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Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum is a wireless communication technology that enhances security and reliability by distributing signals over a wider bandwidth, making them more resistant to interference and jamming. Two main techniques are Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), each with its own advantages and applications. FHSS is commonly used in Bluetooth and military communications, while DSSS is utilized in GPS and CDMA cellular networks.

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10 views5 pages

Spread Spectrum

Spread Spectrum is a wireless communication technology that enhances security and reliability by distributing signals over a wider bandwidth, making them more resistant to interference and jamming. Two main techniques are Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) and Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS), each with its own advantages and applications. FHSS is commonly used in Bluetooth and military communications, while DSSS is utilized in GPS and CDMA cellular networks.

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siddhinighot3
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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What is Spread Spectrum?


Spread Spectrum is a wireless communication technology that distributes the


transmitted signal across a larger bandwidth than the original signal. This
approach improves communication security and dependability by increasing
the signal’s resistance to interference, eavesdropping, and jamming. In this
article, we will discuss every point about Spread Spectrum and its types.

What is Spread Spectrum?

Spread spectrum is a method of transmitting radio signals over a wide range


of frequencies. It spreads the signal over a broader bandwidth than the
minimum required to send the information, which provides advantages such
as increased resistance to interference, improved security, and enhanced
privacy. The excerpt discusses the use of spread-spectrum techniques in
communication to ensure secure transmission. This method uses air as a
medium and extends bandwidth to create a protective envelope for signals,
reducing the risk of interception or jamming. The ‘spread code’ is a
patterned series of numbers that enlarges the original signal’s bandwidth.
This method is typically used in situations where secure transmission is
crucial.
Techniques used for Spread Spectrum
 Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
 Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
1.Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS)
In Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), different carrier frequencies
are modulated by the source signal i.e. M carrier frequencies are modulated
by the signal. At one moment signal modulates one carrier frequency and at
the subsequent moments, it modulates other carrier frequencies. The
general block diagram of FHSS is shown in the below figure.
Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum

A pseudorandom code generator generates Pseudo-random Noise of some


pattern for each hopping period Th. The frequency corresponding to the
pattern is used for the hopping period and is passed to the frequency
synthesizer. The synthesizer generates a carrier signal of that frequency. The
figure above shows the spread signal via FHSS.
Advantages of FHSS
 Synchronization is not greatly dependent on distance.
 Processing Gain is higher than DSSS.
Disadvantages of FHSS
 The bandwidth of the FHSS system is too large (in GHz).
 Complex and expensive Digital frequency synthesizers are required.
Applications of FHSS
 FHSS is used in Bluetooth
 Military Communications
 Walkie-Talkies
 Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs)
 Remote Controls
2.Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS)
In Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum, the bandwidth of the original signal is
also expanded by a different technique. Here, each data bit is replaced with
n bits using a spreading code called chips, and the bit rate of the chip is
called as chip-rate. The chip rate is n times the bit rate of the original
signal. The below Figure shows the DSSS block diagram.
Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum

In wireless LAN, the sequence with n = 11 is used. The original data is


multiplied by chips (spreading code) to get the spread signal. The required
bandwidth of the spread signal is 11 times larger than the bandwidth of the
original signal.
Advantages of DSSS
 The DSSS System combats the jamming most effectively.
 The performance of DSSS in presence of noise is superior to FHSS.
 Interference is minimized against the signals.
Disadvantages of DSSS
 Processing Gain is lower than FHSS.
 Channel Bandwidth is less than FHSS.
 Synchronization is affected by the variable distance between the
transmitter and receiver.
Applications of DSSS
 GPS (Global Positioning System)
 CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) Cellular Networks
 Satellite Communication
 Wireless Sensor Networks

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