠2 +4𝑠+5

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿
2 𝑠2 +4𝑠+5

1 −1 1 1 −1 1
−2𝑡
= 𝑡 𝐿 2 = 𝑡 𝑒 𝐿
2 (𝑠+2) +1 2 𝑠2 +1
1 1
= 𝑡 2
𝑒 −2𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +1
𝑠+2 𝑡
𝐿−1 = 𝑒−2𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
(𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)2 2

94
 𝒔
3. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟏𝟔)𝟐

𝑠
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 +16)2 . By definition Inverse Laplace

Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

∞
𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
𝑠 ∞ 𝑠
𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +16)2
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 (𝑠 2 +16)2
𝑑𝑠
1 −1 ∞ 2𝑠 𝑓1 (𝑥) 1
= 𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑠 (𝑠2 +16)2
𝑑𝑠 ∵
𝑓(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑓(𝑥)

1 −1 1 ∞
= 𝑡 𝐿 −
2 𝑠2 +16 𝑠

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿 − 0−
2 𝑠2 +16

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿
2 𝑠2 +16

1 1 −1 4
= 𝑡 𝐿
2 4 𝑠2 +16
1
= 8
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡
𝑠 1
𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +16)2
=
8
𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛4𝑡

𝒔+𝟑
4. Find 𝑳−𝟏 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟔𝒔+𝟑𝟒)𝟐

𝑠+3
Solution: Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 +6𝑠+34)2 . By definition Inverse

Laplace Transform of f (s) is 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

∞
𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 𝑓 𝑠 𝑑𝑠
95
 𝑠+3 ∞ 𝑠+3
𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +6𝑠+34)2
= 𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠 (𝑠 2 +6𝑠+34)2
𝑑𝑠
1 −1 ∞ 2𝑠+6 𝑓1 (𝑥) 1
= 𝑡
2
𝐿 𝑠 (𝑠2 +6𝑠+34)2
𝑑𝑠 ∵
𝑓(𝑥) 2
𝑑𝑥 = −
𝑓(𝑥)

1 −1 1 ∞
= 𝑡 𝐿 −
2 𝑠2 +6𝑠+34 𝑠

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿 − 0−
2 𝑠2 +6𝑠+34

1 −1 1
= 𝑡 𝐿
2 𝑠2 +6𝑠+34

1 −1 1 1 −1 1
−3𝑡
= 𝑡 𝐿 = 𝑡 𝑒 𝐿
2 (𝑠+3)2 +25 2 𝑠2 +25
1 1 5
= 𝑡 2 5
𝑒 −3𝑡 𝐿−1 𝑠2 +25
𝑠+3 𝑡
𝐿−1 = 𝑒−3𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛5𝑡
(𝑠 2 +6𝑠+34)2 10

Division s:
𝑓(𝑠) 𝑡
If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡) then 𝐿−1
𝑠
= 0 𝐹(𝑢)𝑑𝑢

𝑡 𝑓(𝑠)
We know that 𝐿 0
𝐹(𝑢)𝑑𝑢 = 𝑠

(By Laplace Transform of integrals)

𝑓(𝑠) 𝑡
⇒𝐿−1 𝑠
= 0 𝐹(𝑡)𝑑𝑡

96
Examples:
𝟏
1. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔 (𝒔+𝟏)

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

1 1
Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠+1)
⇒𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 𝑠+1
= 𝑒 −𝑡

𝑓(𝑠) 1 1 𝑡 −𝑡
∵ 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠+1

𝑡
1 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑒−𝑡
∴𝐿 −1
= 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑡 = = −(𝑒−𝑡 − 1)
𝑠(𝑠+1) −1 0

1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 1 − 𝑒−𝑡
𝑠(𝑠+1)

𝟏
2. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)

1 1 1
Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 2
𝑠 +𝑎 2 ⇒ 𝐿−1
𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2
= 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡

𝑓(𝑠) 1 1 1 𝑡
∵ 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑎 0

1 1 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = − =− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 − 1
𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎 0 𝑎2

97
 1 1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 𝑠2 +𝑎2 𝑎2

1 1 𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 = 1 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠2 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) 𝑎2 0

−1 1 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑡 1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
∴𝐿 = 𝑡− = 𝑡−
𝑠2 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) 𝑎2 𝑎 0 𝑎2 𝑎

1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠2 (𝑠2 +𝑎2) 𝑎3

𝟏
3. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔+𝟐)

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)
1
Let 𝑓 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2

1
⇒𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2

1 1
= 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
(𝑠+1)2 +1 𝑠 2 +1

𝑓(𝑠) 1 1 𝑡
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2 0
𝑡
−1 1 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑒 −𝑡
𝐿 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑠 ( 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) 0 2 0

−1 1 𝑒 −𝑡 1
𝐿 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2
𝑠 ( 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) 2

1 1
𝐿−1 = 2 1 − 𝑒 −𝑡 (𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡)
𝑠 ( 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)

98
 𝟏
4. Find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 −𝟏)(𝒔𝟐 +𝟏)

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡)
1
Let 𝑓 𝑠 = (𝑠 2 −1)(𝑠 2 +1)

1 1 1 1
⇒𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 −1)(𝑠 2 +1)
= 𝐿−1
2 (𝑠 2 −1)
−
𝑠 2 +1

1 1 1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 2 𝐿−1 − 𝑠 2 +1 = 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
(𝑠 2 −1)(𝑠 2 +1) 𝑠 2 −1

1 1 1 𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑠 (𝑠2 −1)(𝑠2 +1) 2 0

1 𝑡
=2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑡

1 𝑡
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 0

1
= 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 1 − 1

−1
1 1 1
∴𝐿 2 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 2
𝑠 (𝑠 − 1)(𝑠2 + 1) 2

99
Convolution:

Convolution is useful for obtaining Inverse Laplace

Transform of a product of two functions and solving ordinary
differential equations. Let F (t) and G (t) two functions
defined for t >0. We define
𝑡
𝐹 𝑡 ∗𝐺 𝑡 = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝐹 𝑡 ∗ 𝐺 𝑡 is called convolution product of F(t) and G(t)

Convolution Theorem:

Statement: If 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡) and 𝐿−1 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐺(𝑡) then

𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝐹 𝑡 ∗ 𝐺 𝑡
𝑡
Proof: Let ∅ 𝑡 = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 then
𝑡 ∞ 𝑡
−𝑠𝑡
𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 =𝐿 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑡
0 0 0

∞ 𝑡
𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 0
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 𝑑𝑡 -------- (1)

The domain of integration for the double integral in the

entire area bounded by t = 0 , t = ∞ and u =0 , u = t.

100
The given integral is vertical strip (integrate with respect to u
first and then t) here u is varies from 0 to t and t is varies
from 0 to ∞.

On changing the order of integration, t is varies from u to ∞

and u is varies from 0 to ∞ .
∞ ∞
∴𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝑢
𝑒 −𝑠𝑡 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑡 𝑑𝑢 -------(2)

Put t –u = p ⇒ t = p + u, ⇒ dt = dp , t = u ⇒ p = 0 and t = ∞ ⇒ p = ∞
∞ ∞
∴𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑢 𝑒 −𝑠(𝑝+𝑢) 𝐺 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑢
0 0
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑢
∴𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑢 𝑒 𝑒 −𝑠𝑝 𝐺 𝑝 𝑑𝑝 𝑑𝑢
0 0
∞ ∞
−𝑠𝑢
∴𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 𝐹 𝑢 𝑒 𝑑𝑢 𝑒 −𝑠𝑝 𝐺 𝑝 𝑑𝑝
0 0

∴𝐿 ∅ 𝑡 = 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)

⇒ ∅ 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) ⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = ∅ 𝑡

𝑡
∴ 𝐿−1
𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

101
Examples:
𝟏
1. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

−1
1 −1
1 1
𝐿 =𝐿 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2 2 2 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎 2

1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = and 𝑔(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

1 1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑎

1 1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢
𝑎 𝑎

1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 2 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑎
1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢)
𝑎 𝑎

By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

𝑡
1 1 1
𝐿−1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2
0 𝑎 𝑎
1 𝑡
= 𝑎2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

102
 𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝒄𝒐𝒔 𝑨 − 𝑩 − 𝒄𝒐𝒔⁡
(𝑨 + 𝑩)

1 𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠⁡
(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑎2 0

1 𝑡
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢
2 𝑎2 0

𝑡
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑢
2 𝑎2 2𝑎 0

1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡

(−𝑎𝑡)
= 2 2𝑎
− 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡 − 2𝑎
2𝑎
1 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡+
2 𝑎2 2 𝑎 2𝑎

1 2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
= − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡
2 𝑎2 2𝑎

1 1
∴ 𝐿−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2 2 𝑎3
𝒔
2. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

𝑠 𝑠 1
𝐿−1
=𝐿 −1
= 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2 2 2 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎 2

𝑠 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = and 𝑔(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

𝑠
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

103
 𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢

−1 −1
1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿 2 2
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑎
1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 ⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢)
𝑎 𝑎

By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

𝑡
1 1
𝐿−1
= 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2
0 𝑎
1 𝑡
=𝑎 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
=𝑎 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝟏
∴ 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝒔𝒊𝒏 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝒔𝒊𝒏⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)

1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛⁡
(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢
𝑡
1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡
= − + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑢
2𝑎 2𝑎
0

1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 2𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠(0 − 𝑎𝑡

= − + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑡 +
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

104
 1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
= − + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 𝑡 +
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎
𝑠 𝑡
∴𝐿 −1
= 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2 2𝑎
−𝟏 𝒔𝟐
3. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳 𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 𝟐

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿−1
= 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 2 2 2 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑎 2

𝑠 𝑠
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = and 𝑔(𝑠) =
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

𝑠
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢

−1 −1
𝑠
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = cos(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢)
By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

𝑡
𝑠2
L−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
s 2 + a2 2
0

105
 1 𝑡
= 2𝑎 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 cos(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡
=2 0
cos 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝟏
∴ 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑨 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝑩 = 𝟐 (𝐜𝐨𝐬 𝑨 + 𝑩 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬⁡
(𝑨 − 𝑩)

1 𝑡
=2 0
cos 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑎𝑢 + cos(𝑎𝑢 + 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡
=2 0
cos 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑎𝑡 + cos𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢

𝑡
1 sin 2𝑎𝑢−𝑎𝑡
= 2 2a
+ cos𝑎𝑡 𝑢
0

1 sin 2𝑎𝑡−𝑎𝑡 sin(0−at

=2 2a
+ c𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡 𝑡 − 2a

1 sin at sinat
=2 2a
+ cos𝑎𝑡 𝑡+ 2a

1 2 sin at
=2 2a
+ cos𝑎𝑡 𝑡

s2 1
∴ L−1 = sinat + 𝑎𝑡 cos𝑎𝑡
s 2 + a2 2 2𝑎

106
 𝟏
4. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 −𝒂𝟐 𝟐

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 2 𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 𝑠 2 −𝑎 2

1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 −𝑎 2 and 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 −𝑎 2

1 1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 −𝑎 2

1 1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑢

−1 −1
1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑎2 𝑎
1 1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑎 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑎 sin𝑕(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢)

By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡1 1
L−1 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑢 sin𝑕(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
s 2 −a 2 2 0 𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑡
= 𝑎2 0
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑢 sin𝑕(𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑢 −𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 +𝑎𝑢

= 𝑎2 0
𝑑𝑢
2 2

1 𝑡
= 4 𝑎2 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑢 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 +𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢

107
 1 𝑡
= 4 𝑎2 0
𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑢 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑑𝑢

1 𝑡
= 4 𝑎2 0
(𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 ) − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 2𝑎𝑢 − 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −2𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢

1 2𝑎𝑢 −2𝑎𝑢 𝑡
𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒
= 4 𝑎 2 (𝑒 +𝑒 )𝑢− 𝑒 + 𝑒
2𝑎 2𝑎 0

1 2𝑎𝑡 −2𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡

𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 𝑒
= (𝑒 +𝑒 ) 𝑡 − 𝑒 + 𝑒 + −
4 𝑎2 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

1 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡 2 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 4 𝑎 2 (𝑒 +𝑒 ) 𝑡 − +
2𝑎 2𝑎

1 𝑎𝑡 −𝑎𝑡
1 𝑎𝑡
= 2
(𝑒 + 𝑒 ) 𝑡 − (𝑒 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 )
4𝑎 𝑎

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 𝑡 −
2 𝑎2 2 𝑎 2

1 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 + 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 𝑎𝑡 − 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
= 𝑎𝑡 −
2 𝑎3 2 2

1
= 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
2 𝑎3

−1
1 1
L = 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑕𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑕𝑎𝑡
s2 − a2 2 2 𝑎3
𝟏
5. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔+𝟐 (𝒔+𝟑)

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

1 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠+2 (𝑠+3) 𝑠+2 𝑠+3
108
 1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = and 𝑔(𝑠) =
𝑠+2 𝑠+3

1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −2𝑡
𝑠+2

𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒 −2𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑒 −2𝑢

−1 −1
1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿 = 𝑒 −3𝑡
𝑠+3

𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 ⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = 𝑒 −3𝑡+3𝑢

By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
1 𝑡 −2𝑢
𝐿−1 = 0
𝑒 𝑒 −3𝑡+3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑠+2 (𝑠+3)

𝑡 −2𝑢
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 0
𝑒 𝑒 3𝑢 𝑑𝑢
𝑡 𝑢 𝑡
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 0
𝑒 𝑑𝑢 = 𝑒 −3𝑡 𝑒 𝑢 0

1
= 𝑒 −3𝑡 (𝑒 𝑡 − 1) = 2 (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )

1 1
𝐿−1 = 2 (𝑒 −2𝑡 − 𝑒 −3𝑡 )
𝑠+2 (𝑠+3)

109
 𝟏
6. Apply convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

𝟏 1 1
𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐

1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝒔𝟐 and 𝑔(𝑠) = (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐

1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 =𝑡
𝒔𝟐

𝐹 𝑡 =𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑡−𝑢 =𝑡−𝑢
1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡
𝑡
(𝒔 + 𝒂)𝟐

𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑡 ⇒ 𝐺 𝑢 = 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑢

By convolution theorem
𝑡
𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 0
𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝟏 𝑡 −𝑎𝑢
𝐿−1 = 𝑒 𝑢 ( 𝑡 − 𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 0

𝑡 −𝑎𝑢 𝑡
=𝑡 0
𝑒 𝑢 𝑑𝑢 − 0
( 𝑢2 )𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑑𝑢

𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑒 −𝑎𝑢 𝑡

= 𝑡 −𝑢 − + 𝑢2 𝑎 + 2𝑢 +2
𝑎 𝑎2 0 𝑎2 𝑎3 0

𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 2

= −𝑡 2 −𝑡 +𝑡 + 𝑡2 + 2𝑡 +2 −
𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎2 𝑎 𝑎2 𝑎3 𝑎3

110
 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 1 2 𝑒 −𝑎𝑡 2
= 𝑡 2 +𝑡 2+ −
𝑎 𝑎 𝑎3 𝑎3

𝟏 𝑡 2
𝐿−1 = 𝑒−𝑎𝑡 + 1 + (𝑒−𝑎𝑡 − 1
𝒔𝟐 (𝒔+𝒂)𝟐 𝑎2 𝑎2

−𝟏 𝒔𝟐
7. Use convolution theorem , find 𝑳 (𝒔𝟐 +𝒂𝟐 )(𝒔𝟐 +𝒃𝟐 )

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

−1
𝑠2 𝑠 𝑠
𝐿 = 𝐿−1 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
(𝑠2 + 𝑎2 )(𝑠2 + 𝑏2 )
2 2 2
𝑠 +𝑎 𝑠 +𝑏 2

𝑠 𝑠
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 and 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑠 2 +𝑏 2

𝑠
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡
𝑠 2 +𝑎 2

𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑡⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢
𝑠
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡
𝑠 2 + 𝑏2
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑏𝑡⇒ 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 = cos(𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢)

By convolution theorem
𝑡
−1
𝐿 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

−1 𝑠2 𝑡
L = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 𝑐𝑜𝑠(𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢) 𝑑𝑢
(𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )(𝑠 2 +𝑏 2 ) 0

1 𝑡
=2 0
𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑎𝑢 cos 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢 𝑑𝑢

111
 1
∴ cosA cosB = 2 (cos A + B + cos⁡
(A − B)

1 𝑡
=2 0
cos 𝑎𝑢 + 𝑏𝑡 − 𝑏𝑢 + cos(𝑎𝑢 − 𝑏𝑡 + 𝑏𝑢) 𝑑𝑢

1 sin 𝑎𝑢 +𝑏𝑡 −𝑏𝑢 sin 𝑎𝑢 −𝑏𝑡 +𝑏𝑢 t

=2 +
a−b a+b 0

1 sin 𝑎𝑡 +𝑏𝑡 −𝑏𝑡 sin 𝑎𝑡 −𝑏𝑡 +𝑏𝑡 sinbt sinbt

=2 + − +
a−b a+b a−b a+b

1 sinat sinat sinbt sinbt

=2 + − +
a−b a+b a−b a+b

1 1 1
= (sinat − sinbt) + (sinat + sinbt)
2 a−b a+b

1 1 1 1 1
=2 + a+b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + − a−b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
a−b a+b

1 a+b+a−b a−b−a−b
=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
a−b a+b

1 2a 2b
=2 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
a 2 −b 2 a 2 −b 2

𝑠2 1
L−1 = a 2 −b 2 a 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − b 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑏𝑡
(𝑠 2 +𝑎 2 )(𝑠 2 +𝑏 2 )

𝟏
8. Aplly convolution theorem , find 𝑳−𝟏 𝒔 (𝒔𝟐 +𝟐𝒔+𝟐))

Solution: By definition Inverse Laplace Transform of f (s) is

𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐹(𝑡).

1 1 1
𝐿−1 2 = 𝐿−1 2 = 𝐿−1 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠)
𝑠 (𝑠 +2𝑠+2) (𝑠 +2𝑠+2) 𝑠

1 1
Let 𝑓(𝑠) = (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) and 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝑠

112
 1 1
𝐹 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 𝑓(𝑠) = 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)
⇒ 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1)2 +1
= 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

𝐹 𝑡 = 𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ⇒ 𝐹 𝑢 = 𝑒−𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢

−1 −1
1
𝐺 𝑡 = 𝐿 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐿 =1
𝑠
𝐺 𝑡 =1 ⇒ 𝐺 𝑡−𝑢 =1

By convolution theorem
𝑡
−1
𝐿 𝑓 𝑠 ∗ 𝑔(𝑠) = 𝐹 𝑢 𝐺 𝑡 − 𝑢 𝑑𝑢
0

1 𝑡
L−1 = 𝑒−𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 1 𝑑𝑢
𝑠 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) 0

𝑡
𝑡 𝑒 −𝑢
= 0
𝑒−𝑢 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 𝑑𝑢 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑢 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑢
1+1 0

1
𝐿−1 2 = 12 1 − 𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡
𝑠 (𝑠 +2𝑠+2)

113
Applications to Ordinary Differential Equations:

The Laplace transforms is very useful in solving

Ordinary Differential Equations with constant coefficients as
well as variable coefficients.

Let us consider a linear differential equation with

constant coefficients
𝑑𝑛 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 −1 𝑦 𝑑 𝑛 −2 𝑦 𝑑𝑦
+ 𝑎1 + 𝑎2 + − − − − 𝑎𝑛 −1 + 𝑎𝑛 𝑦 = 𝐹(𝑡) ------(1)
𝑑𝑡 𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 −1 𝑑𝑡 𝑛 −2 𝑑𝑡

Where F(t) is a function of independent variable t.

Let 𝑦 0 = 𝑐0 , 𝑦1 0 = 𝑐1 , 𝑦11 0 = 𝑐2 ,------ 𝑦 𝑛 −1 0 = 𝑐𝑛−1 ------(2)

be the given initial or boundary conditions. Where 𝑐0 , 𝑐1 , 𝑐2 ----𝑐𝑛−1

are constants. If 𝑎1 , 𝑎2, 𝑎3 -------𝑎𝑛 are constants, then we use

𝐿 𝐹 𝑛 (𝑡) = 𝑠 𝑛 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑛−1 𝐹 0 − 𝑠 𝑛−2 𝐹1 0 − − − −𝐹 𝑛−1 0 ----- (3)

n=1 ⇒ 𝐿 𝐹1 (𝑡) = 𝑠𝑓 𝑠 − 𝐹 0

n=2 ⇒ 𝐿 𝐹11 (𝑡) = 𝑠 2 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝐹 0 − 𝐹1 0

n= 3 ⇒ 𝐿 𝐹111 (𝑡) = 𝑠 3 𝑓 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝐹 0 − 𝑠𝐹1 0 − 𝐹11 0

Taking Laplace transform of both sides of (1) and applying

(3)and using conditions (2)we obtain algebraic equation,
from which 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝐿 𝑦(𝑡) is obtained. The required solution
y (t) is obtained by taking Inverse Laplace Transform of 𝑦 𝑠 .

114
Working Rule to Solve Differential Equations by Laplace
Transform Method:

Step 1: Take the Laplace Transform of both sides of the given

Differential equation

Step 2: Use the formula

i) 𝐿 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑦 𝑠
ii) 𝐿 𝑦1 (𝑡) = 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑦 0
iii) 𝐿 𝑦11 (𝑡) = 𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 0 − 𝑦1 0
iv) 𝐿 𝑦111 (𝑡) = 𝑠 3 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 𝑦 0 − 𝑠 𝑦1 0 − 𝑦11 0

Step 3: Replace 𝑦 0 , 𝑦1 0 , 𝑦11 0 with the given initial conditions.

Step 4: Transpose the terms to the right side

Step 5: Divide the coefficient of 𝑦 𝑠 , getting 𝑦 𝑠 .

Step 6: Resolve this function (step 5) into partial fractions.

Step 7: Take Inverse Laplace Transform of 𝑦 𝑠 . This gives y

as a function of t which is required solution of the given

Differential equation

115
Examples:

1. Solve the differential equation 𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟔 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 given that

𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟑 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟏 using Laplace Transform method.

Solution: The given equation 𝐷2 + 1 𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ------- (1)

The equation (1) can be written as

𝑦11 + 𝑦 = 6 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 0 = 1 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦11 } + 𝐿 𝑦 = 𝐿{6 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡}

𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 0 − 𝑦1 0 + 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠26+4
𝑠

Using the given conditions

𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 3 𝑠 − 1 + 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠26+4
𝑠
(from (3))

⇒ 𝑠2 + 1 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠26+4
𝑠
+ 3𝑠 + 1

6𝑠 3𝑠 1
⇒ 𝑦𝑠 = 2 + 𝑠 2 +1
+ 𝑠 2 +1
(𝑠 +4) 𝑠 2 +1

⇒ 𝑦 𝑠 = 63 𝑠
𝑠 2 +1
𝑠 3𝑠 1
− 𝑠2 +4 + 𝑠 2 +1 + 𝑠 2 +1 -------- (4)

Taking Laplace Inverse Transform on both sides of (4), we get

6 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 3 𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +1
− 𝑠2 +4 + 3𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +1
+ 𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +1

⇒ 𝑦 𝑡 = 2 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 − 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 + 3𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

∴ 𝑦 𝑡 = 5 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 2𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ------- (5)

Equation (5) is required solution of the given differential equation.

116
2. Solve the differential equation 𝑫𝟑 + 𝟐𝑫𝟐 − 𝑫 − 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝟎
given that 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒚𝟏𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟔 using Laplace
Transform method.

Solution: The given equation

𝐷3 + 2𝐷2 − 𝐷 − 1 𝑦 = 0 -------(1)

The equation (1) can be written as

𝑦111 + 2𝑦11 − 𝑦1 − 𝑦 = 0 ---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 0, 𝑦1 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦11 0 = 6 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦111 } + 2𝐿{𝑦11 } − 𝐿{𝑦1 } − 𝐿{𝑦} = 0

𝑠3 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 2 0 − 𝑠 0 − 6 + 3 𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 (0) − 0 − 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 0 − 𝑦 𝑠 = 0

𝑠3 𝑦 𝑠 − 6 + 3 𝑠 2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑦 𝑠 = 0 (From (3))
(𝑠 3 + 3𝑠 2 − 𝑠 − 1) 𝑦 𝑠 =6
⇒ 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 1 (𝑠 + 2) 𝑦 𝑠 =6
6
⇒𝑦 𝑠 =
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 (𝑠+2

6 𝐴 𝐵 𝐶
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 (𝑠+2
= 𝑠−1 + 𝑠+1 + 𝑠+2

6 = 𝐴 𝑠 + 1 𝑠 + 2 + 𝐵 𝑠 − 1 𝑠 + 2 + 𝐶 𝑠 − 1 (𝑠 + 1)

⇒ 𝐴 = 1 , 𝐵 = −3 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶=2
1 3 2
∴𝑦 𝑠 = − + ------- (4)
𝑠−1 𝑠+1 𝑠+2

117
Taking Laplace Inverse Transform on both sides of (4), we get
1 1 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝑠−1
− 3𝐿−1 𝑠+1
+ 2𝐿−1 𝑠+2

∴ 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒𝑡 − 3𝑒−𝑡 + 2𝑒−2𝑡 ------- (5)

Equation (5) is required solution of the given differential equation.

3. Using Laplace Transform, solve the differential equation

𝑫𝟐 + 𝟒𝑫 + 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝟓 given that 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎.

Solution: The given equation

𝐷2 + 4𝐷 + 5 𝑦 = 5 -------(1)

The equation (1) can be written as

𝑦11 + 4𝑦1 + 5𝑦 = 5 ---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 0 = 0 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦11 } + 4𝐿{𝑦1 } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 5𝐿{1}

5
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 (0) − 𝑦1 (0) + 4 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑦(0) + 5𝑦 𝑠 =
𝑠
5
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 (0) − 0 + 4 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 0 + 5𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠 (From (3))

5
(𝑠 2 + 4𝑠 + 5) 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠

5
⇒𝑦 𝑠 =
𝑠 (𝑠2 +4𝑠+5)

5 𝐴 𝐵𝑠+𝐶
𝑠 (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)
=𝑠+ (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)

2
5 = 𝐴(𝑠 + 4𝑠 + 5) + 𝐵𝑠 + 𝐶 𝑠

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Put s = 0 ⇒ 5A = 5 ⇒ 𝐴 = 1

Equating coefficient of s2 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐵 = 0 ⇒ 𝐵 = −𝐴 ⇒ 𝐵 = −1

Equating coefficient of s ⇒ 4 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ⇒ 𝐶 = −4𝐴 ⇒ 𝐶 = −4

5 1 𝑠+4
= −
𝑠 (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5) 𝑠 (𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)

1 𝑠+4
𝑦 𝑠 == 𝑠 − -------(4)
(𝑠 2 +4𝑠+5)

Taking Laplace Inverse Transform on both sides of (4), we get

1 𝑠+4
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝑠 − 𝐿−1 2
(𝑠 +4𝑠+5)

1 𝑠+2+2
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 𝐿−1 𝑠 − 𝐿−1 2
(𝑠+2) +1)

1 𝑠+2 2
⇒ 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝐿−1 − 𝐿−1 +
𝑠 𝑠+2 2 +1) 𝑠+2 2 +1)

1 𝑠+2 2
⇒ 𝑦(𝑡) = 𝐿−1 − 𝐿−1 2 + 2
𝑠 (𝑠+2) +1) (𝑠+2) +1)

𝑠 2
⇒ 𝑦(𝑡) = 1 − 𝑒−2𝑡 𝐿−1 +
𝑠2 +1 𝑠2 +1

⇒ 𝑦 𝑡 = 1 − 𝑒−2𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝑡 + 2𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ------- (5)

Equation (5) is required solution of the given differential equation.

4. Using Laplace Transform, solve the differential equation

𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟐 𝒚 = 𝟓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 given that 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎.

Solution: The given equation

𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 2 𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ------- (1)

The equation (1) can be written as

119
 𝑦11 + 2𝑦1 + 2𝑦 = 5 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 ---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 0 = 0 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦11 } + 2𝐿{𝑦1 } + 2𝐿{𝑦} = 5𝐿{𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡}

5
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 (0) − 𝑦1 (0) + 2 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑦(0) + 2 𝑦 𝑠 =
𝑠2 + 1
5
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 (0) − 0 + 2 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 0 + 2𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠 2 +1(From (3))
5
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 2) 𝑦 𝑠 = 𝑠2+1

5
⇒𝑦 𝑠 = 2
(𝑠2 +1) (𝑠 +2𝑠+2)

5 𝐴𝑠+𝐵 𝐶𝑠+𝐷
𝑠2 +1 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)
= 𝑠2 +1
+ (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)

2
5 = (𝐴𝑠 + 𝐵)(𝑠 + 2𝑠 + 2) + 𝐶𝑠 + 𝐷 (𝑠 2 + 1)

Put s = 0 ⇒ 2𝐵 + 𝐷 = 5 -----(4)

Equating coefficient of s3 ⇒ 𝐴 + 𝐶 = 0 ------- (5)

Equating coefficient of s2 ⇒ 2𝐴 + 𝐵 + 𝐷 =0 -------(6)

Equating coefficient of s ⇒ 2𝐴 + 2𝐵 + 𝐶 = 0 ----- (7)

Solving (4) , (5) , (6) and (7) , we get

⇒ 𝐴 = −2 , 𝐵 = −1 , 𝐶 = 2 and 𝐷 = 3
5 −2 𝑠−1 2 𝑠 +3
2 = + (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)
(𝑠 +1) (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) 𝑠2 +1

120
5. Using Laplace Transform, solve the differential equation
𝑫𝟐 + 𝟐𝑫 + 𝟓 𝒚 = 𝒆−𝒕 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒕 given that 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟏.

Solution: The given equation

𝐷2 + 2𝐷 + 5 𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 -------(1)

The equation (1) can be written as

𝑦11 + 2𝑦1 + 5𝑦 = 𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 0 = 1 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦11 } + 2𝐿{𝑦1 } + 5𝐿{𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑒 −𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡}

1
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 (0) − 𝑦1 (0) + 2 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑦(0) + 5𝑦 𝑠 =
(𝑠 + 1)2 + 1
1
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 (0) − 1 + 2 𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 0 + 5𝑦 𝑠 = (𝑠+1)2+1(From (3))
1
(𝑠 2 + 2𝑠 + 5) 𝑦 𝑠 = (𝑠+1)2+1 + 1

1 1
⇒𝑦 𝑠 = 2 +
(𝑠2 +2𝑠+2) (𝑠 +2𝑠+5) (𝑠2 +2𝑠+5)

1 1 1 1 1
2 =3 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)
−
𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5)
+ 2
(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) (𝑠 +2𝑠+5) (𝑠 +2𝑠+5)

1 2 1 1 1
2 =3 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5)
+
3 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)
(𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2) (𝑠 +2𝑠+5)

2 1 1 1
⇒𝑦 𝑠 = + ------(4)
3 𝑠2 +2𝑠+5) 3 (𝑠2 +2𝑠+2)

Taking Laplace Inverse Transform on both sides of (4), we get

2 1 1 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 3 𝐿−1 𝑠 2 +2𝑠+5)
+ 3 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +2𝑠+2)

121
 2 1 1 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 3 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1)2 +4)
+ 3 𝐿−1 (𝑠+1)2 +1)

2 −𝑡 1
⇒𝑦 𝑡 =
6
𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 3
𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡

1 −𝑡 1
⇒ 𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑒−𝑡 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡
3 3
1 −𝑡
⇒𝑦 𝑡 = 𝑒 (𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 + 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡)------- (5)
3

Equation (5) is required solution of the given differential equation.

6. Using Laplace Transform, solve the differential equation

𝑫𝟐 + 𝟏 𝒚 = 𝒕 𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐𝒕 given that 𝒚 𝟎 = 𝟎, 𝒚𝟏 𝟎 = 𝟎.

Solution: The given equation

𝐷2 + 1 𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡 ------- (1)

The equation (1) can be written as

𝑦11 + 𝑦 = 𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡---------- (2)

The given conditions 𝑦 0 = 0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑦1 0 = 0 -------- (3)

Taking Laplace Transform on both sides of (2) , we get

𝐿{𝑦11 } + {𝑦} = 𝐿{𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑠2𝑡}

𝑠2 − 4
𝑠 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 𝑦 (0) − 𝑦 (0) + 𝑦 𝑠 = 2
2 1
(𝑠 + 4)2

𝑠2 −4
𝑠2 𝑦 𝑠 − 𝑠 (0) − 0 + 𝑦 𝑠 = 2 (From (3))
(𝑠2 +4)

2 𝑠2 −4
(𝑠 + 1) 𝑦 𝑠 = 2
(𝑠2 +4)

𝑠2 −4 5 1 8 1 5 1
⇒𝑦 𝑠 = 2 = + 2 − ------ (4)
(𝑠2 +1) (𝑠2 +4) 9 (𝑠2 +4) 3 (𝑠2 +4) 9 (𝑠2 +1)
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 Taking Laplace Inverse Transform on both sides of (4), we get
5 1 8 1 5 1
⇒ 𝐿−1 𝑦𝑠 = 9 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +4)
+ 3 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +4)2
− 9 𝐿−1 (𝑠 2 +1)

1
We know that 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑡 − 𝑎𝑡 cos𝑎𝑡
2 𝑎3

5 1 5 8 1
⇒𝑦 𝑡 =
9 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 3 2 (8) 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 2𝑡 cos2𝑡

5 1 5 1
⇒𝑦 𝑡 =
9 2
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 + 6 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 2𝑡 cos2𝑡

4 5 1
⇒𝑦 𝑡 =
9
𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑡 − 9
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑡 − 3 𝑡 cos2𝑡 ----- (5)

Equation (5) is required solution of the given differential equation.

123