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Basic Calculus – Grade 11

QUARTER 3 – WEEK 6
THE DERIVATIVES
I. OBJECTIVES:
 Illustrate the Extreme Value Theorem.
 Solve optimization problems that yield polynomial functions.
 Illustrate Chain Rule of Differentiation and solve problems involving Chain Rule
of Differentiation.

II. LEARNING ACTIVITIES:

A. EXTREME VALUE THEOREM (EVT)
This theorem states that a function (𝑥) which is found to be continuous over a closed
interval [𝑎, 𝑏] is guaranteed to have extreme values in that interval.

An extreme value of 𝑓 or extremum, is either a minimum or maximum value of a

function.

 A minimum value of 𝑓 occurs at some 𝑥 = 𝑐, if 𝑓(𝑐) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in that interval.

 A maximum value of 𝑓 occurs at some 𝑥 = 𝑐, if 𝑓(𝑐) ≥ 𝑓(𝑥) for all 𝑥 ≠ 𝑐 in that interval.

Note: In this lesson, we limit our illustration of extrema (plural form of extremum) to
graphical examples. More detailed and computational examples will follow once
derivatives have been discussed.

Examples:

1. Observe the graph of ( 𝑥) = 2𝑥 + 5 in the interval [−3, 3] (Figure 1). Since

the maximum point is (3, 11) and its minimum point is (−3, −1), therefore, the
maximum value of the function is 11 and its minimum value is –1
 Notice that the extremum is simply the y-coordinate of the maximum or minimum
point of the function.

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2. Sketch the graph and find the minimum and maximum value of the
function f( 𝑥) = 5𝑥 2 + 2𝑥 − 3 at the interval [−3, 2].

Note: You may download DESMOS application or GEOGEBRA in your gadget to graph
the function. You may also use this link https://www.desmos.com/calculator.

Figure 2

3. Does the function (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 at the interval (0, 2𝜋) have extrema (both
maximum and minimum value)? Explain your answer.

Solution:

Figure 3

Figure 3 shows that the given function is continuous, but the symbol used in the
given interval is a parenthesis “( )” which indicates that points:
𝜋 𝜋
-- ,0 and - ,0 do not belong to the interval(0, 2𝜋). Take a look at the graph of
2 2
𝜋 𝜋
the points -- ,0 and - ,0 which uses hallow circle to indicate that they are not part of the
2 2

interval. Thus, the function (𝑥) = cos 𝑥 has no absolute maximum or minimum value
because it is not within the closed interval.

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𝑥−1
4. Does the function 𝑓(𝑥) = [ ] at [−4, 4] have extrema? Explain your answer
𝑥+1

Observe the graph of the given function (Figure 4). Notice that the graph of the
𝑥−1
function breaks since it will be undefined at 𝑥 = −1. Therefore, f(𝑥) = has no maximum or
𝑥+1
minimum value because it is not a continuous function.

Figure 4

B. OPTIMIZATION PROBLEMS:
Many real – life situations require us to find a value that best suits our needs. If we
are given several options for the value of a variable x, how do we choose the “best value”?
Such problem is classified as an optimization problem.

Suggested Steps in Solving Optimization Problems.

1. If possible, draw a diagram of the problem.

2. Assign variables to all unknown quantities involved.
3. Specify the objective function. This function must be continuous.
i. Identify the quantity, say q, to be maximized of minimized.
ii. Formulate an equation involving q and other quantities. Express q in terms of a
single variable, say x. If necessary, use the information given and relationship
between quantities to eliminate some variables.
iii. The objective function is

maximize q = f(x)
or minimize q = f(x)

4. Determine the domain or constraints of q from the physical restrictions of the

problem. The domain must be a closed and bounded interval.
5. Use the appropriate theorems involving extrema to solve the problem. Make sure to
give the exact answer (with appropriate units) to the question.

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Example 5: Find the number in the interval [-2, 2] so that the difference of the
number from its square is maximized.
Solution: Let x be the desired number. We want to maximize
𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑥 2 − 𝑥

Where 𝑥 ∈ [−2,2]. Note that f is continuous on [-2, 2] and thus, we can apply
the Extreme Value Theorem.

We first find the critical numbers of f in the interval (-2, 2). We have

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 2𝑥 − 1

1
which means that we only have one critical number in (-2, 2): 𝑥 = .
2

Then we compute the compare the function value at the critical number and
the endpoints. We see that

1 1
𝑓(−2) = 6, 𝑓(2) = 2, 𝑓( ) = − .
2 4

From this, we conclude that f attains a maximum on [-2, 2] at the left endpoint
x = -2. Hence, the number we are looking for is −𝟐.

Example 6: Angelo who is in a rowboat 2 kilometers from a straight shoreline,

notices smoke coming from his house, which is on the shoreline and 6
kilometers from the point on the shoreline nearest Angelo. If he can row at 6
kph and run at 10 kph, how should he proceed in order to get to his house in
the least amount of time?

Solution:

Let c be the distance between the house and the point P on the shore
from which Angelo will start to run. Using the Pythagorean Theorem, we see
that the distance he will travel by boat is √4 + (6 − 𝑐)2 .

𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐
Note that 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = . Thus he will sail for hours and run for hours.
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 10
We wish to minimize

√4+(6−𝑐)2 𝑐
𝑇(𝑐) = + .
6 10

We can assume that 𝑐 ∈ [0, 6]. Solving for the critical numbers of f on (0, 6),

30−5𝑐+3√4+(6−𝑐)2
𝑇 ′ (𝑐) = ,
3√4+(6−𝑐)2
9
we get 𝑐 = .
2

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Comparing function from values at the endpoints and the critical number,

√40 9 52 14
𝑇(0) = , 𝑇( ) = , 𝑇(6) = .
6 2 60 15

9
we see that the minimum of T is attained at 𝑐 = . Thus, Angelo must row up
2
9 3
to the point C on the shore kilometers from his house and from the point
2 2
on the shore nearest him. Then he must run straight to his house.

Example 7: A rectangular box is to be made from a piece of cardboard 24 cm long

and 9 cm wide by cutting out identical squares from the four corners and
turning up the sides. Find the volume of the largest rectangular box that can
be formed.
Solution:

Let s be length of the side of the squares to be cut out, and imagine
the “flaps” being turned up to form a box. The length, width and the height of
the box would then be 24 – 2s, 9 – 2s, and s, respectively. Therefore, the
volume of the box is

𝑉(𝑠) = (24 − 2𝑠) (9 − 2𝑠) (𝑠)

= 2(108𝑠 − 33𝑠 2 + 2𝑠3 )

We wish to maximize V(s) but note that s should be nonnegative and should
not be more than half the width of the cardboard. That is, 𝑠 ∈ [0, 4.5]. (The
case s = 0 or s = 4.5 does not produce any box because one of the
dimensions would become zero; but to make the interval closed and bounded,
we can think of those cases as degenerate boxes with zero volume). Since V
is just a polynomial, it is continuous on the closed and bounded interval
[0, 4.5]. Thus, the Extreme Value Theorem applies. Now,

𝑉 ′ (𝑠) = 216 − 132𝑠 + 12𝑠2

= 4(52 − 33𝑠 + 3𝑠2 )
= 4(3𝑠 − 6)(𝑠 − 9)

and hence the only critical number of V in [0, 4.5] is 2 (s = 9 is outside the
interval).

We now compare the functional values at the endpoints and the critical points:

s 0 2 4.5
V(s) 0 200 0

Therefore, from the table, we see that V attains its maximum at s = 2, and the
maximum volume is equal to V(2) = 200 cm 3

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C. THE CHAIN RULE:

Chain Rule is the process of differentiating a composite function.

Recall: Composite functions are two functions combined to make a single one. For
example, the combination of functions f and g is (f o g)(x) = f(g(x))

Note: To apply the Chain Rule on composite functions, you must take the derivative of
its outside function and then multiply it to the derivative of its inside function.
𝑑
In symbols:
𝑑𝑥
[((𝑥))] = 𝑓′(𝑔(𝑥)) ∙ 𝑔′(𝑥)

Derivative of the Remember:

outside function 𝒅
[𝒖𝒏 ] = 𝒏(𝒖)𝒏−𝟏 . 𝒖′
𝒅𝒙
Derivative of the
inside function

Example 8: Solve for the derivative of ((𝒙)) = (𝒙 + 𝟒)𝟓 .

Below are the steps and solutions to get the answer for the equation given
above.

EXPLANATION COMPUTATION
Since there is no direct differentiation rule Let u = x + 4
applicable, the equation inside the f(u) = (u)5
parenthesis was represented into single
variable u resulting into a simpler equation
raised to an exponent. This equation is the
outside function.
On the other, the actual equation inside the g(x) = x + 4
parenthesis is the inside function.
Application of Chain Rule: derivative of
outside function multiplied by the derivative of
the inside function,
𝑑
⌈𝑢𝑛 ⌉ = 𝑛(𝑢)𝑛−1 . 𝑢′
𝑑𝑥

Return to the original equation x + 4 and

substitute to the variable u to get the answer.

The derivative of ((𝑥)) = (𝑥 + 4)5 is equal to 5(𝑥 + 4)4.

Example 9. Evaluate the derivative of 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥) .

Using the table below, it will show you the steps and solution that you need in order to
get the final answer on the equation given above.

EXPLANATION COMPUTATION
The equation inside the parenthesis was Let u = 3x
represented into a single variable u resulting y = sin(u)
into a much simpler equation. This equation
is the outside function. Recall that (x) = y.

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On the other, the actual equation inside the g(x) = 3x

parenthesis is the inside function.
Application of the Chain Rule: Derivative of y’ = [𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒖)] . [𝟑(𝟏)𝒙𝟏−𝟏]
the outside function multiplied by the y’ =[𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝒖)] . (𝟑)
derivative of the inside function,
𝒅
[𝒖𝒏 ] = 𝒏(𝒖)𝒏−𝟏 . 𝒖′
𝒅𝒙

Note: (y’ is the symbol for the derivative

of y)

It is proper to put the constant infront of the y’ = 3cos(3x)

function and return the original equation 3x
in place of the variable u to get the answer.

The derivative of 𝑦 = sin(3𝑥) is equal to 3cos(3𝑥).

III. PRACTICE EXERCISES:

A. Identify the extrema (both minimum and maximum) of the given graphs below. If
there is no extrema, provide an explanation.

1. 4.

2. 5.

3.

B. For each of the following problems, determine the absolute extrema of the given
function on the specified interval.

1. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 + 81𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 − 8 on [−8, 2]

2. 𝑓(𝑥) = 8𝑥 3 + 81𝑥 2 − 42𝑥 − 8 on [−4, 2]

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3. 𝑅(𝑡) = 1 + 80𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 on [−4.5, 4]

4. 𝑅(𝑡) = 1 + 80𝑡 3 + 5𝑡 4 − 2𝑡 5 on [0, 7]

5. ℎ(𝑧) = 4𝑧 3 − 3𝑧 2 + 9𝑧 + 12 on [−2, 1]

C. Solve the following optimization problems.

1. The sum of two positive number is 12. What are these numbers if their product is
a maximum.

2. You are asked to fence a rectangular region and maximize the area. You are
given 260 meters of fencing materials. What should be the dimensions of the
rectangular regions?

3. We want to build a box whose base length is 6 times the base width and the box
will enclose 20 in3. The cost of the material of the sides is $3/in2 and the cost of
the top and bottom is $15/in2. Determine the dimensions of the box that will
minimize the cost.

D. Solve for the derivative of each function applying the Chain Rule.
1. 𝑦 = (3𝑥 − 1)25

2. f (𝑥) = √𝑥 − 1

3. 𝑦 = cos(5𝑥)

4. y = ecosx

5. h(x) = ( 8x + 3)3/2

IV. EVALUATION

A. Answer the following:

1. When can we say that a function or a graph has extrema (both minimum
and maximum value)? Illustrate the graph showing this situation.
2. How do we identify the minimum and maximum value of the graph of a
function at a given interval? Give example.

3. Find the extrema of the given functions on the interval [ -1 , 1].

a. f(x) = 3x2 – 3x + 4

b. f(x) = x3 – 9x2 + 15x – 20

c. f(x) = x3 – x2 – x – 10

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B. Solve the following optimization problems.

1. Find two positive numbers whose product is 100 and whose sum is a minimum.
2. A rectangular garden is to be fenced off along the side of a building. No fence is
required along the side. There are 120 meters of fencing materials to be used. Find
the dimensions of the garden with the largest area.
3. An open box is to be made from a 16 cm by 30 cm piece of cardboard by cutting out
squares of equal size from the four corners and bending up the sides. How long
should the sides of the squares be to obtain a box with the largest volume?

C. Solve the following:

1. What is the derivative of y = ( 4x2 – 3x + 5)6 ?
2. Find dy/dx where y = ( 5x3 + 7x – 3)1/2.

3. What is g’(x) given that g(x) = ( x2 + 3)21?

4. Find f’(x) if f(x) = (ax + b)8.

5. Find dy/dx if y = sin √𝑥 + 5

V. ANSWER KEY:
(PRACTICE EXERCISES)
A. 1. Max: (-2, 3) Min: (1, -1)
2. none 3. none
4. none 5. Max: (-1, 2) or (1, 2) Min: (0, 0)
B.
1. Absolute maximum: 1511 at x = −7
1
Absolute minimum: −13.3125 at 𝑥 = 4
2. Absolute maximum: 944 at x = −4
1
Absolute minimum: −13.3125 at 𝑥 =
4
3. Absolute maximum: 4353 at t = 4
Absolute minimum: −1791 at 𝑡 = −4
4. Absolute maximum: 8209 at t = 6
Absolute minimum: 1 at t = 0
5. Absolute maximum: 22 at z = 1
Absolute minimum: −50 at 𝑧 = −2

C. 1. 6 and 6
2. length = 65m width = 65m
3. width = 0.7299 length = 4.3794 height = 6.2568

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D. 1. 𝑦 ′ = 73(3𝑥 − 1)24 3. 𝑦 ′ = −5sin(5𝑥)

1
1
2. 𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = (𝑥 − 1)−2 4. 𝑦 ′ = − sin 𝑥 𝑒 cos 𝑥
2
1
5. ℎ′ (𝑥) = 12(8𝑥 + 3)2

VI. REFLECTION:
I have learned that
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I wish to ask my teacher about

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 DepEd. 2013. Basic Calculus. Teachers Guide. DepEd. 2013. General Mathematics.
Teachers Guide.
 SHS BASIC CALCULUS Learners Material pp 175 – 184 ,193 – 199
 Next Century Mathematics (Basic Calculus), Jesus P. Mercado pp: 211 – 220
.

DEVELOPMENT TEAM:

Writer: MELECIO B. BAYOLA, JR- T III, TNHS

Editor: REYNALDO C. CAŃEZO, JR. – MT I, TNHS
Reviewers: NERISSA A. MORTEGA – HT III, SLNHS
DIOLETA B. BORAIS – EPS I, SDO TABACO
Layout Artist: JELLY B. BREQUILLO – T I, TNHS

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