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Programming Fundamentals - A Modular
Structured Approach using C++
By:
Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Programming Fundamentals - A Modular
Structured Approach using C++
By:
Kenneth Leroy Busbee
Online:
< http://cnx.org/content/col10621/1.22/ >
CONNEXIONS
8 8. Standard Libraries
8.1 Standard Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
8.2 Practice 8: Standard Libraries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
22 22. Pointers
22.1 Address Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259
22.2 Parameter Passing by Reference . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260
25 Review Materials
25.1 Review: Foundation Topics Group: 1-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 286
25.2 Review: Modular Programming Group: 6-9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 287
25.3 Review: Structured Programming Group: 10-16 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288
25.4 Review: Intermediate Topics Group: 17-21 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 289
25.5 Review: Advanced Topics Group: 22-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290
26 Appendix
26.1 Abbreviated Precedence Chart for C++ Operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291
26.2 C++ Reserved Keywords . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294
26.3 ASCII Character Set . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295
26.4 Show Hide File Extensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296
26.5 Academic or Scholastic Dishonesty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299
26.6 Successful Learning Skills . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302
26.7 Study Habits that Build the Brain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 305
Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314
Attributions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318
Conceptual Approach
The learning modules of this textbook/collection were, for the most part, written without consideration of
a specic programming language. In many cases the C++ language is discussed as part of the explanation
of the concept. Often the examples used for C++ are exactly the same for the Java programming language.
However, some modules were written specically for the C++ programming language. This could not be
1
2
avoided as the C++ language is used in conjunction with this textbook/collection by the author in teaching
college courses.
Instructor Materials
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tor Materials for: Programming Fundamentals - A Modular Structured Approach using C++ is available
at: http://cnx.org/content/m34529/latest/
2 and the encryption code is only available to educational insti-
tutional faculty that are considering adoption of this collection as a textbook.
About Connexions
Connexions Modular Content
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Read the book online, print the PDF, or buy a copy of the book.
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3. You may order a bound copy of the collection (for a reasonable printing and shipping fee) by clicking
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1. When it converts an "Example" the PDF displays the rst line of an example properly but indents
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a PDF) and downloading either a module or a textbook/collection as a PDF.
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Table 1
I wish to acknowledge the many people who have helped me and have encouraged me in this project.
1. Mr. Abass Alamnehe, who is a fellow faculty member at Houston Community College. He has encour-
aged the use of Connexions as an "open source" publishing concept. His comments on several modules
have led directly to the improvement of the materials in this textbook/collection.
2. The hundreds (most likely a thousand plus) students that I have taken programming courses that I
have taught since 1984. The languages include: COBOL, main frame IBM assembly, Intel assembly,
Pascal, "C" and "C++". They have often suggested that I write my own book because they thought
that I was explaining the subject matter better than the author of the textbook that we were using.
Little did my students understand that directly or indirectly they aided in the improvement of the
materials from which I taught as well as improving me as a teacher.
3. To my future students and all those that will use this textbook/collection. They will provide suggestions
for improvement as well as being the thousand eyes identifying the hard to nd typos, etc.
4. My wife, Carol, who supports me in all that I do. She has tolerated the many hours that I have spent
in concentration on developing the modules that comprise this work. Without her support, this work
would not have happened.
5
6
Orientation
Textbook/Collection Layout
The approach of this course will be to take the student through a progression of materials that will allow
the student to develop the skills of programming. The basic unit of study is a Connexions module. Several
modules are collected into a chapter. The chapters are divided into ve groups.
Appendix N/A 7
Table 1
Some professors using this textbook/collection might decide to eliminate certain modules or chapters.
Some may eliminate the entire Advanced Topics group. Other professors may choose to add additional study
materials. The advantage of this textbook/collection is that it may be adapted by professors to suit the
needs of their students.
Chapter Layout
Each chapter will usually ow from:
As you proceed with the Connexions modules that comprise a chapter, you should:
7
8
• Do any exercises.
• Create 3x5 study cards for all denitions. When this material is used as a textbook for a course the
denitions are to be memorized. Conrm this with your professor.
• Learning Objectives
• Memory Building Activities aka MBAs Link These could consist of any of the following types of
interactive computer activities: ash card, crossword puzzle, seek a word, drag n drop, labeling,
ordering or sorting. When the materials are used as a textbook for a course, it is imperative that
students do a variety of repetitive activities in order to memorize basic course material. Besides, have
fun learning.
• Exercises In addition to any exercises within the study modules that you completed before the
practice module, there will be at least one exercise for students to complete.
• Miscellaneous Items These will exist for some of the chapters.
• Lab Assignment Usually, completed on one's own eorts. Review the instructions/restrictions from
your professor/teacher if using this for a high school or college credit course.
• Problems The intent of this activity is for students to formulate their own answers. Thus, solutions
to the problems will not be provided. When the materials are used as a textbook for a course, the
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their solutions with each other. If you are using this for a high school or college credit course, verify that
you may work as team at solving the problems. This type of approved activity is called "authorized
collusion" and is not a violation of "Academic or Scholastic Dishonesty" rules.
A professor using this textbook/collection/course will most likely have additional lab assignments, quizzes
and exams that would be used in calculating your grade.
1. Starting Out with C++ Early Objects, by: Tony Gaddis et. al., 7
th Edition, International Edition,
ISBN: 978-0-13-137714-1
2. Starting Out with C++ Early Objects, by: Tony Gaddis et. al., 6
th Edition, ISBN: 0-321-51238-3
3. Starting Out with C++ Early Objects, by: Tony Gaddis et. al., 5
th Edition, ISBN: 0-321-38348-6
4. Computer Science A structured Approach using C++, by: Behrouz A. Forouzan et. al., 2
nd Edition,
ISBN: 0-534-37480-8
These textbooks are typically available in the used textbook market at a reasonable price. You may use
any one of the three books. If you acquire one of the above optional traditional textbooks, you may want
to download and store the following le to your storage device (disk drive or ash drive) in an appropriate
folder.
Download from Connexions: Connexions_Module_Reading_List_col10621.pdf
7
Syllabus
The syllabus for a course that is for credit will be provided by your specic course professor. If you are using
this textbook/collection for non-credit as self-study, we have some suggestions:
These is no magic way to learn about computer programming other than to immerse yourself into regular
study and study includes more than casual reading. To help you keep track of your study, we have
included a check o list for the textbook/collection.
Pre-Chapter Items 4
Chapters 1 to 5 27
Chapters 6 to 9 17
Chapters 10 to 16 30
Chapters 17 to 21 17
Chapters 22 to 24 11
Table 2
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12
1. Introduction to Programming
13
14 CHAPTER 1. 1. INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
During the Design phase the System Analyst will document the inputs, processing and outputs of each
program within the application. During the Implementation phase programmers would be assigned to
write the specic programs using a programming language decided by the System Analyst. Once the system
of programs is tested the new application is installed for people to use. As time goes by, things change and a
specic part or program might need repair. During the Maintenance phase, it goes through a mini planning,
analysis, design and implementation. The programs that need modication are identied and programmers
change or repair those programs. After several years of use, the system usually becomes obsolete. At this
point a major revision of the application is done. Thus the cycle repeats itself.
1.1.2 Denitions
Denition 1.1: system analyst
Computer professional in charge of creating applications.
You need to get the software and a C++ source code program that has been tested and is error free.
two folders on your hard drive or
You will need about 80MB of storage space. We suggest that you create
ash drive depending on which installation you choose. If on a ash drive create them at the root level of
the drive. If on your home machine, you can use the folder area set up by the operating system for you as a
user. Name them:
2 This content is available online at <http://cnx.org/content/m18785/1.15/>.
• Compiler_Test
To help you keep les organized, you will want to create other sub-folders for storing source code les. We
suggest you create at least two other sub-folder to be used with Connexions' related modules. Within the
Cpp_Source_Code_Files, create sub-folders named:
• Demo_Programs
• Monitor_Header
The full version of the software is named: Dev-C++ 5.0 beta 9.2 (4.9.9.2) (9.0 MB) with Mingw/GCC
3.4.2 You can either download it from Bloodshed or download the version as of 12/8/2008 that is stored
on the Connexions web site. Store it in the Cpp_Software_Download folder you created. The software is
approximately 9.1 MB and will take several minutes to download if you are using a dial-up modem connection.
tip: The software has not signicantly changed since 2007 and the Connexions version will be
sucient for most users. The Bloodshed link requires some additional navigation to get to the
software download. Thus, because it is signicantly easier, we recommend that you download the
software from the Connections web site.
Listed below is a C++ source code le titled: Compiler_Test.cpp It has been prepared for Connexions web
delivery. Download and store it in the Compiler_Test sub-folder you created. You may need to right click
on the link and select "Save Target As" in order to download the le.
Download from Connexions: Compiler_Test.cpp
5
3 http://www.bloodshed.net/dev/devcpp.html
4 See the le at <http://cnx.org/content/m18785/latest/devcpp-4.9.9.2_setup.exe>
5 See the le at <http://cnx.org/content/m18785/latest/Compiler_Test.cpp>
Language: Spanish
EL ACEITE
DE OLIVAS
Su extracción, clarificación,
depuración, conservación y envases
para su exportación,
decoloración y medios propuestos
para quitarle la rancidez,
POR EL
Dr. A. Bizzarri.
SEGUNDA EDICIÓN
traducida por
D. DIEGO PEQUEÑO
Catedrático numerario
del Instituto Agrícola de Alfonso
XII
y ex Director del mismo.
MADRID
LIBRERÍA AGRÍCOLA Y CASA EDITORIAL
Calle de Serrano, núm. 14.
1900
EL ACEITE
DE OLIVAS
SU EXTRACCIÓN, CLARIFICACIÓN,
DEPURACIÓN, CONSERVACIÓN Y ENVASES PARA SU
EXPORTACIÓN,
DECOLORACIÓN
Y MEDIOS PROPUESTOS PARA QUITARLE LA RANCIDEZ
POR EL
SEGUNDA EDICIÓN
traducido por
D. DIEGO PEQUEÑO
MADRID
IMPRENTA DE LOS HIJOS DE M. G. HERNÁNDEZ
Libertad, 16 duplicado.
1900
Es propiedad.
Queda hecho el depósito
que marca la
ley.
PRÓLOGO
Grandes é indiscutibles progresos ha realizado y continúa realizando
Italia en la elaboración de los aceites de olivas, habiendo logrado colocarse
á la cabeza de las naciones productoras de tan valiosa mercancía. Ninguna
otra ofrece tantas semejanzas climatológicas con España para que
olvidemos imitarla.
Si en todo momento puede ser útil á nuestros almazareros el
conocimiento de la fecunda labor allí realizada, de cuatro lustros á esta
parte, nunca como en las presentes circunstancias.
Nuestra riqueza olivarera, llamada á ser la primera del mundo en calidad
y cantidad, atraviesa, á la hora presente, profunda crisis por mil causas de
todos conocidas, y especialmente por la pésima elaboración de nuestros
aceites y el ningún cuidado con que se les depura y conserva.
Atentos á estas sumarísimas consideraciones, nos hemos decidido á dar á
luz el presente trabajo, que para su más perfecta inteligencia y metódica
exposición hemos dividido en tres partes.
La primera es una traducción de la interesante obrita del doctor
Alejandro Bizzarri, en la cual el autor ha logrado sintetizar, en pocas
páginas, cuanto importa conocer á los almazareros, refinadores,
almacenistas y negociantes. El nombre del Sr. Bizzarri es harto conocido en
Italia como experto elajiotécnico, para que nos detengamos á hacer su
elogio.
En la segunda parte consignamos una serie ordenada de preceptos y
conclusiones prácticas relativas á la industria oleícola, expuestos en forma
dogmática y con la necesaria claridad y sencillez á fin de que sean
comprendidos hasta del más rústico maestro molinero.
Por último, la tercera es una recopilación interesantísima de los datos
publicados por el Centro de información comercial creado recientemente en
el Ministerio de Estado.
En ella encontrarán nuestros lectores multitud de cifras relativas al
comercio de importación y exportación de los aceites; valores alcanzados
en las principales plazas comerciales; naturaleza, forma y capacidad de los
envases; derechos de aduanas, impuestos é importadores de dicha
mercancía, terminando con las tarifas de transporte por los ferrocarriles.
No hay que hacerse ilusiones: perdido ó casi perdido el mercado de los
aceites de olivas para usos industriales por la terrible competencia que
tienen que soportar de los de semillas, palma, grasas y productos de todo
género; y perdido para siempre y totalmente para el alumbrado público,
sólo queda á los olivareros españoles un camino: elaborarlos con esmero á
fin de obtenerlos finos, aromáticos y comestibles, para cuyo uso jamás
temerán la competencia. Ninguna otra grasa vegetal ó animal posee el
conjunto de propiedades higiénicas que caracteriza los buenos aceites de
olivas. Si esto es una verdad indiscutible, ¿á qué esperamos?
Importa, pues, no cejar un punto en el empeño ya felizmente comenzado
por algunos almazareros. Importa desterrar para siempre los vetustos é
irracionales métodos de elaboración, abandonando añejos prejuicios, para
entrar de lleno en las anchurosas vías abiertas á los progresos elajiotécnicos.
El modesto libro que hoy ofrecemos al público acaso pueda contribuir,
aun cuando sea en pequeña escala, á inculcar en nuestros cosecheros la idea
de la urgente necesidad en que están de romper los antiguos moldes. Con
ello veríamos colmados nuestros deseos y recompensados nuestros afanes.
Diego Pequeño.
PRIMERA PARTE
LOS ACEITES DE OLIVAS EN ITALIA
El cultivo de la vid y la elaboración de los vinos son, á la hora presente,
objeto de asiduos y prolijos estudios, tanto por las Estaciones enológicas
como por las Sociedades agrícolas, existiendo buen número de cosecheros
los cuales, gracias á la aplicación de los procedimientos recomendados por
dichos centros, han conseguido ya grandes y positivas ventajas comerciales.
Sabido es que el aceite de olivas, como producto industrial, constituye
una importantísima parte de la riqueza agraria de nuestro país, y en su
virtud entendemos no será baldío, ni para el almazarero ni para el
negociante, la publicación de algunos estudios nuestros acerca de la
clarificación y purificación de una mercancía cuya producción, sólo en
Toscana, se eleva á la respetable cifra de 160.000 hectolitros, por término
medio, al año.
Grandes son, en verdad, las vías abiertas á la exportación de tan valioso
artículo; pero éstas se extenderán aún mucho más en Italia el día que
elaborando con mayor esmero, ofrezcamos un producto mejor clarificado,
limpio y conservado, al propio tiempo que más artísticamente dispuesto en
buenos envases, con especial el que se destina para el exterior.
RECOLECCIÓN DE LAS ACEITUNAS
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