CHAPTER

Matrices and
1
m n 
M= 
 o p
Determinants | M | = mp – no

Topicwise Weightage of JEE Main 6 Years Paper (124 Sets)

Properties of Determinants
Definition, Types of Matrices, Trace of
a Matrix, Equality of Matrices, Addition
20% and Subtraction of Matrices, Properties of
25% Matrix Addition and Subtraction

Adjoint of a Square Matrix, Inverse

of A Matrix, Properties of Adjoint 18%
and Inverse of Matrix

37% System of Linear Equations in Three

Unknowns

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INTRODUCTION The general m × n matrix is

A matrix is a definite collection of quantities like numbers,  a11 a12 a13 ...... a1 j ..... a1n 
symbols, or expressions, arranged in a tabular form of rows and a
 21 a22 a23 ...... a2 j ..... a2 n 
columns. Basically it is ordered arrangement of data.
The order of a matrix is written as the number of rows by the  ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
A= 
number of columns.  ai1 ai 2 ai 3 ...... aij ...... ain 
For e.g. a 2 × 2 matrix consists of 2 rows and 2 columns. It has a  ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... ..... 
total of 4 elements.  
If a matrix has m rows and n columns then the order of matrix is  am1 am 2 am 3 ..... amj ..... amn 
written as m × n and we call it as order m by n
where aij denote the element of ith row and jth column. The above
matrix is usually denoted as [aij]m×n.
Matrix Elements Now any matrix of order m × n will have the notation [aij]m×n.
i.e., A = [aij]m×n or (aij)m×n or ||aij||m×n
row 1→ a 11 a 12

row 2→ a 21 a 22 it is trivial that 1 ≤ i ≤ m and 1 ≤ j ≤ n

a 31 a 32 3 4  a b c
,B  ,
row 3→
e.g., A =
= 
↑ ↑ 5 6  d e f 
column 1 column 2
 −1 3 c 
• Dimension of the matrix → m × n =C =  , D [1, 4,9]
 2 9 4
• Entries of the aij
PTR (Points to Remember):
←

matrix
row column
• row column 1. Generally capital letters of English alphabets are used to
↑

m × n Matrix denote matrices.

2. The matrix is not a number. It has no numerical value.
 TYPES OF MATRIX
Train Your Brain
Row Matrix
A matrix having only one row is called as row matrix (or row
Example 1: Consider a 3 × 4 matrix A = [aij], whose vector). General form of row matrix is
elements are given by aij = 2i + 3j, then A = A = [a11 a12 a13 ... a1n]
 5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14  This is a matrix of order “1 × n” (or a row matrix of order n).
7 10 13 16  14 10 13 16 
(a)   (b)   Column Matrix
9 12 15 18   9 12 15 18  A matrix having only one column is called a column matrix
(or column vector).
 5 8 11 14   5 8 11 14 
(c) 14 10 8 16  (d) 14 10 8 5   a11 
    a 
 9 12 15 18   9 12 15 18  Column matrix is of the form A =   .
21

 ... 
Sol. In this problem, i and j are the number of rows and  
 am1 
columns respectively. By substituting the respective values
This is a matrix of order “m × 1” (or a column matrix of order m).
of rows and columns in aij = 2i + 3j we can construct the
required matrix. Zero or Null Matrix
A = [aij]m×n is called a zero matrix, if aij = 0 ∀ i and j.
 a11 a12 a13 a14 
 0 0 0 
We have A =  a21 a22 a23 a24  ; 0 0 0  
e.g., (i)   (ii)  0 0 0 
 a31 a32 a33 a34  0 0 0
 0 0 0 
all = 2 × 1 + 3 × 1 = 5; a12 = 2 × 1 + 3 × 2 = 8
Similarly, a13 = 11, a14 = 14, a21 = 7, a22 = 10, a23 = 13, Singleton Matrix
a24 = 16, a31 = 9, a32 = 12,a33 = 15, a34 = 18 If in a matrix there is only one element then it is called singleton
matrix. Thus, A = [aij]m×n is a singleton matrix if m = n = 1.
 5 8 11 14  E.g. [2], [3], [a], [–3] are singleton matrices.
7 10 13 16 
∴ A=
 
9 12 15 18  Horizontal Matrix
A matrix of order m × n is a horizontal matrix if n > m;
Example 2: Construct a 3 × 4 matrix, whose elements are
1 2 3 4 
1 E.g.  
given by: aij = | −3i + j | 2 5 1 1
2

 1 1 Vertical Matrix
1 2
0
2 2
5
  1
5 3 1 
Sol. A =  2 1
 A matrix of order m × n is a vertical matrix if m > n; E.g. 
2 2 3
6
   
7 5 2
4
4 3 Square Matrix
 2 2  A matrix in which number of rows and columns are equal is called
a square matrix. The general form of a square matrix is
 a11 a12 ....... a1n 
a a22 ........ a2 n 
Concept Application A =  21
....... ....... ....... .......
 
 an1 an 2 ....... ann 
 3 −1 5 
1. The order of   matrix is ______ . which we denote as A = [aij]n× n
6 2 −7  This is a matrix of order “n × n” (or a square matrix of order n).
2. The number of different possible orders of matrices Diagonal Elements: An element of a matrix A = [aij] is said to be
having 18 identical elements are ______ . diagonal element if i = j. Thus an element whose row suffix equals
to the column suffix is a diagonal element e.g., a11, a22, a33, ... are
all diagonal element.

2 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

Conjugate Elements: In a square matrix the pair of elements aij  a 0 0 0 
& aji are called Conjugate Elements. a 0 0   
0 b 0 0
 a11 a12  e.g., (i)  0 b 0 
 (ii)  
e.g. in the matrix   , a21 and a12 are conjugate elements.  0 0 c 
 0 0 0 0 
 a21 a22   
 0 0 0 c 

Principal Diagonal: The line along which the diagonal elements lie
is called the principal diagonal or simply the diagonal of the matrix. ADVANCED LEARNING
Upper Triangular Matrix Note: Minimum number of zero in a diagonal matrix is given by
A = [aij]m×n is said to be upper triangular, if aij = 0 for i > j n2 – n where n is a order of the matrix.
(i.e., all the elements below the diagonal elements are zero).
Scalar Matrix
a b c
Scalar matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal
 y 
e.g.,  0 x elements are same.
 0 0 z  A = [aij]n is a scalar matrix, if
 0 when i ≠ j
Lower Triangular Matrix aij = 
k when i = j
A = [aij]m×n is said to be a lower triangular matrix, if aij = 0 for i
< j. (i.e., all the elements above the diagonal elements are zero.) a 0 0
a 0  
a 0 0 e.g., (i)   (ii)  0 a 0 
  0 a  0 0 a 
e.g.,  b c 0 
 x y z 
Unit Matrix (Identity Matrix)
ADVANCED LEARNING Unit matrix is a diagonal matrix in which all the diagonal elements
PTR: Minimum number of zero in a triangular matrix is given are unity. Unit matrix of order ‘n’ is denoted by Ιn (or Ι).
n(n − 1) i.e., A = [aij]n is a unit matrix when
by where n is order of matrix.
2 0 when i ≠ j
aij = 
1 when i = j
Diagonal Matrix
A square matrix [aij]n is said to be a diagonal matrix, if aij = 0 for 1 0 0 
i ≠ j (i.e., all the elements of the square matrix other than diagonal 1 0   
e.g., I 2 =
=  , I 3 0 1 0 
elements are zero).  0 1 
0 0 1 
Note: Diagonal matrix of order n is denoted as diag (a11, a22, ..., ann).
Type of Square Matrix

Matrices and Determinants 3

Sub Matrix
Train Your Brain
A matrix obtained by omitting some rows or some columns or
both of a given matrix A is called a sub matrix of A.
Example 3: Let
2 0 4 
2 0
e.g., If A =  5 6 8  then 

 is a submatrix of  sin θ 1/ 2  1/ 2 sin θ 
5 6    
 3 −2 29  A= −1/ 2 cos θ  & B =
 cos θ cos θ  .
   cos θ
A which is obtained by omitting third row and third column of A.  cos θ tan θ   −1 

Trace of Matrix Find θ so that A = B.
Let A be a square matrix then, the elements a11, a22, a33, ... are Sol. By definition A and B are equal if they have the same
called as diagonal elements. Their sum is called as trace of A order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
denoted as 1 1
n
Thus we have sin θ = , cos θ = − and tan θ = –1
2 2
tr ( A) = ∑a ii = a11 + a22 + a33 + ... + ann
i =1
π
Note: θ (2n + 1)π − .
⇒=
4
Let A = [aij]n×n and B = [bij]n×n and λ be a scalar,
Example 4: Find the value of a, b, c and d, if
1. tr(λA) = λtr(A)
 a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
2. tr(A + B) = tr(A) + tr(B)  2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13 .
   
3. tr(AB) = tr(BA)
Sol. As the two matrices are equal, their corresponding
4. tr(In) = n
elements are equal. Therefore, by equating the corresponding
5. tr(AB) ≠ tr(A) . tr(B) elements of given matrices we will obtain the value of a, b,
6. If A, B, C are square matrices of order n, then c and d.
tr(ABC) = tr(BCA) = tr(CAB)  a − b 2a + c   −1 5 
 2a − b 3c + d  =  0 13 (given)
Comparable Matrices    
Two matrices A & B are said to be comparable, if they have the a – b = –1 … (i)
same order (i.e., number of rows of A and B are same and also the
2a + c = 5 … (ii)
number of columns).
2a – b = 0 … (iii)
2 3 4
e.g., (i) A =   and 3c + d = 13 … (iv)
 3 −1 2 
Subtracting equation (i) from (iii), we have a = 1;
3 4 2
B=   are comparable Putting the value of a in equation (i), we have 1 – b = – 1
0 1 3
⇒ b = 2;
2 3 4
e.g., (ii) C =   and Putting the value of a in equation (ii), we have 2 + c = 5
 3 −1 2 
⇒ c = 3;
3 0
  Putting the value of c in equation (iv), we find 9 + d = 13
D =  4 1  are not comparable
⇒d=4
 2 3 
Hence a = 1, b = 2, c = 3, d = 4.
Example 5: Let
EQUALITY OF MATRICES
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal if they are comparable  1 2 5  2 −1 5 
and all the corresponding elements are equal. A + 2B =  6 3 6  and 2 A − B=  2 −1 6  .
 
Let A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]p×q  5 3 1   0 1 2 
A = B iff Find
1. m = p, n = q (i) tr(A + B) (ii) tr(A+3B)
2. aij = bij ∀ i and j.

4 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Sol. 7. Consider a 25 × 25 matrix. Let ai be the product of
 5 0 15  0 −5 −5  all elements of the ith row and bj be the product of all
1  1
A =10 −5 18 B = −  −10 5 −6  elements in the jth column, then a1 ⋅ a2 ⋅ a3 ⋅ a4  a25 is
5 5
 −5 5 5   10 −5 0  (a) a1 + a2 + a3 +  + a25

tr(A) = 1, tr(B) = –1 (b) b1 + b2 + b3 +  + b25
tr(A+B) = tr(A) + tr (B) (c) b1b2b3 ... b25
= 1 + (–1) (d) 1
=0
tr(A+3B) = tr(A) + 3 tr (B)
= 1 + 3 (–1) ALGEBRA OF MATRIX
= –2
Multiplication of Matrix by Scalar
Let λ be a scalar (real or complex number) & A = [aij]m×n be a
matrix. Then the product λA is defined as λA = [bij]m×n where bij
Concept Application = λaij ∀ i and j.
 2 −1 3 5 
 2 5 −7  e.g., A =  0 2 1 −3  and
 0 0 −1 −2 
   
3. The matrix  0 3 11  is known as
 0 0 9   −6 3 −9 −15 
– 3A ≡ (–3) A =  0 −6 −3 9 
(a) Symmetric matrix  0 0 3 6 
 
(b) Diagonal matrix
Note:
(c) Upper triangular matrix
1. If A is a scalar matrix, then A = λΙ, where λ is a diagonal entry
(d) Skew symmetric matrix of A.
4. In an upper triangular matrix of order n × n, minimum 2. Let A = [aij]m×n be a matrix. Then the negative of the matrix
number of zeros is A is defined as the matrix [−aij]m×n i.e., each element is
n(n − 1) n(n + 1) multiplied by –1 and is denoted by −A.
(a) (b)
2 2
Addition of Matrices
2n(n − 1)
(c) (d) None of these Let A and B be two matrices of same order (i.e., comparable
2 matrices). Then A + B is defined as
5. If A is a square matrix then trace of A is A + B = [aij]m×n + [bij]m×n
(a) ∑∑ aij (b) ∑ aij = [cij]m×n where cij = aij + bij ∀ i and j.
i j i

(c) ∑ aij (d) ∑ aii  1 −1   −1 2 

 
e.g., A =  2 3  , B =
j i  −2 −3  ,
1 0   5 7 
 x + 3 z + 4 2 y − 7  
 0  0 1
6. If  4 x + 6 a − 1
A+B=  0 0 
 b − 3 3b z + 2c  6 7
 
 0 6 3 y − 2 Subtraction of Matrices

=  2x −3 2c + 2  Let A and B be two matrices of same order. Then A – B is defined
 2b + 4 −21 0  as A + (–B) where –B is (–1) B.

Then value of a + b + c + x + y + z is Properties of addition & scalar multiplication
(a) –16 (b) –11 1. A + B = B + A
(c) 20 (d) –52
2. A + (B + C) = (A + B) + C

Matrices and Determinants 5

 3. k(A + B) = kA + kB here k is any scalar.
4. A + O = O + A = A, here O (null matrix) will be additive 9. If 3A – 2B + X = 0, where
identity.
4 2  −2 1 
5. If A be a given matrix then the matrix − A is the additive
=A =  ;B   , than find x.
inverse of A i.e. A + (−A) = O (null matrix). 1 3   3 2

6. If A, B and C be three matrices of the same type  −16 −4   −16 −4 

(a)  1 3  (b)  3 −5 
then A + B = A + C ⇒ B = C (Left Cancellation Law)   

and B + A = C + A ⇒ B = C (Right Cancellation Law)  −4 −4   −4 −4 

(c)   (d)  
 3 −5   3 −8 

Train Your Brain

Multiplication of Matrices
Let A and B be two matrices such that the number of columns of
1 a   2 3   1 3
Example 6: If X =   and 3 X −  0 2  =
  A is same as number of rows of B i.e.,
 0 1     0 1
then a is equal to A = [aij]m×p & B = [bij]p×n,
(a) 1 (b) 2 p

(c) 0 (d) –2 Then AB = [cij]m×n where cij = ∑a

k =1
b , which is the dot product
ik kj

 3 3a 
Sol. 3 X =   of ith row vector of A and jth column vector of B.
0 3 
3 − 2 3a − 3 1 3a − 3 Notes: The product AB is defined iff the number of columns
⇒ L.H.S.
=  =   of A is equal to the number of rows of B. A is called as
0 − 0 3 − 2  0 1 
premultiplier and B is called as post multiplier. AB is
Now by equality of two matrices, we have 3a – 3 = 3 defined ⇒ BA is defined.
⇒ a = 2.
Example 7: Find the value of x and y if
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + =
0 x   1 2  1 8 
 7 8
1 2 3 58 64
Sol. Using the method of multiplication and addition of × 9 10 =
matrices, then equating the corresponding elements of 4 5 6 139 154
11 12
L.H.S. and R.H.S, we can easily get the required values of
x and y,
(1, 2, 3) (7, 9, 11) = 1 × 7 + 2 × 9 + 3 × 11= 58
 1 3   y 0  5 6 
2 + = 
 0 x   1 2  1 8  Fig. 1
 2 + y 6 + 0  5 6 
⇒ =  B
 0 + 1 2 x + 2  1 8 
Equating the corresponding elements, a11 and a22, we b1,1 b1,2 b1,3
get b2,1 b2,2 b2,3
2 + y = 5 ⇒ y = 3; 2x + 2 = 8
Hence x = 3 and y = 3.
a1,1 a1,2
a2,1 a2,2
Concept Application A
a3,1 a3,2

8. If X + Y = 7 0  and X − Y =  3 0  , then the sum a4,1 a4,2

 2 5  0 3 
of the elements of the matrix 3X – 4Y is equal to
Fig. 2

6 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 6. For every square matrix A, there exist an identity matrix of the
Multiplication of Matrices
same order such that IA = AI = A where I is the unit matrix of
a11 a12 the same order.
b11 b12 b13
a21 a22 • 7. If A = O then det. (A) = 0, however if det. ( A) =0 ⇒ A =O
b21 b22 b23
a31 a32 8. Diag (a, b, c) × Diag (p, q, r) = Diag (ap, bq, cr)

a11b11 + a12b21 a11b12 + a12b22 a11b13 + a12b23 Positive integral powers of matrix
Let A be any square matrix of order n.
= a21b11 + a22b21 a21b12 + a22b22 a21b13 + a22b23
a31b11 + a32b21 a31b12 + a32b22 a31b13 + a32b23 Then Am = A.A.A... m times
All are square matrix of order n.
Fig. 3
(i) Am. An = (A.A.A... m times) (A.A.A...n times)
Matrix Multiplication = A.A.A...(m + n) times
= Am+n
3 4 1 5 3 + 12 15 + 28
+ = Similarly, (ii) (Am)n = Amn
2 1 3 7 2 + 3 10 + 7
Also, we define A0 = In , n being order of A.
Matrix 1 Matrix 2 Note: 
15 43
= 1. Matrix multiplication is not commutative in general i.e.,
5 17 AB ≠ BA.
Resultant
Matrix Some Important Identities
Fig. 4 1. (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA
Note: If AB is anti-commutative then (AB = –BA)
(A + B)2 = A2 + B2
× =
2. (A – B)2 = A2 + B2 – AB – BA
r1 × c1 r2 × c2 r3 × c3
3. (A – B)(A + B) = A2 – B2 + AB – BA
c1 = r2
r1 = r3 Note: If AB is commutative then (AB = BA)
c2 = c3 (A – B)(A + B) = A2 – B2
Fig. 5 4. (A + B)(A – B) = A2 – B2 – AB + BA

Properties of matrix multiplication 5. A(–B) = (–A)B = –(AB)

1. Matrix multiplication is associative
i.e., (AB)C = A(BC), A, B and C are m × n, n × p and Train Your Brain
p × q matrices respectively.
2. Multiplication of matrices is distributive over addition of
matrices  2 1 3 1 −2 
  2 1 
i.e., A(B + C) = AB + AC 3
Example 8: If A =− 2 1 and B =
  find AB
3. Existence of multiplicative identity of square matrices.  −1 0 1  4 −3
If A is a square matrix of order n and In is the identity matrix and BA if possible.
of order n, then AIn = In A = A.
4. Whenever AB and BA both exist, it is not necessary that AB Sol. Using matrix multiplication, Here, A is a 3 × 3 matrix
= BA. and B is a 3 × 2 matrix, therefore, A and B are conformable
5. The product of two matrices can be a zero matrix while for the product AB and it is of the order 3 × 2 such that
neither of them is a zero matrix. (AB)11 = (First row of A) (First column of B)
0 1 1 0
Example: If A=  and B= , then 1 
0 0 0 0
= [2 1 3]  2  = 2 × 1 + 1× 2 + 3 × 4 = 16
0 0  4 
AB =   , while neither A nor B is a null matrix.
0 0

Matrices and Determinants 7

 (AB)12 = (First row of A) (Second column of B) 1 −1 a 1 
=
Example 10: If A =  , B   and (A + B)
2
 −2   2 −1  b −1
=[2 1 3]  1  =2 × (−2) + 1× 1 + 3 × (−3) =−12 = A2 + B2 then value of a and b are
 −3
(a) a = 4, b = 1 (b) a = 1, b = 4
(AB)21 = (Second row of A) (First column of B)
(c) a = 0, b = 4 (d) a = 2, b = 4
1 
= [3 − 21]  2  = 3 × 1 + (−2) × 2 + 1× 4 = 3 Sol. We have (A + B)2 = A2 + B2 + AB + BA

 4  AB + BA = 0

Similarly (AB)22 = –11, (AB)31 = 3 and (AB)32 = –1;  a − b 2   a + 2 −a − 1

∴  +  =0
 2a − b 3   b − 2 −b + 1
16 −12 
∴ AB=  3 −11  2a + 2 − b −a + 1
 3 −1   2a − 2 =0
 4 − b 
BA is not possible since number of columns of B ≠ number On comparing, we get, –a + 1 = 0 ⇒ a = 1 and 4 – b = 0
of rows of A. ⇒ b = 4.

Example 9: Let f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6. Then the value of f(A), cos θ −sin θ  π

Example 11: If A =   , when θ = , then
2 0 1  sin θ cos θ  12
 
if A =  2 1 3  is
A24 is equal to:
1 −1 0 
Sol.
0 −1 3  0 0 −3 cos 24θ − sin 24θ 
    A24 =  
(a) 1 1 −10  (b) 1 2 10   sin 24θ cos 24θ 
5 4 4  6 4 1 
cos 2π − sin 2π  1 0 
=A24 =   
 1 −1 −3   1 2 3  sin 2π cos 2π  0 1 
   
(c)  −1 −1 −10  (d)  −1 −1 0 
 9 10 11 12 
 −5 4 4   4 −5 4   
Example 12: If A = 13 14 15 16  and
Sol. f(x) = x2 – 5x + 6 = x2 – 5x + 6.x0 [ x0 = 1] 17 18 19 20 
\ f(A) = A2 – 5A + 6A0
1 3 5 7 
= A2 – 5A + 6I ...(i)  −3 −3 −10 −10 
B=  , then find (AB)
23
Now A2 = A.A  5 10 5 0 
 
2 0 1 2 0 1 5 −1 2   7 10 0 7 
=  2 1 3   2 1 =3  9 −2 5 
   9 10 11 12 
1 −1 0  1 −1 0  0 −1 −2  Sol. A = 13 14 15 16  and
 
17 18 19 20 
5 −1 2  2 0 1
f ( A) =9 −2 5  − 5  2 1 3  1 3 5 7 
     −3 −3 −10 −10 
0 −1 −2  1 −1 0 
B=  then
 5 10 5 0 
 
1 0 0   1 −1 −3   7 10 0 7 
+6 0 1 0  = −1 −1 −10 
0 0 1   −5 4 4  (AB)23 = (65 – 140 + 75 + 0) = 0

8 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 0 1   1 − sin α   1 − sin β 
Example 13: Let A =   . Then, the number of 2 × =
2 11. If A =  and B  ,
1 0  sin α 1  sin β 1 
matrices B with entries from the set {1, 2, 3, 4}; and then the correct relation is
satisfying AB = BA is
(a) A2 = B2 (b) A + B = B – A
Sol.
(c) AB = BA (d) None of these
0 1   p q   p q  0 1 
1 0   r s  =  r s  1 0   cos θ sin θ 
      12. If E (θ) =  , then value of E(α) ∙ E(β) is
 − sin θ cos θ 
 r s  q p 
⇒ =
  (a) E(0°) (b) E(90°)
 p q  s r 
(c) E (α + β) (d) E(α – β)
⇒ r = q, s = p
No. of matrices = 4 × 4 = 16 0 3  2 10
13. If A =   and f(x) = 1 + x + x + ... + x , then
Example 14: Let A, B be two matrices such that they 0 0 
commute, then for any positive integer n, prove that f(A) =
(i) ABn = BnA (ii) (AB)n = AnBn 1 3
Sol. ABn = ABBBBB ... B (a) 0 (b)  
0 1 
= (AB)BBB ... B
1 9   0 3
= B(AB)BBB ... B (c)   (d)  
= BB(AB)BB ... B 0 0  1 1 
 14. Incorrect statement is
=B A n
 x1 y1 z1   a   ax1 + by1 + cz1 
(AB)n = (AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)      
(a)  x2 y2 z2  ×  b  =  ax2 + by2 + cz2 
= A(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B  x y z   c   ax + by + cz 
 3 3 3    3 3 3 
= A(AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)B
= A2(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B2  x1 y1 z1 
 
= A2(AB)(AB)(AB) ... (AB)B2 (b) (a b c) ×  x2 y2 z2  = (ax1 + bx2 + cx3
= A3(BA)(BA)(BA) ... (BA)B3 x y z 
 3 3 3
 ay1 + by2 + cy3 az1 + bz2 + cz3 )
= AnBn
Hence Proved  −5 −8 0  1 0 0 
 3 5 0  then A 0 1 0 
 2
= (c) If A =
 1 2 −1 0 0 1 
Concept Application 1 1 3 0 0 0
 = A2  3 3 −9 
=
(d) If A  5 2 6  then  
 1 −3 2  1 4 1 0  −2 −1 −3  −1 −1 −3
A  2 1 −3  ,=
10. If = B  2 1 1 1  and
  15. If D1 and D2 are two 3 × 3 diagonal matrices, then
 4 −3 −1   1 −2 1 2  which of the following is not true?
 2 1 −1 −2  (a) D1D2 is diagonal matrix
C=  3 −2 −1 −1  , then which of the (b) D1D2 = D2D1
 2 −5 −1 0  (c) D12 + D22 is a diagonal matrix
(d) None of these
following statement is true?
0 1
16. (aI + bA)2 = A, where A =  , then number of
(a) AB ≠ AC
 −1 0 
(b) AB = AC possible values of b is
(c) B ≠ C ⇒ AB ≠ AC (a) 1 (b) 2
(d) None of these (c) 3 (d) 4

Matrices and Determinants 9

TRANSPOSE OF A MATRIX 3. In a skew-symmetric matrix all the diagonal elements are
Let A =[aij]m×n , then the transpose of A is denoted by A′(or AT) zero but not conversely.
and is defined as ( aij = –aji ⇒ aii = 0)
A′ = [bij]n×m where bij = aji ∀ i & j. 4. For a skew-symmetric matrix A of order (2p – 1), |A| = 0. (p ∈ N)
i.e., A′ is obtained by rewriting all the rows of A as columns Since A is skew-symmetric hence AT = –A,
(or by rewriting all the columns of A as rows). then |AT| = |–A| = (–1)2p–1|A| = –|A|
 1 a x  but |AT| = |A|,
1 2 3 4   
 a b c d ,  2 b y 
e.g., A A′ hence |A| = –|A|
=   3 c z 
 x y z w    ⇒ |A| = 0
 4 d w 
5. For any square matrix A, A + A′ is symmetric and A – A′ is
Results:
skew-symmetric.
1. For any matrix A = [aij]m×n, (A′)′ = A.
6. Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as a sum of
2. Let λ be a scalar & A be a matrix. Then (λA)′ = λA′. two square matrices of which one is symmetric and the other
3. (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ and (A – B)′ = A′ – B′ for two comparable is skew-symmetric.
matrices A and B.
A = B + C,
4. (A1 ± A2 ± ... ± An)′ = A1′ ± A2′ ± ... ± An′, where Ai are 1 1
comparable. where B =( A + A′) & C =( A − A′).
2 2
5. Let A = [aij]m×p and B = [bij]p×n, then (AB)′ = B′A′.
Properties of Symmetric and Skew-Symmetric Matrices:
6. (A1 A2 ... An)′ = An′. An–1′ ... A2′ . A1′, provided the product is
1. If A is a square matrix, then A + AT, AAT, ATA are symmetric
defined.
matrices
7. IT = I, where I is an idenity matrix.
2. If A is square matrix, then A – AT is a skew-symmetric
8. tr(A) = tr(AT), where tr(A) is trace of square matrix.
matrix.
3. If A is a symmetric matrix, then –A, KA, AT, An, A–1, BTAB
SYMMETRIC AND SKEW-SYMMETRIC
are also symmetric matrices, where n ∈ N, K ∈ R and B is a
MATRIX square matrix of order that of A.
A square matrix A is said to be symmetric, if A′ = A.
i.e., Let A = [aij]n. A is symmetric iff aij = aji ∀ i and j. ADVANCED LEARNING

A square matrix A is said to be skew-symmetric if A′ = – A. 4. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix, then

i.e. Let A = [aij]n. A is skew-symmetric iff aij = –aji ∀ i and j. (a) A2n is symmetric matrix, for n ∈ N.
(b) A2n+1 is a skew-symmetric matrix, for n ∈ N.
a h g
A = h b f  is a symmetric matrix. (c) kA is also skew-symmetric matrix, where k ∈ R.
e.g., 
 g f c 
5. If A, B are two symmetric matrices, then
0 x y (a) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.

B= −x 0 z  is a skew-symmetric matrix.
(b) AB – BA is a skew-symmetric matrix.
 − y − z 0 
(c) AB is a symmetric matrix, when AB = BA.
Notes: 6. If A, B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
1. The pair of conjugate elements are additive invese of each (a) A ± B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
other in skew symmetric matrix.
(b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
ADVANCED LEARNING
7. (a) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and B is a square matrix
2. Maximum number of distinct entries in a symmetric matrix
n(n +1) of order that of A, then BTAB is also skew-symmetric
of order n is .
2 matrix.
 n(n +1) 
 1+ 2 + 3 + ... + n =  (b) If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and C is a column
 2 
matrix, then CTAC is a zero matrix.

10 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

HERMITIAN AND SKEW HERMITIAN
MATRIX 1 2  1 3 
Alternatively,
= Let A =  ,B   ;
ADVANCED LEARNING  3 4  2× 2  0 4  2× 2
Let Mn be the set of n × n complex-valued matrices. Let 1 11 
us consider a matrix A = [aij] ∈ Mn and denote its complex AB =  
3 25
conjugate by A = [aij] and its transpose by AT = [aji], then we
have the following 1 3 
( AB)′ =   … (i)
Definition: A matrix A = [aij] ∈ Mn is said to be Hermitian if 11 25
T
A = Aq, where Aq =A = [aji]. It is skew Hermitian if A = –Aq,
i.e. Hermitian matrix is a matrix that is equal to its conjugate 1 0  1 3   1 3 
and B ′A′ =
=     … (ii)
transpose. 3 4   2 4  11 25
™ The hermitian matrix contains complex numbers however
From (i) and (ii), (AB) = B′A′
its diagonal always have real numbers.
1 2  3 4 
Properties =
Example 17: If A =  and B   then (AB)
T
3 0  1 6 
� If A is a Hermitian matrix, the (Aq)q = A, as Aq = A.
™ The trace of a Hermitian matrix is always real. equals
™ If A and B are two additional conformable Hermition 5 16  5 9
(a) 9 16  (b) 16 12 
matrices, then A + B is also Hermition.    
Given A and B are Hermitian, then
5 9
(A + B)q = (A + B)′ = (A)′ + (B)′ = Aq + Bq (c)  4 3 (d) None of these
 
⇒ (A + B)q = A + B is Hermitian
™ If A is Hermitian, then iA is skew-Hermitian. 3 + 2 4 + 12  5 16 
Sol. AB =   = 
9 + 0 12 + 0  9 12 
5 9
∴ ( AB)T =
16 12 
Train Your Brain  
1 2  1 18
Example 15: Show that BAB′ is symmetric or skew- =
Example 18: If An = B where A =  ,B  
then find n. 0 1  0 1 
symmetric according as A is symmetric or skew-symmetric n
n
(where B is any square matrix whose order is same as that 1 2   1 0  0 2  
Sol.=
Let P =   + 
of A). 0 1   0 1  0 0  
Sol. Case-Ι: A is symmetric ⇒ A′ = A 0 2 0 0
= Here, let M =  . So, M 2  
(BAB′)′ = (B′)′A′B′ = BAB′ ⇒ BAB′ is symmetric. 0 0  0 0 
Case-ΙΙ: A is skew-symmetric ⇒ A′ = –A So, P = (I + M)n (using binomial theorem, IM = MI)
(BAB′)′ = (B′)′A′B′ ⇒ 2n = 18 ⇒ n = 9
Example 19: Check whether the given matrix
= B (–A) B′
 1 i 3i 
= –(BAB′) 
A=  −i 0 2 − i  is Hermitian.
⇒ BAB′ is skew-symmetric
 −3i 2 + i −1 
Example 16: If A and B are square matrices of same order
Sol. Given,
then
(a) (AB)′ = A′B′  1 i 3i 

A= 0 2 − i 
(b) (AB)′ = B′A′  −i
 −3i 2 + i −1 
(c) AB = O, if A = O or B = O
(d) AB = 0, if A = I or B = I Conjugate of A =
Sol. A = [aij]n×n, B = [bjk]n×n,
 1 −i −3i 
AB = [aij]n×n[bjk]n×n = [cik]n×n, where cik = aijbjk i 0 2 + i 
A= 
(AB)′ = [cik]′n×n = [cki]n×n = [bkj]n×n[aji]n×n = B′A′ 3i 2 − i −1 

Matrices and Determinants 11

 Conjugate transpose of A = Aq 22. Choose the correct from following:
(a) Every scalar matrix is an identity matrix.
 1 i 3i 
 (b) Every identity matrix is a not scalar matrix
A=
 −i 0 2 − i 
(c) Transpose of transpose of a matrix gives the matrix
 −3i 2 + i −1  itself.
Hence, Aq = A (d) All of these
Thus, A is Hermitian. 23. Let A1, A2, A3, ..., A7 be skew symmetric matrices
of same order, then 1∙(A1)1 + 3∙(A2)3 + 5(A3)7 + ... +
13(A7)13 is
(a) Symmetric
(b) Skew symmetric
Concept Application
(c) Neither symmetric nor skew symmetric
(d) None of these
 4 x + 2
17. If A =   is symmetric, then x =
2 x − 3 x + 1
(a) 3 (b) 5 SPECIAL TYPES OF SQUARE MATRICES
(c) 2 (d) 4
Nilpotent Matrix
cos θ − sin θ  A square matrix of the order ‘n’ is said to be nilpotent matrix of
18. If A =   , then AA equals
T
 sin θ cos θ  order m, m ∈ N, if Am = O and Am–1 ≠ O. m is known as index of
nilpotency.
cos 2θ − sin 2θ  cos 2 θ sin 2 θ 
(a)   (b)  2 2 
 sin 2θ cos 2θ   sin θ cos θ  Idempotent Matrix
1 0  0 0  A square matrix A is said to be idempotent, if A2 = A.
(c)   (d)  
0 1  0 0  1 0 
e.g.,   is an idempotent matrix.
0 1 
 2 −1 4 1
19. If A =
=  and B   , then which Note:
 −7 4  7 2 
1. An = A ∀ n ≥ 2, n ∈ N.
statement is true?
(a) AAT = I (b) BBT = I 2. Determinant value of idempotent matrix is either 0 or 1.
(c) AB ≠ BA (d) (AB)T = I Involutory Matrix
0 a b A square matrix A is said to be involutory if A2 = Ι, Ι being the
  identity matrix.
20. If A =  −a 0 c  ,
 −b −c 0  1 0 
e.g., A =   is an involutory matrix.
1 1 0 1 
Q1 = ( A + A′) & Q2 = ( A − A′).
2 2 Note: The determinant value of involutary matrix is 1 or –1.
Then Q1.Q2 is equal to
(a) I3 (b) O3 Periodic Matrix
(c) A (d) A2 A square matrix A is called periodic if Ak+1 = A, where k is a
a b c  positive integer.
 
21. If matrix A =  b c a  , where a, b, c are real If k is the least positive integer for which Ak + 1 = A, then k is said
 c a b  to be period of A. For k = 1, we get A2 = A and we called it to be
idempotent matrix.
number, abc = 1 and ATA = I, then which of the
following is/are true
(a) a + b + c = 5 (b) a2 + b2 + c2 = 6 ORTHOGONAL MATRICES
(c) ab + bc + ca = 2 (d) a3 + b3 + c3 = 4 A square matrix is said to be orthogonal matrix,
if AAT = I = A TA.
12 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW
  a1 a2 a3   a1 b1 c1 
 b b b  , then AT  c2   1 2 2  1 2 −2 
Let A = 3  a2 b2
1 2
1
 c1 c2 c3   a3 b3 c3  AA
⇒= T
2 1 −2   2 1 2 
9
 −2 2 −1  2 −2 −1
 a12 + a22 + a32 a1b1 + a2 b2 + a3b3 a1c1 + a2 c2 + a3 c3 
  9 0 0 
AAT= b 1a1 + b2 a2 + b3 a3 b12 + b22 + b32 b1c1 + b2 c2 + b3 c3 
1
 c1a1 + c2 a2 + c3 a3 c1b1 + c2 b2 + c3b3 c12 + c22 + c32  = = 0 9 0  I .
 9
0 0 9 
1 0 0 
= 0 1 0  Similarly ATA = I. Hence A is orthogonal.
0 0 1  Example 22: If A is an idempotent matrix and I is an
identity matrix of the same order, then find the value of n,
Comparing n ∈ N such that (A + I)n = I + 127A.
3 3 3 Sol. Since A2 = A, A3 = A, A4 = A, ...
∑=
ai2
=i 1 =i 1 =i 1
∑=
bi2 ∑
= ci2 1 and
So (A + I)n = I + (C1 + C2 + C3 + C4 + ... Cn)A
3 3 3
= I + (2n – 1)A so 2n – 1 = 127 ⇒ n = 7
∑=
ab ∑
i i = bc ∑
i i
=i 1 =i 1 =i 1
= c a i i 0 Example 23: P is an orthogonal matrix and A is a
periodic matrix with period 4 and Q = PAPT, then
Note: X = PTQ2005P will be equal to
(a) A (b) A2 (c) A3 (d) A4
1. If AA′ = I then A–1 = A′.
Sol. Q2 = PAPT ∙ PAPT
2. If A and B are orthogonal, then AB is also orthogonal.
= PA2PT
3. All above properties are defined for square matrix only.
So, X = A2005 = A

Train Your Brain

Concept Application
Example 20: Show that a square matrix A is involutory,
iff (Ι – A) (Ι + A) = 0
24. If A is idempotent and A + B = I, then which of the
Sol. Let A be involutory following is true?
Then A2 = Ι (a) B is idempotent (b) AB = 0
(Ι – A) (Ι + A) = ΙΙ + ΙA – AΙ – A2 (c) BA = 0 (d) All of these
= Ι + A – A – A2 = Ι – A2 = 0 25. An orthogonal matrix is
Conversly, let (Ι – A) (Ι + A) = 0  cos α 2sin α   cos α sin α 
(a)   (b)  
⇒ Ι2 + ΙA – AΙ – A2 = 0 ⇒ Ι + A – A – A2 = 0  −2sin α cos α   − sin α cos α 
⇒ Ι – A2 = 0 ⇒ A is involutory cos α sin α  1 1
(c)   (d)  
1 2 2  sin α cos α  1 1
1
matrix A
Example 21: The=  2 1 −2  is 26. If ‘A’ is an orthogonal matrix, then A–1 equals
3
 −2 2 −1 (a) A (b) AT
(c) A 2 (d) None of these
(a) Orthogonal (b) Involutary
27. Following questions contains statements given in two
(c) Idempotent (d) Nilpotent columns, which have to be matched. The statements
1 2 2 in Column-I are labelled as A, B, C and D while the
1 statements in Column-II are labelled as p, q, r and s.
given A
Sol. Since for= 2 1 −2 .
3 Any given statement in Column-I can have correct
−2 2 −1
matching with ONE or More than one statement in
For orthogonal matrix AAT = ATA = I(3×3) Column-II.

Matrices and Determinants 13

 Column–Ι Column–ΙΙ (q) Hermitian Matrix Condition?
Type of matrix
(r) Aq = –A Name?
0 1 0 
1 0 0  (s) Orthogonal Matrix Condition?
A.   (p) Idempotent
0 0 1  (t) Idempotent Matrix Condition?

 −5 −8 0  (u) Involuntary Matrix Condition?

3 5 0
B.   (q) Involutary (v) Nilpotent Matrix Condition?
 1 2 −1
(w) Equal Matrix Condition?
 cos θ sin θ 0 
 − sin θ cos θ 0 
C.   (r) Nilpotent
 0 0 1 
ELEMENTARY ROW/COLUMN
1 2 3 TRANSFORMATION OF MATRIX
D. 1 2 3 (s) Orthogonal The following operations on a matrix are called as elementary row
 
 −1 −2 −3 transformations:
1. Interchange of two rows. The interchange of ith and jth rows is
(a) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s)
denoted by Rij, which means Ri ↔ Rj.
(b) A-(q); B-(r); C-(s); D-(p)
2. Multiplication of the elements of any row by a non-zero
(c) A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p)
scalar k. Multiplication of the elements of ith row by
(d) A-(q, s); B-(q); C-(s); D-(r)
k (≠ 0) is denoted by Ri (k), which means Ri ↔ kRi.
28. Type of Matrix A = [aij]mxn where 3. Addition to the elements of any row of the matrix,
corresponding elements of any other row multiplied by
(a) Row Matrix Condition?
a scalar k. Addition of k times the jth row to the ith row is
(b) n=1 Name? denoted by Ri j (k), which means Ri ↔ Ri + kRj.
(c) Zero or Null Matrix Condition? Note: Similar to above we have elementary column transformations
also.
(d) Singleton Matrix Condition?
Remarks:
(e) Horizontal Matrix Condition? 1. Two matrices A & B are said to be equivalent if one is obtained
(f) m>n Name? from other using elementary transformations. We write A ≈ B.

(g) Square Matrix Condition?

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS &
(h) Diagonal Matrix Condition? MATRICES
(i)  0, i ≠ j  Name? Consider the system
aij =  
k , i = j  a11x1 + a12x2 + .......... + a1nxn = b1
where k is a constant. a21x1 + a22x2 + .......... + a2nxn = b2
(j) Identity (Unit) Matrix Condition? .................................................
(k) aij = 0, when i > j Name? am1x1 + am2x2 + .......... + amnxn = bm.

(l) lower Triangular Condition?  b1 

 a11 a12 ... a1n   x1  b 
Matrices a x 
a22 ... a2 n  = 2
 2
(m) Singular Matrix Condition? Let A  21
= = ,X &B  ...  .
 ... ... ... ...  ....  
(n) Non-Singular Matrix Condition? 
... amn 
    ... 
 am1 am 2  xn  bm 
(o) Symmetric Matrices Condition?
Then the above system can be expressed in the matrix form as
(p) aij = –aji Name? AX = B.
The system is said to be consistent, if it has atleast one solution.
14 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW
System of Linear Equations and Matrix Inverse Characteristic roots are also known as latent roots or eigenvalues
If the above system consist of n equations in n unknowns, then we of a matrix.
have AX = B where A is a square matrix.
x3 – 4x2 – 5x – 7 = 0 is the characteristic equation for A, then
Results: A3 – 4A2 + 5A – 7I = 0.
1. If A is non-singular, solution is given by X = A–1B. Cayley-Hamilton theorem: Every square matrix A satisfies its
characteristic equation i.e., a0xn + a1 xn–1 + ... + an–1x + an = 0 is
2. If A is singular, (adj A)B = O and all the columns of A are not
the characteristic equation of A, then a0An + a1An–1 + ... + an–1
proportional, then the system has infinitely many solutions. A + an Ι = 0.
3. If A is singular and (adj A)B ≠ O, then the system has no
solution (we say it is inconsistent).

Homogeneous System and Matrix Inverse Train Your Brain

If the above system is homogeneous, n equations in n unknowns,
then in the matrix form it is AX = O. Example 24: Use the method of elementary row
( in this case b1 = b2 = ....... bn = 0), where A is a square matrix.
 1 2 5
Results:  
transformations to compute the inverse of  2 3 1  .
1. If A is non-singular, the system has only the trivial solution  −1 1 1 
(zero solution) X = 0.
 1 2 5
2. If A is singular, then the system has infinitely many solutions  
Sol. Let A =  2 3 1 
(including the trivial solution) and hence it has non-trivial
solutions.  −1 1 1 
AX = B ⇒ A–1 AX = A–1 B  1 2 5 1 0 0 
⇒ write
= A IA,  2 3= 1  0 1 0  A
X = A–1 B =
( adj A ) B .  −1 1 1  0 0 1 
A
Operate R2 → R2 – 2R1 and R3 → R3 + R1
Note:
1. If |A| ≠ 0, system is consistent having unique solution 1 2 5   1 0 0 
0 −1 −9  = −2 1 0  A
2. If |A| ≠ 0 & (adjA) . B ≠ O (Null matrix), system is consistent    
having unique non-trivial solution. 0 3 6   1 0 1 
3. If |A| ≠ 0 & (adjA) . B = O (Null matrix) system is consistent 1
having trivial solution. Operate R2 → –R2 and R3 → R3
3
4. If
| A | = 0, matrix method fails 1 2 5   1 0 0 
0 1 = 9   2 −1 0  A

0 1 2   1 0 1 
If (adj A) . B = O (null matrix) If (adj A) . B ≠ O  
3 3
Operate R1 → R1 –2R2 and R3 → R3 – R2
Consistent (Infinite solutions) Inconsistent (no solution)
1 0 −13  −3 2 0
0 1 = 9   2 −1 0  A
CHARACTERISTIC POLYNOMIAL & 
0 0 −7   − 5 1 1
CHARACTERISTIC EQUATION 
 3 3


1
Operate R3 → − R3
ADVANCED LEARNING 7
Let A be a n × n matrix. 1 0 −13  −3 2 0 
0 1 =9   2 −1 0 
I be a unit matrix of same order. Then |A – lI| is called 
characteristic polynomial of matrix.
0 0 1   5 − 1 1
− 

Then |A – lI| = 0 is called characteristic equation of matrix. The  21 7 21 
roots of this equation is called characteristic roots of matrix.

Matrices and Determinants 15

 Operate R2 → R2 – 9R3 and R1 → R1 + 13R3 Sol. |A| = –1(–8) + 2(–5) = –2
 2 1 13 
 21 7 − 21   −1 1 −1 
1 0 0     
0 1 0  =  − 1 2 3  So, Adj A =−
 2a −6 −2b 
   7 7 7   −2c 3 −1 
0 0 1   5 1 1

 − − 
 21 7 21   −1 −2a −2c 
cof
= A  1 −6 3 
 2 1 13  So, 
 21 −  −1 −2b −1 
7 21 
 
−1
⇒ A = − 1 2 3 
 7 So, –2a = 8 ⇒ a = –4, –2b = –(–2) ⇒ b = –1,
7 7 
 
 5 −
1 1
−  –2c = –5 ⇒ c =
5
⇒ a(b + c) + 6 = 0
 21 7 21  2
x+ y+z = 6 Example 27: Prove that characteristic equation of matrix A
Example 25: Solve the system x − y + z =2 using matrix of order two, is l2 – S1l + S2 = 0 where S1 = tr(A), S2 = |A|
2x + y − z =
1
a b
inverse. Sol. Let A = . So, characteristic equation |A – lI| = 0
c d
1 1 1   x 6
    2 . a−λ b
=0
1
Sol. Let A =− 1 1 , X =
 y & B =
  c d −λ
 2 1 −1  z  1 

Then the system is AX = B. l2 – l(a + d) + (ad – bc) = 0 ⇒ l2 – S1l + S2 = 0

|A| = 6. Hence A is non-singular.
0 3 3  0 2 2 
 2 −3 1  , adj A =
 3 −3 0  Concept Application
Co-factor A =
   
 2 0 −2   3 1 −2 
1 2 3 
0 2 2  A 1 −2 3  and
1 1 29. Find the inverse of the matrix=
A−1
= adj A
= 3 −3 0  1 2 −3
| A| 6 hence solve the equations:
 3 1 −2 

x + 2y + 3z = 11,
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3 

x – 2y + 3z = 3,
= 1/ 2 −1/ 2 0 

x + 2y – 3z = –1.
1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3
30. Problem: Find the inverse of the matrix using
 0 1/ 3 1/ 3   6   x  1  elementary operations.
−1  0   2  i.e.,  y  =
   2
X =
A B=1/ 2 −1/ 2  
1/ 2 1/ 6 −1/ 3 1   z   3  0 3 2
A =  4 2 3 
⇒ x = 1, y = 2, z = 3.  6 2 1 

0 1 2 
  31. For every square matrix A there exists another matrix
Example 26: Let A = 1 2 3  and
B such that AB = I = BA. Then non-singular matrix
 3 1 1 
(a) A
1/ 2 −1/ 2 1/ 2  (b) B
A =  a
−1
3 b  . Find a(b + c) + 6
(c) Both A and B
 c −3 / 2 1/ 2 
(d) Neither A nor B

16 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

DETERMINANTS a b c
e.g. : ∆= p q r
What is Determinant?
x y z
Let us consider the three variable equation,
q r
a1x + a2y + a3z = 0 M 11 = = qz − yr = C11 .
y z
b1x + b2y + b3z = 0
a b
c1x + c2y + c3z = 0 M 23 = = ay – bx, C23= – (ay – bx) = bx – ay.
x y
from above equations after eliminating x, y, z.
Determinant form can be represented as Evaluation of Determinant
There are six ways to evaluate a determinant, three ways are with
C1 C2 C3
respect to rows and three ways are with respect to columns.
↓ ↓ ↓
R1 → a1 a2 a3  a11 a12 a13 
R2 → b1 b2 b3 Let A =  a21 a22 a23 
 a31 a32 a33 
R3 → c1 c2 c3

It is a third order determinant having three rows and three columns. Let us evaluate with respect to R1

|A| or ∆ = a11C11 + a12 C12 + a13C13 (using first row).

Determinant of a Square Matrix
     = a11(–1)1 + 1 M11 + a12(–1)1+2 M12 + a13(–1)1+3 M13
Let A = [a]n×n be a n × n matrix. Determinant of A is defined as
|A| = |aij|n×n. a22 a23 a a23 a a22
= a11 − a12 21 + a13 21
        a32 a33 a31 a33 a31 a32
Determinant can be represented as det(A) or |A| or ∆ or D.

Element of a determinant is denoted by aij, where i and j represent   = a11 (a22 × a33 – a32 × a23) – a12 (a21 × a33 – a31 × a23)
row and column number respectively.  + a13 (a21 × a32 – a31 × a22)

 a11 a12 a13  n

a In general for a n × n matrix A, | A |= ∑ ai1Ci1 ,

Now, let A =  21 a22 a23  be a third order square matrix, i =1

 a31 a32 a33 

Cij ≡ (–1)i+j Mij, where Cij is the cofactor of aij and Mij is the minor
then determinant is of element aij this process is called determinant expansion by
minors (or “Laplacian expansion by minors”, sometimes further
a11 a12 a13 shortened to simply “Laplacian expansion”).
| A |= a21 a22 a23 Note:
a31 a32 a33 1. A determinant of order three will have nine minors and each
minor will be determinant of order two and a determinant of
a31 = element of third row and first column
an order four will have sixteen minors each minor will be
a12 = element of first row and second column determinant of order three.
2. Sum of product of element of any row (column) with their
 5 3 corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of determinant.
e.g. A =   , |A| = 20 + 3 = 23
 −1 4  3

Minors and Cofactors i.e., D = a11C11 + a12C12 + a13C13 = ∑ aij Cij , i = 1, 2, 3

j =1

Let ∆ be a determinant. Then minor of element aij, denoted by Mij

a11 a12 a13
is defined as the determinant of the submatrix obtained by deleting
D = a21 a22 a23
ith row and jth column of ∆. Cofactor of element aij, denoted by Cij,
a31 a32 a33
is defined as Cij = (– 1)i+j Mij.  
Matrices and Determinants 17
 3. Sum of product of elements of any row (column) with
cofactors of corresponding elements of any other row Example 29: Find the Co-factors of
(column) is ZERO. i.e., a 11 C 12 + a 12 C 22 + a 13 C 32 = 0.
a11, a12, a13, a21, a22 for A = [aij] given by,
The above result remain true for determinant of every
1 2 3 
order. A  4 −5 6 
=
4. While expanding, instead of multiplying by (–1)i+j, we 7 0 −1
directly multiply by + 1 or –1 according to (i + j) even or
−5 6
odd. Sol. (i) Minor
= of 1 = 5
0 −1

Singular Matrix Co-factor of 1 = (–1)1+1 5 = 5

Matrix A is said to be a singular matrix, if its determinant
|A| = 0, otherwise a non-singular matrix, i.e. 4 6
(ii) Minor of 2 = =−4 − 42 =−46
If det |A| = 0 ⇒ Singular and det |A| ≠ 0 ⇒ non-singular. 7 −1
Co-factor of 2 = (–1)1+2 (–46) = 46
4 −5
Properties of Co-Factor and Adj A (iii) Minor
= of 3 = 35
7 0
1. A . adj A = |A| Ιn = (adj A) A where A = [aij]n.
2. |adj A| = |A|n–1, where n is order of A. Co-factor of 3 = (–1)1+3 35 = 35
In particular, for 3 × 3 matrix, |adj A| = |A|2
2 3
3. If A is a symmetric matrix, then adj A is also symmetric (iv) Minor of 4 = = −2
0 −1
matrix.
4. If A is singular, then adj A is also singular. Co-factor of 4 = (–1)2+1 (–2) = 2
5. adj (kA) = kn–1adj A, where k is any scalar and n is order. 1 3
(v) Minor of −5 = =−22
6. If A and B are non-singular square matrix of the same 7 −1
oder, then adj AB = (adj B)(adj A) (Reversal law).
Co-factor of –5 = (–1)2+2 (–22) = –22
7. If A is an invertible square matrix, then adj AT = (adj A)T. π π

8. If A is a non singular square matrix, then  sin 2 cos 3 
Example 30: If A =  π  is a singular matrix
(a) adj(adj A) = |A|n–2A  2 tan 2k 
2 then k =  4 
(b) |adj(adj A)| = | A |( n −1)
9. A and adj A behave alike i.e., Sol. Det(A) = 0
 π  π  π
(a) If A is singular, then adjoint of A is singular.  sin  (2k) −  cos   2 tan  =
0
 2  3  4
(b) If A non-singular, then adjoint of A is non-singular.
1
(c) If A invertible, then adjoint of A is also invertible. ⇒k =
2
Example 31: For a 3×3 skew-symmetric matrix A, show
Train Your Brain that adj A is a symmetric matrix.
Sol. Let
0 a b  c 2 −bc ca 
3 1 6 
 −a 0 c  . So, cof A = 2 
A=
   −bc b −ab 
Example 28: Evaluate determinant 5 7 4 with respect
 −b −c 0   ca −ab a 2 
to C1 7 3 0  

3 1 6  c 2 −bc ca 
7 4 1 6 1 6  
Sol. 5 7 4 = 3 −5 +7 (cof A)′ =
So adj A =  −bc b
2
−ab 
3 0 3 0 7 4
 2 
7 3 0  ca −ab a 
= 3(0 – 12) –5 (0 – 18) +7(4 – 42) = –212
which is symmetric.

18 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Example 32: If A is a square matrix of order 2 × 2 and |A| 4 2
= 5, then |A(adj A)| = 38. If A =   , then |adj A| is equal to
3 4
Sol. |A(adj A)| = |A|2 (order is 2) (a) 16 (b) 10
|A(adj A)| = 52 (c) 6 (d) None of these
|A(adj A| = 25 α 2  3
39. If A =   and |A | = 125 then a =
 2 α
(a) ±3 (b) ±2
Concept Application (c) ±5 (d) 0
1 0 3 
2 1 1 ,
a +1 a − 2 40. If A =   then | adj (adj A) | is equal
32. Evaluate  0 0 2 
a + 2 a −1
(a) 2a2 (b) 0 (c) –3 (d) 3 (a) 8 (b) 16
(c) 2 (d) 0
33. Write minor and cofactor along second column and
evaluate determinant w.r.t. third row.  x 3 2
1 3 1 41. Matrix A = 1 y 4  , if xyz = 60 and 8x + 4y + 3z
2 −1 1  2 2 z 
0 4 2 = 20, then A (adj A) is equal to

34. The sum of the product of the elements of any row of 64 0 0  88 0 0 
   
a determinant A with the corresponding cofactor of (a)  0 64 0  (b)  0 88 0 
the same row is always equal to  0 0 64   0 0 88
A 68 0 0  34 0 0 
(a) |A| (b) (c) 1 (d) 0
2 (c)  0 68 0  (d)  0 34 0 
a1 b1 c1  0 0 68  0 0 34 
35. If D = a2 b2 c2
 3 −3 4 
a3 b3 c3
A  2 −3 4  , then 2 |adj (adj A)| – |adj A| =
42. If=
then D can not be (where Ai, Bi and Ci (i = 1, 2, 3)  0 −1 1 
denote cofactors of ai, bi and ci respectively).
(a) c1C1 + c2C2 + c3C3 (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
(b) a1A1 + a2A2 + a3A3
(c) a2A1 + b2B1 + c2C1
(d) a1A1 + b1B1 + c1C1 INVERSE OF A MATRIX
36. The cofactor of the element ‘4’ in the determinant A square matrix A is said to be invertible (non-singular) if there
1 3 5 1 exists a matrix B such that, AB = I = BA.
2 3 4 2 B is called the inverse of A or reciprocal of A and is denoted by
is
8 0 1 1 A–1. Thus,
0 2 1 1 A–1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA
(a) 4 (b) 10 (c) – 10 (d) –4
Finding the Inverse of Matrix using Adjoint Matrix
5 6 3 We know that
37. If A = −4 3 2 , then cofactors of the elements
A.(Adj A) = | A | I
−4 −7 3
A.(Adj. A)
of second row are or = I , provided | A| ≠ 0
| A|
(a) 39, –3, 11 (b) –39, 3, 11
1
(c) –39, 27, 11 (d) –39, –3, 11 Also, AA−1 =⇒
I A−1 = (Adj. A)
| A|

Matrices and Determinants 19

 Notes:
1. The necessary and sufficient condition for existence of inverse
 25 −10 −15 T  25 −10 −15
of A is that A is non-singular. 
adj A =
 −10 4 1  = −10 4
 11 
2. A–1 is always non-singular.
 −15 11 9   −15 1 9 
3. Only square matrices are invertible, i.e., possess inverse.
 −2 −3 
Properties of Inverse of a Matrix  1 5 5
1. If A = diag (a11, a22, ..., ann) where aii ≠ 0 ∀ i, then  
2 4 11 
A–1 = diag (a11– 1, a22–1, ..., ann–1). = −
 5 25 25 
2. (A–1)′ = (A′)–1 for any non-singular matrix A. Also,  
adj (A′) = (adj A)′. − 3 1 9
 5 25 25 
3. (A–1)–1 = A, if A is non-singular.
Example 34: For two non-singular matrices A & B, show
4. Let k be a non-zero scalar & A be a non-singular matrix. Then, that adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
1
(kA) −1 = A−1 . Sol. We have (AB) (adj (AB)) = |AB| Ιn = |A| |B| Ιn
k
A–1 (AB)(adj (AB)) = |A| |B| A–1
1 1
5. | A−1 |
= , for | A |≠ 0. ⇒ B adj (AB) = |B| adj A ( A−1 = adj A)
| A| | A|
6. Let A be a non-singular matrix.
⇒ B–1 B adj (AB) = |B| B–1 adj A
Then AB = AC ⇒ B = C and BA = CA ⇒ B = C.
⇒ adj (AB) = (adj B) (adj A)
7. A is non-singular and symmetric ⇒ A–1 is symmetric.
Example 35: Let
8. (AB)–1 = B–1 A–1, if A and B are non- singular. 1 −1 1   4 2 2
  1 
9. In general, AB = O does not imply A = O or B = O.  2 1 −3 and B =−
A= 5 0 k  .
10 
1 1 1   1 −2 3 
But, if A is non-singular and AB = O, then B = O.
If B is the inverse of A, then k =
Similarly, B is non-singular and AB = O ⇒ A = O.
 4 2 2
Therefore,
Sol. 10 A−1 =  −5 0 k 

AB = O ⇒ either both are singular or one of them is O.  1 −2 3 

 4 2 2  1 −1 1 
−1 −5 0 k   2 1 −3
⇒ 10 A . A =
Train Your Brain   
 1 −2 3  1 1 1 
⇒ –5 + k = 0
Example 33: Compute the inverse of the matrix
⇒ k = 5 (∴ comparing a21 element on both sides)
 1 3 −2 
 −3 0 −5  . Example 36: If B is reciprocal of A,
 
 2 5 0  ( adj A)
then prove =
that B = A−1.
A
 1 3 −2 
 −3 0 −5  Sol. B is called the inverse (reciprocal) of A and is denoted
Sol. Let A =
  by A–1. Thus,
 2 5 0 
A–1 = B ⇔ AB = I = BA.
 25 −10 −15 We have
adj. A 1 
−1
A= = −10 4 11  A ∙ (adj A) = |A|In
| A | 25 
 −15 1 9  A–1A(adj A) = A–1In |A|
In(adj A) = A–1 |A|In
∴ |A| = 1(0 + 25) – 3 (0 + 10) – 2 (–15) = 25
(adj A)
⇒ A is non-singular ⇒ A–1 exists. A−1 =
A

20 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 a1 b1 c1 Ka1 Kb1 Kc1
Concept Application = D1 a= b2 c2 and D2 a2 b2 c2
2

a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
43. For any square matrix A, which statement is wrong
Then D2 = KD1
(a) (adj A)–1 = adj (A–1) (b) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T
(c) (A3)–1 = (A–1)3 (d) None of these Note: |λA| = λn |A|, when A = [aij]n.
44. The element of second row and third column in the 4. A skew-symmetric matrix of odd order has determinant value
zero.
1 2 1
 1 0  is Note: For the determinant where aij = –aji for all i & j
inverse of  2
 −1 0 1  (i) Diagonal elements are zero.

aii = –ajj (for diagonal elements) ⇒ 2aii = 0 ⇒ aii = 0
(a) –2 (b) –1 (c) 4 (d) 2
(ii) If the order of above determinant is ODD then its value
0 1 2  1 / 2 −1 / 2 1 / 2 
45. If A= 1 2 3  and A−1=  −4
 3 c  then 0 a −b
 3 a 1  5 / 2 −3 / 2 1 / 2  is ZERO e.g., −a 0 0
c =
(a) a = 2, c = 1/2 (b) a = 1, c = –1 b −c 0
(c) a = –1, c = 1 (d) a = 1/2, c = 1/2 5. If a determinant has all the elements zero in any row or
46. Let A be an invertible matrix then which of the column, then its value is zero (All Zero Property),
following is not true?
0 0 0
(a) A–1 = |A|–1 (b) (A2)–1 = (A–1)2
=i.e., D a=2 b2 c2 0.
(c) (AT)–1 = (A–1)T (d) None of these
a3 b3 c3

6. If a determinant has any two rows (or columns) identical
TRANSPOSE OF A DETERMINANT (or proportional), then its value is zero (Proportionality or
The transpose of a determinant is the determinant of transpose of Repetition Property),
the corresponding matrix.
a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3 i.e., D
= a= b1 c1 0.
1
=D a2 b2 =
c2 ⇒ D′ b1 b2 b3 a3 b3 c3

a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3
7. If each element of any row (or column) can be expressed as
Properties of Determinant a sum of two terms then the determinant can be expressed as
the sum of two determinants, i.e., (Sum Property),
1. |A| = |A′| for any square matrix A.
i.e., the value of a determinant remains unaltered, if the rows a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z a1 b1 c1 x y z
& columns are interchanged (Reflection Property), a2 b=
2 c2 a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2
a1 b1 c1 a1 a2 a3 a
3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
i.e., D= a2 b2 c2 = b1 b2 b3 = D′ 8. The value of a determinant is not altered by adding to the
a3 b3 c3 c1 c2 c3 elements of any row (or column) a constant multiple of
2. If any two rows (or columns) of a determinant be interchanged, the corresponding elements of any other row (or column)
the value of determinant is changed in sign only (Switching (Invariance Property),
Property). a1 b1 c1
a1 b1 c1 a2 b2 c2 i.e., D1 a2
= b2 c2 C1 → C1 + λC2 + µC3
= e.g., Let D1 a=2 b2 c2 and D2 a1 b1 c1 a3 b3 c3
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
a1 + λ b1 + µc1 b1 c1
Then D2 = – D1 and D= a2 + λ b2 + µc2 b2 c2 .
2
3. Let λ be a scalar, then λ |A| is obtained by multiplying any a3 + λ b3 + µc3 b3 c3
one row (or any one column) of |A| by λ (Scalar Multiple
Property) Then D2 = D1

Matrices and Determinants 21

 9. The determinant of upper and lower triangular matrix is equal
to product of it’s diagonal elements Apply C1→ C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
a1 b1 c1
0 0 1
i.e. D =
= 0 b2 c2 a1b2 c3
= (a + b + c) b − c c − a a
0 0 c3
c−a a −b b

SOME SPECIAL DETERMINANT = (a + b + c) ((b – c) (a – b) – (c – a)2)

= (a + b + c) (ab + bc – ca – b2 – c2 + 2ca – a2)
1 x x2
= (a + b + c) (ab + bc + ca – a2 – b2– c2)
1. 1 y y 2 =( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)
≡ 3abc–a3–b3–c3
1 z z2
a b c
3
1 x x Example 38: Simplify a b c 2 2 2

2. 1 y y 3 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( x + y + z ) bc ca ab
1 z z3
Sol. Since detereminant is equal to
1 x 2
x 3
a2 b2 c2 a2 b2 c2
3. 1 y 2 1 abc 3
y 3 = ( x − y )( y − z )( z − x)( xy + yz + zx) = a3 b3 c3 = a b3 c3
abc abc
1 z2 z3 abc abc abc 1 1 1

a b c Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
4. b c a= 3abc − a 3 − b3 − c 3
a 2 − b2 b2 − c2 c2
c a b
=a 3 − b3 b3 − c 3 c3
      =–(a + b + c)(a2 + b2 + c2 – ab – bc – ca)
0 0 1
a b c
Note: If a, b, c > 0, then b c a <0 a+b b+c c2
c a b = (a − b)(b − c) a + ab + b 2
2
b + bc + c 2
2
c3
0 0 1
= (a – b) (b – c) [ab2 + abc + ac2 + b3 + b2c + bc2 – a2b
FACTOR THEOREM
 – a2c – ab2 – abc – b3 – b2c]
Use of factor theorem to find the value of determinant. If by
= (a – b) (b – c) [c(ab + bc + ca) – a(ab + bc + ca)]
putting x = a the value of a determinant vanishes then (x − a) is a
factor of the determinant. = (a – b) (b – c) (c – a) (ab + bc + ca)

Train Your Brain

Concept Application
a b c
Example 37: Simplify b c a x y z x 2y z
c a b 47. If ∆ = p q r then 2 p 4q 2r is equal to
Sol. Using R1 → R1 + R2 + R3 a b c a 2b c

a+b+c a+b+c a+b+c (a) ∆2 (b) 4∆ (c) 3∆ (d) ∆/2

= b c a 48. Using properties of determinants prove that
c a b sin 2 A sin A cos A cos 2 A
1 1 1 sin 2 B sin B cos B cos 2 B =
= (a + b + c) b c a sin 2 C sin C cos C cos 2 C

c a b – sin (A – B) sin (B – C) sin (C – A).
Given that A + B + C = π

22 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 49. Show that x = 2 is a root of the equation 55. The determinant 
x −6 −1 b c bα + c
= ∆ c d cα + d is equal to 0, if
2 −3 x x − 3 = 0
bα + c cα + d aα 3 − cα
−3 2 x x + 2
(a) b, c, d are in A.P.
50. If the value of xyz = – 2025 and
(b) b, d, c are in G.P.
a+x b c
(c) b, c, d are in H.P.
= ∆ a b + y= c 0
(d) α is a root of ax3 – bx2 – 3cx – d = 0
a b c + z
56. The digits A, B, C are such that three digit number A88,
then the value of ayz + bzx + cxy is 6B8, 86C are divisible by 72, then the determinant
(a) 2025 (b) –2025 A 6 8
(c) 0 (d) None of these 8 B 6 is divisible by
a1 b1 c1 8 8 C
51. If ∆ = a2 b2 c2 and Ai, Bi, Ci denote the cofactors (a) 72 (b) 144 (c) 288 (d) 1216
a3 b3 c3 57. Three distinct points P(3u2, 2u3); Q(3v2, 2v3) and
of ai, bi, ci , for i = 1, 2, 3 respectively, then the value R(3w2, 2w3) are collinear then
A1 B1 C1 (a) uv + vw + wu = 0 (b) uv + vw + wu = 3
of the determinant A2 B2 C2 is (c) uv + vw + wu = 2 (d) uv + ww + wu = 1
A3 B3 C3 58. The absolute value of the determinant
−1 2 1
(a) ∆ (b) ∆2 (c) ∆3 (d) 0
3 + 2 2 2 + 2 2 1 is
1 log x y log x z
3− 2 2 2 − 2 2 1
52. ∆ log
= y x 1 log y z
log z x log z y 1 (a) 16 2 (b) 8 2 (c) 8 (d) 4 2
(a) logx y logy z logz x (b) 1 59. If a, b, c > 0 & x, y, z ∈ R, then the determinant
(c) 0 (d) None of these (a x + a − x ) 2 (a x − a − x ) 2 1
(b y + b − y ) 2 (b y − b − y ) 2 1 =
 a b c
(c z + c − z ) 2 (c z − c − z ) 2 1
Let a matrix is given by A =  p q r  and
53. 
 
 x y z  (a) axbycz (b) a−xb−yc−z
(c) a2xb2yc2z (d) Zero
 p + x q + y r + z
suppose that det. A = 6. If B =
 a + x b + y c + z 60. Let
  b+c a b (b + c) 2 a 2 bc
then  a + p b + q c + r 
(c + a ) 2 b 2 ca .
c + a c a and D2 =
D1 =
(a) det. B = 6 (b) det. B = –6
a+b b c (a + b) 2 c 2 ab
(c) det. B = 12 (d) det. B = –12
b1 + c1 c1 + a1 a1 + b1 The divisor which is common to both D1 and D2 is
54. The determinant b2 + c2 c2 + a2 a2 + b2 = (a) (a – b) (b) (ab + bc + ca)
b3 + c3 c3 + a3 a3 + b3 (c) a + b + c (d) (c + a)

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 −x a b
61. Let a, b > 0 and=
∆ b − x a , then
(a) a2 b2 c2 (b) 2 a2 b2 c2
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 a b −x
(a) a + b – x is a factor of ∆
a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1
(b) x2 + (a + b)x + a2 + b2 – ab is a factor of ∆
(c) 3 a2 b2 c2 (d) 4 a2 b2 c2
(c) ∆ = 0 has three real roots
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
(d) a – b + x is a factor of ∆

Matrices and Determinants 23

 a11 + b1 2 + c1 3 a1m1 + b1m2 + c1m3 a1n1 + b1n2 + c1n3
62. The determinant = a2 1 + b2  2 + c2  3 a2 m1 + b2 m2 + c2 m3 a2 n1 + b2 n2 + c2 n3
a 2 (1 + x) ab ac a3 1 + b3  2 + c3  3 a3 m1 + b3 m2 + c3 m3 a3 n1 + b3 n2 + c3 n3
2
=∆
ab b (1 + x) bc is divisible by
ac bc 2
c (1 + x) We can also multiply rows by column or columns by rows or
columns by columns.
(a) x – 3 (b) (1 + x)2
(c) x2 (d) x2 + 1 Note: As |A| = |A′|, we have |A| |B| = |AB′| (row - row method)

 1 sin θ 1  |A| |B| = |A′B| (column - column method)


63. Let A =− sin θ  , where 0 ≤ θ < 2π,
 sin θ 1 |A| |B| = |A′B′| (column - row method)
 −1 − sin θ 1 
then Theorem
(a) Det (A) = 0 If D' is the determinant formed by replacing the elements of a
(b) Det A ∈ (0, ∞) determinant D of order n by their corresponding cofactor then |D'|
(c) Det (A) ∈ [2, 4] = |D|n–1 (D' is called the reciprocal determinant)
(d) Det A ∈ [2, ∞)
64. If a1, a2, a3, ..., an are in G.P., then the determinant
SUMMATION OF DETERMINANTS
log an log an +1 log an +2
f(r) g (r ) h(r )
∆ = log an + 3 log an +4 log an +5 is equal to
Let ∆(r ) =a1 a2 a3 where a1, a2, a3, b1, b2, b3 are
log an +6 log an +7 log an +8
b1 b2 b3
65. The number of distinct real roots of
constants independent of r, then
sin x cos x cos x n n n
cos x sin x cos x = 0
=r 1=
∑ f ( r ) ∑ g ( r ) ∑ h( r )
r 1=r 1
cos x cos x sin x n

∑ ∆(r ) = a
r =1
1 a2 a3
π π b1 b2 b3
in the interval – ≤ x ≤ is
4 4

Here the functions of r can be the elements of only one row or

ADDITION OF TWO DETERMINANT column. None of the elements other than that row or column
The sum of two determinants, can be expressed as should be dependent on r. If more than one column or row have
a1 b1 c1 x y z a1 + x b1 + y c1 + z elements dependent on r then first expand the determinant and
a2 b2 c2 + a2 b2 c2 = a2 b2 c2 then find the summation.
a3 b3
c3 a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3
LIMIT OF A DETERMINANT
MULTIPLICATION OF TWO DETERMINANT
ADVANCED LEARNING
If A and B are two square matrices of same order, then
f ( x) g ( x) h ( x)
|AB| = |A| |B|. Let ∆( x) = ( x) m ( x) n ( x) , then
a1 b1 1 m1 a1 1 + b1  2 a1 m1 + b1 m2 u ( x) v ( x) w ( x)
× =
a2 b2  2 m2 a2 1 + b2  2 a2 m1 + b2 m2
For order 3 × 3 lim f ( x) lim g ( x) lim h ( x)
x→a x→a x→a

a1 b1 c1 1 m1 n1 lim ∆( x) =lim  ( x) lim m ( x) lim n ( x) ,

x→a x→a x→a x→a
a2 b2 c2 ×  2 m2 n2
lim u ( x) lim v ( x) lim w ( x)
a3 b3 c3  3 m3 n3 x→a x→a x→a

provided each of nine limiting values exist finitely.

24 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Train Your Brain
n
2 r − 1 n Cr 2r
Example 42: Evaluate
∑ x cos 2 θ y
1 2 3 0 r =1
n 2 n n +1
2 –1 2 – 2
Example 39: Find the value of −1 3 × −1 4 and
n n n

1 8 r 1
∑ (2r − 1) ∑
r 1= r 1
n
Cr ∑2 r

n= =
prove that it is equal to . Sol.
−6 12 = ∑ Dr
r =1
x 2
cos θ y
n2 2n − 1 2n +1 − 2
1 2 3 0
Sol. −1 3 × −1 4
n2 2n − 1 2n +1 − 2
1× 3 − 2 × 1 1× 0 + 2 × 4 1 8 = x cos 2 θ y =0
= = = 60
−1× 3 + 3 × (−1) −1× 0 + 3 × 4 −6 12 n2 n n +1
2 −1 2 − 2

Example 40: Prove that r −1 1 0 n

a1 x1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
Example=
43: If ∆ r 2 r 3 + r , find ∑∆.
r =1
r

r + 1 −1 −2
a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 0
a2 x3 + b2 y3 =
Sol. On expansion of determinant, we get
a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3
Dr = (r –1) (3 – r) + 7 + r2 + 4r = 8r + 4
n
Sol. G
 iven determinant can be splitted into product of two ⇒ ∑ ∆= 4n(n + 2)
r
determinant r =1

a1 x1 + b1 y1 a1 x2 + b1 y2 a1 x3 + b1 y3
i.e., a2 x1 + b2 y1 a2 x2 + b2 y2 a2 x3 + b2 y3
a3 x1 + b3 y1 a3 x2 + b3 y2 a3 x3 + b3 y3 Concept Application
a1 b1 c1 x1 x2 x3
= a2 b2 c2 × y1 y2 y3 = 0 66. Prove that
a3 b3 c3 0 0 0 2 a+b+c+d ab + cd

a + b + c + d 2(a + b)(c + d ) ab(c + d ) + cd (a + b) =0
(a1 − b1 ) 2 (a1 − b2 ) 2 (a1 − b3 ) 2
ab + cd ab(c + d ) + cd (a + b) 2abcd
Example 41: Prove that (a − b ) 2 (a2 − b2 ) 2 (a2 − b3 ) 2
2 1

(a3 − b1 ) 2 (a3 − b2 ) 2 (a3 − b3 ) 2 (a − 1) n 6

2
67. Let ∆ a = (a −1) 2n 2 4n − 2 show that
= 2(a1 – a2) (a2 – a3) (a3 – a1) (b1 – b2) (b2 – b3) (a − 1)3 3n3 3n 2 − 3n
    (b3 – b1). n

(a1 − b1 ) 2
(a1 − b2 ) 2
(a1 − b3 ) 2 ∑∆ a =c, a constant.

a =1
Sol. (a − b ) 2 (a2 − b2 ) 2 (a2 − b3 ) 2 cos x x sec x
2 1
f ( x)
(a3 − b1 ) 2 (a3 − b2 ) 2 (a3 − b3 ) 2 68. Let f ( x) = 2sin x x2 2 x . Then, find lim .
x →0 x
tan x x sec x
a12 + b12 − 2a1b1 a12 + b2 2 − 2a1b2 a12 + b32 − 2a1b3
(a) –2 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 1
= a2 2 + b12 − 2a2 b1 a2 2 + b2 2 − 2a2 b2 a2 2 + b32 − 2a2 b3
69. The determinant
a32 + b12 − 2a3b1 a32 + b2 2 − 2a3b2 a32 + b32 − 2a3b3
cos ( x − y ) cos ( y − z ) cos ( z − x)
a12 1 −2a1 1 1 1 cos ( x + y ) cos ( y + z ) cos ( z + x) =
= a2 1 −2a2 × b12
2
b2 2 b32 sin ( x + y ) sin ( y + z ) sin ( z + x)
a32 1 −2a3 b1 b2 b3 (a) 2 sin (x − y) sin (y − z) sin (z − x)
(b) −2 sin (x − y) sin (y − z) sin (z − x)
Note: The above problem can also be solved using factor (c) 2 cos (x − y) cos (y − z) cos (z − x)
theorem method. (d) −2 cos (x − y) cos (y − z) cos (z − x)

Matrices and Determinants 25

DIFFERENTIATION OF DETERMINANT
Example 45: Let α be a repeated root of quadratic equation
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
f(x) = 0 and A(x), B(x) and C(x) be polynomial of degree 3, 4
Let ∆( x) =g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x) A( x) B( x) C ( x)
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x) and 5 respectively, then show that A(α) B(α) C (α)
f1′( x) f 2′( x) f 3′( x) divisible by f(x). A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α)
Then ∆′( x) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x)
A( x) B( x) C ( x)
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
Sol. Let g ( x) = A(α) B(α) C (α)
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x) f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x) A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α)
+ g1′( x) g 2′ ( x) g3′ ( x) + g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x)
A′( x) B′( x) C ′( x)
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x) h1′( x) h2′ ( x) h3′ ( x)
⇒ g ′( x) = A(α) B(α) C (α)
Note: We can differentiate a determinant columnwise also. A′(α) B′(α) C ′(α)

INTEGRATION OF A DETERMINANT Since g(α) = g′(α) = 0 ⇒ therefore α is a repeated root

of g(x) and α is repeated root of the quadratic equation
ADVANCED LEARNING f(x) = 0, hence g(x) is divisible by f(x).

f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x ) cos x 1 0

Let ∆( x) = a1 b1 c1 where a1, b1, c1, a2, b2, c2 are Example 46: If f ( x) = 1 2 cos x 1 , then
a2 b2 c2 0 1 2 cos x
π/ 2
constants independent of x. Hence
b b b
find ∫
0
f ( x) dx.

∫a
f ( x) dx ∫
a
g ( x) dx ∫
a
h( x) dx
Sol. Here f(x) = cos x (4 cos2x – 1) –2 cos x
b
= 4 cos3x – 3 cos x = cos 3x
∫ ∆( x) dx =a1 b1 c1
π/ 2 π/ 2
a
a2 b2 c2 sin 3 x  1
so ∫
0
cos 3 x dx =
3  0
= − .
3
Note: If more than one row or one column are function of x then
first expand the determinant and then integrate it. α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
Example 47: If ∆ = 6 4 3 , then find
x x2 x3
Train Your Brain 1

∫
0
∆( x) dx.

3 2 1
2
Example 44: If f ( x) = 6 x 2 x3 x 4 , then find the value α2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ2 − 3
1
of f ′′(a). 1 a a2 Sol. ∫
0
∆( x) dx = 6 4 3
1 1 1

3 2 1 ∫
0
x dx ∫
0
x 2 dx ∫
0
x 3 dx
Sol. 12 x 6 x 2
f ′( x) = 4 x3
1 a a2
α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
3 2 1 = 6 4 3
f ′′( x) = 12 12 x 12 x 2 1 1 1
1 a a2 2 3 4

3 2 1 α 2 − 1 β2 − 2 γ 2 − 3
1
⇒ f ′′(a ) 12
= = 1 a a 2 0. = = 6 4 3 0
12
1 a a2 6 4 3

26 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 D1 D2 D3
Concept Application x
⇒= ,=
y ,z
=
D D D
a1 b1 c1 d1 b1 c1
70. Let
=Where D a=
2 b2 c2 ; D1 d 2 b2 c2 ;
cos ( x + x 2 ) sin ( x + x 2 ) − cos ( x + x 2 ) a3 b3 c3 d3 b3 c3

sin ( x − x 2 ) cos ( x − x 2 ) sin ( x − x 2 ) .
f ( x) =
a1 d1 c1 a1 b1 d1
sin (2 x) 0 sin (2 x 2 )
= D2 a= 2 d 2 c2 & D3 a2 b2 d2
Then find the value of f ′(0).
a3 d3 c3 a3 b3 d3
(a) –2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 2
71. Let Consistency of a System of Equations
sec x cos x sec 2 x + cot x cosec x 1. If D ≠ 0 and alteast one of D1, D2, D3 ≠ 0, then the given
f ( x) = cos 2 x cos 2 x cos ec 2 x , system of equations are consistent and have unique non trivial
2 2
solution.
1 cos x cos x
2. If D ≠ 0 & D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations
π/ 2 π 8  are consistent and have trivial solution only.
prove that ∫ f ( x)dx = −  + .
0
 4 15  3. If D = D1 = D2 = D3 = 0, then the given system of equations
have either infinite solutions or no solution. (For 2 × 2 system,
1+ x x x2 D = 0 = D1 = D2 ⇔ system has infinitely many solutions).
72. Let x 1 + x x 2 = ax5 + bx4 + cx3 + dx2
Cofactors of D
x2 x 1+ x
+  λx + µ be an identity in x, where a, b, c, d, λ, µ
are independent of x. Then the value of λ is Atleast one non-zero, All zeros
(a) 3 (b) 2 then system will have
infinite solutions
(c) 4 (d) None of these

All the cofactors of D1, Cofactors of atleast one

D2 and D3 are zero, then of D1, D2 and D3 is non-zero,
CRAMER’S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR system will have infinite then system will have no
EQUATIONS solutions solutions
1. Two variables: 4. If D = 0 but atleast one of D1, D2, D3 is not zero then the
equations are inconsistent and have no solution.
Let a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 & a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 then:
Homogeneous System
Consistent:
Consider the system
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 a2x + b2y + c2z = d2
a1 b1 c1
Case-I: If = = then the given equations has infinite a3x + b3y + c3z = d3
a2 b2 c2
solution. For homogeneous system, d1 = d2 = d3 = 0
a1x + b1y + c1z = 0 a2x + b2y + c2z = 0
a1 b1
Case-II: If
≠ then the given equations has unique a3x + b3y + c3z = 0
a2 b2
solution. (x, y, z) = (0, 0, 0) is always a solution of this system. This solution
is called as the trivial solution (or zero solution) of this system.
Inconsistent:

D ≠ 0 ⇒ this system has only the trivial solution.
a1 b1 c1 D = 0 ⇒ this system has nontrivial solutions as well as trivial
If = ≠ then the given equations has no solution.
a2 b2 c2 (infinitely many solutions).
2. Three variables: Three Equations in Two Variables
Consider the system If x and y are not zero, then condition for a1x + b1y + c1 = 0; a2x
a1x + b1y + c1z = d1 + b2y + c2 = 0 and a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 to be consistent in x and y is
a2x + b2y + c2z = d2 a1 b1 c1
a3x + b3y + c3z = d3 a2 b2 c2 = 0.
Then, D.x = D1, D.y = D2, D.z = D3 a3 b3 c3

Matrices and Determinants 27

 Train Your Brain Here for λ = 3 second and third rows are identical hence
D = 0 for λ = 3.
6 1 1
Example 48: Find the nature of solution for the given
system of equations. D1 = 10 2 3
x + 2y + 3z = 1 µ 2 λ
2x + 3y + 4z = 3
1 6 1
3x + 4y + 5z = 0
D2 = 1 10 3
1 2 3
1 µ λ
Sol. Let D = 2 3 4
1 1 6
3 4 5
D3 = 1 2 10
Apply C1 → C1 – C2, C2 → C2 – C3
1 2 µ
−1 −1 3 1 2 3
If λ = 3 then D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 for µ = 10
D =−1 −1 4 =0 . Now, D1 = 3 3 4 (i) For unique solution D ≠ 0 i.e., λ ≠ 3.
−1 −1 5 0 4 5 (ii) For infinite solutions
C3 → C3 – C2 D=0⇒λ=3
1 2 1 D1 = D2 = D3 = 0 ⇒ µ = 10.
D1 = 3 3 1 (iii) For no solution
0 4 1 D=0⇒λ=3
Atleast one of D1, D2 or D3 is non zero
R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3
⇒ µ ≠ 10.
−2 −1 0
D1 = 3 −1 0 = 5
0 4 1 Concept Application
D = 0. But D1 ≠ 0. Hence no solution.
Example 49: Solve the following system of equations 73. The system of equations
x+y+z=2 2x – y + z = 0
2x + 2y + 2z = 4 x – 2y + z = 0
3x + 3y + 3z = 6 λx – y + 2z = 0
1 1 1 has infinite number of nontrivial solutions for
Sol. ∴ D =
= 2 2 2 0 (a) λ = 1 (b) λ = 5
3 3 3 (c) λ = –5 (d) no real value of λ
D1 = 0, D2 = 0, D3 = 0 74. The equations x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10, x + 2y
+ mz = n give infinite number of values of the triplet
All the cofactors of D, D1, D2 and D3 are all zeros, hence the (x, y, z) if
system will have infinite solutions.
(a) m = 3, n ∈ R (b) m = 3, n ≠ 10
Let z = t1, y = t2 ⇒ x = 2 – t1 – t2 where t1, t2 ∈ R.
Example 50: Consider the following system of equations (c) m = 3, n = 10 (d) None of these
x+y+z=6 75. The following system of equations 3x – 7y + 5z = 3;
x + 2y + 3z = 10 3x + y + 5z = 7 and 2x + 3y + 5z = 5 are
x + 2y + λz = µ (a) consistent with trivial solution
Find values of λ and µ if such that sets of equation have (b) consistent with unique non trivial solution
(i) unique solution (ii) infinite solution (c) consistent with infinite solution
(d) inconsistent with no solution
(iii) no solution
Sol. x + y + z = 6 76. If the system of linear equations
x + 2y + 3z = 10 x + 2ay + az = 0
x + 2y + λz = µ x + 3by + bz = 0
1 1 1 x + 4cy + cz = 0
has a non-zero solution, then a, b, c
D= 1 2 3
(a) are in G. P (b) are in H.P.
1 2 λ
(c) satisfy a + 2b + 3c = 0 (d) are in A.P.

28 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

APPLICATION OF DETERMINANT
Following examples of short hand writing large expressions are 1
= [3(1 − 3) + 4(8 − 3) + 4(8 − 1)]
(i) Area of a triangle whose vertices are (xr, yr); r = 1, 2, 3 is: 2
x1 y1 1 42
1 = = 21 square units
D = x2 y2 1 2
2
x3 y3 1 Example 52: Find the equation of straight line joining

point P (3, 4) and Q (0, 0) using determinant
If D = 0 then the three points are collinear.
(ii) Equation of a straight line passing through (x1, y1) and Sol. R(x,y) P(3, 4) Q(0,0)
 R, P and Q are collinear
x y 1
(x2, y2) is x1 y1 1 = 0. x y 1
1
x2 y2 1 ∴ 3 4 1 =0
2
0 0 1
(iii) The lines: a1x + b1y + c1 = 0 … (i)
     a2x + b2y + c2 = 0 … (ii) ⇒ 4x – 3y = 0
     a3x + b3y + c3 = 0 … (iii)
Example 53: Find the value of λ if A(λ, 0), B(5, 2) and
a1 b1 c1 C(3, 1) are collinear
are concurrent if, a2 b2 c2 = 0. Sol. Since A, B and C are collinear
a3 b3 c3

λ 0 1
This is also the condition for the consistency of three 1
simultaneous linear equations in two variables. ∴ 5 2 1= 0
2
3 1 1
ADVANCED LEARNING
⇒ λ (2–1) + 1(5 – 6) = 0
(iv) ax² + 2hxy + by² + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 represents a pair of
straight lines if: ⇒ λ=1
a h g
abc + 2fgh − af ² − bg² − ch² = 0 = h b f .
g f c
Concept Application
(v) Conjugate of Determinant: If ai, bi and ci for i = 1,2,3

a1 b1 c1 a1 b1 c1 77. A triangle has vertices (1, 6) (3, 0) and (–3, –7), then
= ∆ a2 b2= c2 ⇒ ∆ a2 b2 c2 area in square units is
a3 b3 c3 a3 b3 c3 (a) 10 (b) 25
(c) 30 (d) 40
(a) If ∆ is purely real then ∆ = ∆
78. Determine the value of k, if the area of triangle is
(b) If ∆ is purely imaginary then ∆ = –∆
4 square units. The vertices are (k, 0), (4, 0) and (0, 2)
79. Let A(x1, y1), B(x2, y2) and C(x3, y3) be vertices of
an equilateral triangle whose side is 4 units. Let
Train Your Brain x1 y1 1
∆ = x2 y2 1 , then ∆2 is equal to
Example 51: Find the area of triangle whose vertices are x3 y3 1
(3, 8), (–4, 1) and (4, 3)
(a) 64
3 8 1
1 (b) 128
Sol. Area
= −4 1 1
2 (c) 192
4 3 1
(d) 256

Matrices and Determinants 29

 Aarambh (Solved Examples)

{
2, when i = j Also among the diagonal elements, at least one of the element
1. If A = [a ij ] 3×3 , such that aij = 0, when i ≠ j , then must be 1.

log1/2det(adj (adj (A)) = Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.

(a) –12 (b) –10  cos(π / 6) sin(π / 6)  1 1

= 4. If P =  ,A   and Q = PAP′
(c) –13 (d) –11  − sin(π / 6) cos(π / 6)  0 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) then P′Q2009 P is equal to
Sol. A = [aij]
1 3 / 2 1 2009 

aij = 2, i = j = 0 i ≠ j (a)   (b) 
0 2009  0 1 
|A| = 8
Now, det (adj (adj (A)) = (8)4 = 212
log1/2(212) = –12  3 / 2 2009   3 / 2 −1/ 2 
(c)   (d)  
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.  0 1   1 2009 

2. Find c2 + x2 + y2 if the matrix A given by

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 a 2 / 3 2 / 3

A = 2 / 3 1 / 3 b  - is orthogonal.  3 −1   3 1 
 2  2 2 
 c x y  Sol. Now, P ′P =  2  
 1 3   −1 3
 2 2   2 2 
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 0 (d) 3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 0 
Sol.It is given that the matrix A is orthogonal. Therefore, ⇒ P ′P =
0 1  ⇒ P′P = Ι ⇒ P′ = P–1
AA′ = I  

 a 2 / 3 2 / 3  a 2 / 3 c  1 0 0  Since Q = PAP′
2 / 3 1 / 3 b   2 / 3 1/ 3 x  = 0 1 0 
  ∴ P′Q2009 P

 c

x y   2 / 3 b y  0 0 1  = P′[(PAP′) (PAP′) ... 2009 times]P
Comparing the element in the 3rd column of 3rd row, we get
(P P)A(P′ P)A(P′ P)A...(P′ P)A(P′ P)
=′
c2 + x2 + y2 = 1.

2009 times

Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

= IA2009 = A2009
3. Let t be the trace of the matrix
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2 
 | x+ y|  ∴ A=  ⇒ A2 =
0 1=
α1 β1    
| x | + | y |    0 1 0 1 0 1 
 
 | y+z|  1 2  1 1 1 3
A= α2 β2  , then =A3 =     ⇒ = A2009 = (I + B)2009
 | y|+|z|  0 1  0 1 0 1
 |z+x| 
 α3 β3  0 1 
| z | + | x | where B =  . As B2 = O, we get Br = O
  0 0 

∀ r ≥ 2.
(a) 0 ≤ t ≤ 3 (b) 1 ≤ t ≤ 2
Thus, by binomial theorem
(c) 1 ≤ t ≤ 3 (d) –1 ≤ t ≤ 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 1 2009 
A2009 = 
Sol. Now, |x + y| ≤ |x| + |y| 0 1 

| x+ y| Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

⇒ ≤1
|x|+| y|

Hence, t ≤ 3
30 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW
 5. If Tp, Tq, Tr are the pth, qth and rth terms of an A.P., then Sol.
Tp Tq Tr cos x x 1
2
p q r equals f ( x) 2sin x
= x= 2 x x 2 (tan x − cos x)
1 1 1 tan x x 1
f ( x) x 2 (tan x − cos x)
(a) 1 (b) –1 ⇒ = = tan x − cos x
x2 x2
(c) 0 (d) p + q + r f ( x)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) ∴ lim 2 = lim(tan x − cos x) = −1
x →0 x x →0

Sol. TP = a + (p – 1)d, Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

Similarly, Tq and Tr 8. If f(x) satisfies the equation
a + ( p − 1)d a + (q − 1)d a + (r − 1)d f ( x − 3) f ( x + 4) f [( x + 1)( x − 2) − ( x − 1) 2 ]
p q r 5 4 −5 0
=
1 1 1 5 6 15

a a a pd qd rd −d −d −d for all real x, then:
=p q r + p q r + p q 0
r = (a) f(x) is not periodic
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 (b) f(x) is periodic and is of period 1
(c) f(x) is periodic and is of period 7
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. (d) f(x) is an odd function
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
6. If 0 ≤ [x] < 2; –1 ≤ [y] < 1 and 1 ≤ [z] < 3 ([.] denotes
Sol. The determinant of L.H.S. on expansion
the greatest integer function) then the maximum value of
= 90 f(x – 3) – 100 f(x + 4) + 10f (x – 3).
[ x] + 1 [ y ] [ z]
So, f(x) satisfies the equation f(x + 4) = f(x – 3).
=
determinant ∆ [ x] [ y ] + 1 [ z ] is
Replace x by x + 3, we get f(x + 7) = f(x) for all x.
[ x] [ y] [ z] + 1
Hence f(x) is periodic with period 7.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
(a) 2 (b) 6
(c) 4 (d) None of these 9. Let a, b, c be such that (b + c) ≠ 0 if

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1

−b b + 1 b − 1 + a − 1 b −1 c +1 =0
[ x] + 1 [ y ] [ z] n+2 n +1 n
c c − 1 c + 1 (−1) a (−1) b (−1) c
= [ x] [ y ] + 1 [ z ]
Sol. ∆
[ x] [ y] [ z] + 1 then value of n is
(a) 0 (b) Any even integer
Apply R1 → R1 – R2, R2 → R2 – R3, we get (c) Any odd integer (d) Any integer
1 −1 0  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Sol.
=
∆ 0 1 −1= 1([ z ] + 1 + [ y ] + 1[ x])
a a +1 a −1 a +1 b +1 c −1
[ x] [ y ] [ z ] + 1 n
−b b + 1 b − 1 + (−1) a − 1 b − 1 c + 1
= [z] + [y] + [x] + 1 c c −1 c +1 a −b c

∴ Maximum value is 2 + 0 + 1 + 1 = 4. a a +1 a −1 a +1 a −1 a
n
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. −b b + 1 b − 1 + (−1) b + 1 b − 1 −b
=
c c −1 c +1 c −1 c +1 c
cos x x 1
f ( x) a a + 1 a −1 a + 1 a a −1
7. Let f ( x ) = 2sin x x2 2 x , then lim 2 is equal to
x →0 x
tan x x 1 =−b b + 1 b −1 + (–1) n +1 b + 1 −b b −1 {C2 ↔ C3 }
c c −1 c + 1 c −1 c c + 1
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 2 (d) 3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Matrices and Determinants 31
 a a +1 a −1 p b c
= [1 + (−1) n+2
] −b b + 1 b − 1 {C1 ↔ C2} ∆= a − p q − b 0 = 0
c c −1 c +1 a− p 0 r −c

⇒ any odd integer. p b c

Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. p−a q −b r −c
1
⇒ −1 1 0 =0
t 2 − 3t + 4 ( p − a )(q − b)(r − c)
10. If t is real and λ = , then the number of solution −1 0 1
t 2 + 3t + 4
Applying C3 → C3 + C1
of the system of equations 3x – y + 4z = 3, x + 2y – 3z = –2,
p b p c
6x + 5y + λz = – 3 is +
(a) One (b) Two p −a q −b p −a r −c
(c) Zero (d) Infinite ⇒ −1 1 −1 0
=
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) −1 0 0
2
Sol. λ t − 3t + 4 ⇒ (λ − 1)t 2 + 3(λ + 1)t +=
= 4(λ − 1) 0 ⇒
p
+
c
+
b
0
=
2
t + 3t + 4 p −a r −c q −b
Since, t is real. So, D ≥ 0 ⇒ b2– 4ac ≥ 0
p c−r+r b−q+q
⇒ 9(l + 1)2 – 16(l – 1)2 ≥ 0 ⇒ + + 0
=
p−a r −c q −b
⇒ (3l + 3 – 4l + 4)(3l + 3 + 4l – 4) ≥ 0
p
1 ⇒∑ 2
=
⇒ (7 − λ)(7λ − 1) ≥ 0 ⇒ ≤λ≤7 p−a
7
Now use
3 −1 4
p + a 2 p − ( p − a) 2p
Now,
= ∆ 1 2 −3 [Determinant of coefficients of = = −1
p−a p−a p−a
6 5 λ
p+a q+b r +c
equations] So, + + = 2(2) − =
3 1
p −a q −b r −c
 1 
= 7(λ + 5) ≠ 0  ≤ λ ≤ 7  ⇒ D > 0 Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.
 7 
Hence, the given system of equations has a unique solution. 12. The number of distinct roots of the equation
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer. x2 − 1 x2 + 2x + 1 2 x 2 + 3x + 1
) 2 x 2 + x − 1 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3 4 x 2 + 4 x − 3 = 0 is
P ( x=
11. If a ≠ p, b ≠ q, c ≠ r and the system of equations
6 x 2 − x − 2 6 x 2 − 7 x + 2 12 x 2 − 11x + 2
px + by + cz = 0
ax + qy + cz = 0 (a) 6 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 4
ax + by + rz = 0  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
has a non-zero solution, then value of Sol.
p+a q+b r +c ( x −1)( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2 (2 x + 1)( x + 1)
+ + is
p −a q −b r −c P( x) = (2 x − 1)( x + 1) (2 x − 1)( x + 3) (2 x + 3)(2 x −1) = 0

(2 x + 1)(3 x − 2) (2 x −1)(3 x − 2) (4 x −1)(3 x − 2)
(a) 2 (b) –2 (c) 1 (d) –1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) x −1 x + 1 2x + 1
Sol. As the system has a non-zero solution =( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) x + 1 x + 3 2 x + 3
p b c 2x + 1 2x −1 4x −1
=∆ a=q c 0 Using C2 → C2 – C1, C3 → C3 – 2C1, we get
a b r x −1 2 3
Applying R3 → R3 – R1, R2 → R2 – R1 P( x) =( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) x + 1 2 1
2 x + 1 −2 −3
Using R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 + R1, we get

32 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 x −1 2 3 0 − xy 0
1
P( x) =
( x + 1)(2 x − 1)(3 x − 2) 2 0 −2 =+ ax by b bx + cy
xy
3x 0 0 a′ x + b′ y b′ b′ x + c′ y
P(x) = –12x (x + 1) (2x – 1) (3x – 2)  [Applying C1 → C1 + yC2, C3 → C3 + xC2]
∴ P(x) = 0 has four distinct roots 1 ax + by bx + cy
= xy [Expanding along R1]
Therefore, option (d) is the correct answer. xy a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y

λ 2 + 3λ λ − 1 λ + 3 ax + by bx + cy
4 3 2 2 =
13. If pλ + qλ + r λ + sλ + t = λ + 1 2 + 5λ λ − 3 then a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y
λ2 − 3 λ + 4 3λ
Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.
p is equal to
15. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix such that a11 = a33 = 2 and all the
(a) 5 (b) 8 (c) 3 (d) 2 other aij = 1. Let A–1 = xA2 + yA + zI then find the value of
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (x + y + z) where I is a unit matrix of order 3.
Sol. We divide L.H.S. by λ4 and C1 by λ2, C2 by λ and C3 by λ  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
on the R.H.S. to obtain, 2 1 1
2 3 4
Given, A = 1 1 1 
1 1 1 1 Sol.  
p + q  + r  + s  +t 
λ
    λ λ
  λ 1 1 2 

1+ 3 / λ 1 − 1/ λ 1 + 3 / λ We know that every square matrix satisfies its characteristic

= 1 + 1/ λ 2 2 / λ + 5 1− 3 / λ equation.
1 − 3 / λ2 1+ 4 / λ 3 |A – λI| = 0
2−λ 1 1
Taking limit as l → ∞ we get ⇒ 1 1− λ 1 =0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 2−λ
=p 1=5 1 0=4 0 8 is
1 1 3 0 0 2 ⇒ λ3 – 5λ2 + 5λ – 1 = 0

[using R2 → R2 – R1, R3 → R3 – R1] ⇒ A3 – 5A2 + 5A – I = 0

Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer. Multiplying by A–1, we get
A2 – 5A + 5I – A–1 = 0
y2 − xy x2
⇒ A–1 = A2 – 5A + 5I
14. The determinant a b c =
x = 1, y = –5, z = 5
a′ b′ c′
comparing with given expression of A–1, we get x + y + z = 1.
ax + by bx + cy ax + by bx − cy Therefore, 1 is the correct answer.
(a) (b)
a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y a′ x + b′ y b′ x + c′ y 1 3cos x 1
(c) 0 (d) None of these 16. If f ( x) = sin x 1 3cos x , find the maximum value
1 sin x 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
of f (x). (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
y2 − xy x2
Sol. We have
Sol. Let, ∆ = a b c
f(x) = 9 cos2 x + sin2 x – 6 sin x cos x
a′ b′ c′
= 5 + 4 cos 2x – 3 sin 2x.
Then, As maximum value of 4 cos 2x – 3 sin 2x is 5, we get
xy 2 − xy x2 y maximum value of f(x) is 10.
1
∆= ax b cy Therefore, 10 is the correct answer.
xy
a′ x b′ c′ y 17. The value of the determinant
 [Applying C1 → xC1, C3 → yC3] If for all A, B, C, P, Q & R
Matrices and Determinants 33
 A + B + C + P + Q + R = 0, Then 2
(a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1)
tan( A + P) tan( B + P) tan(C + P)
13n 2 − 37 n + 26
A + Q) tan( B + Q) tan(C + Q) =
tan( (c) (d) 2n
 2
tan( A + R) tan( B + R) tan(C + R) (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) Sol. Following the solution of 1. The number of n × n minus
Sol. Expansion along 1st row special determinants
tan( B + Q) tan(C + Q) = (nC1 + nC3 + nC5 + ...)n–1
= ∆ tan( A + P ) − tan( B + P )
tan( B + R) tan(C + R) (Choose first n – 1 rows the last row has to be automatically

fixed)
tan( A + Q) tan(C + Q) tan( A + Q) tan( B + Q) 2
+ tan(C + P) = (2
= n −1 n −1
) 2( n −1)
tan( A + R ) tan(C + R ) tan( A + R ) tan( B + R )
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Since A + P + B + Q + C + R = 0
So, let tan (A + P) = tAP, tan (A + Q) 20. The minimum value of a 3 × 3 minus special determinant is
= tAQ, tan(A + R) = tAR (a) –6 (b) –4 (c) –2 (d) 0
So, ∆ = tAP (tBQ tCR – tCQ tBR) – tBP (tAQ tCR – tCQ tAR)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
+ tCP (tAQ tBR – tBQ tAR) Sol. Since on expanding. Determinant = sum of six terms each

tAP tBQ tCR = tAP + tBQ + tCR … (i) of which is –1 or –1
⇒ minimum can not be less than –6.

tAP tCQ tBR = tAP + tCQ + tBR … (ii)
But –6 is possible only in one case

tBP tAQ tCR = tBP + tAQ + tCR … (iii)
a1b2c3 = –1, a2b3c1 = –1, a3b1c2 = –1

tBP tCQ tAR = tBP + tCQ + tAR … (iv) a1b3c2 = –1, a3b2c1 = +1, a2b1c3 = +1

tCP tAQ tBR = tCP + tAQ + tBR … (v) These equations can not exist simultaneously because if we

tCP tBQ tAR = tCP + tBQ + tAR … (vi) multiply all of them we get 1 = –1, a contradiction.
We now observed that there is a determinant whose value
(i) – (ii) – (iii) + (iv) + (v) – (vi) = 0 is –4.
Therefore, 0 is the correct answer. −1 1 1
Comprehension (Q. 18 to 20) =Take D 1 1 −1
A 3 × 3 determinant has its entries as either 1 or –1. The number 1 −1 1

of such determinant is 29 = 512. We will call a 3 × 3 determinant
⇒ minimum value is –4.
with entries 1 or –1 as minus special if product of elements of any
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
1 −1 1
rows or any columns is –1. For example 1 1 −1 is a minus Comprehension (Q. 21 to 24)
−1 1 1 2 x3 − 3x 2 5x + 7 2
special determinant.
Let ∆( x) = 4 x 3 − 7 x 3 x + 2 1 = a0 + a1 x + ... + a4 x 4
18. The number of 3 × 3 minus special determinant must be
7 x3 − 8 x 2 x −1 3
(a) 10 (b) 12 (c) 16 (d) 18
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) To evaluate ai we differentiate ∆(x) i time w.r.t. x and put x = 0
or divide ∆(x) by x4 put 1/x = t, differentiate (4 – i) time w.r.t.
Sol. The first row can either be filled in 3C3 ways (–1 at all the t and put t = 0.
places) or 3C1 ways (–1 at one place). 21. a0 equals
⇒ first row can be filled in 3C3 + 3C1 ways corresponding
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3
to each such case the second row can also be filled in 3C3  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
+ 3C1 ways. But third row elements have got to be fixed Sol. ∆ (0) = 0
automatically. Therefore, option (a) is the correct answer.

⇒ Number of minus special determinant
22. a1 equals
= (3C3 + 3C1)(3C3 + 3C1) = 16. (a) 0 (b) 61 (c) 161 (d) 191
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer.  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
19. The number of n × n minus special determinant must be 6 x 2 − 6 x 5 x + 7 2 2 x3 − 3x 2 5 2
Sol. ∆ '( x=
) 12 x 2 − 7 3 x + 2 1 + 4 x 3 − 7 x 3 1
21x 2 − 16 x x − 1 3 7 x 3 − 8 x 2 1 3
34 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW
 a1 = ∆′(0) = 161. Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.
Therefore, option (c) is the correct answer. 24. a3 equals
23. a4 equals (a) –70 (b) –73 (c) –74 (d) 0
(a) 41 (b) –43 (c) –41 (d) 43  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) Sol. Put 1/x = t in ∆(x)/x4 and write
2 − 3t 5 + 7t 2
2−3/ x 5+7 / x 2
∆( x) ∆1 (t ) =4 − 7t 2 3 + 2t 1
Sol. 4 − 7 / x2
= 3+ 2 / x 1
x4 7 − 8t 1 − t 3
7 −8/ x 1 − 1/ x 3
−3 5 + 7t 2 2 − 3t 7 2
Taking limit as x → ∞, we get
∆1′ (t ) =−14t 3 + 2t 1 + 4 − 7t 2 2 1
2 5 2
−8 1 − t 3 7 − 8t −1 3
a4 = 4 3 1 = −43
7 1 3 ⇒ a3 = ∆′1(0) = –73
Therefore, option (b) is the correct answer.

Board Level Problems

SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS a b 
5. Let A =   be a square matrix such that adj A = A.
1. If a matrix has 36 elements, the number of possible orders Then, (a + cb +dc + d) is equal to:
it can have, is:
(a) 13 (b) 3 (a) 2a (b) 2b
(c) 5 (d) 9 (c) 2c (d) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 −a b c 
1 3 1
 a −b c 
2. If   = kabc, then the value of k is: 6. If k 0 1 = ± 6, then the value of k is:
 a b −c 
0 0 1
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) 2 (b) –2
(c) 2 (d) 4
(c) ±2 (d) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 tan x 1 
3. If for the matrix A =  , A + A' = 2 3I , then
 −1 tan x  a c 0
 π 
the value of x ∈ 0,  is: 7. If  b d 0  is a scalar matrix, then the value of a + 2b +
 2
π 3c +04d 0is: 5 
(a) 0 (b) 
4 (a) 0 (b) 5
π π (c) 10 (d) 25
(c) (d)
3 6
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
8. The equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, x – y + 4z = 0, 2x + y + 7z = 1
4. If A = [aij] is an identity matrix, then which of the following have
is true? (a) Only one solution (b) Two solutions
0, if i= j (c) No solution (d) Infinitely many solutions
(a) aij =  (b) aij= 1, ∀i, j  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1, if i≠ j
0, if i ≠ j 9. If the system of equations x + ay = 0, az + y = 0 and
(c) aij= 0, ∀i, j (d) aij = 
1, if i = j ax + z = 0 has infinite solutions, then the value of a, is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) –1 (b) 1
(c) 0 (d) No real values
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 35

VERY SHORT ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS  2 1 −3
10. If a matrix has 28 elements, what are the possible orders it  
20. If A =  3 2 1  , find A–1 and hence solve the following
can have? What if it has 2027 elements?
1 2 −1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) system of equaitons:
 1 cot x  2x + y – 3z = 13
11. If A =  , show that 3x + 2y + z = 4
 − cot x 1  x + 2y – z = 8

 − cos 2 x − sin 2 x 
A'A–1 =    3 1
 sin 2 x − cos 2 x  21. Consider the matrix A =   and find k such that
A2 = kA – 7I.  −1 2 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
2 4 2x 4  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
12. Find values of x, if = CASE STUDY BASED QUESTIONS
5 1 6 x
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) Case Study-I
If A and B are square matrix of order 3 given by
0 −1 3 5
13. Find |AB|, if A =   and B =  . 1 2 4 1 2 3
0 2  0 0   
A= 4 3 5,B= 4 5 6
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  
 2 4 6   7 8 9 
0 1 −1
On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
14. Verify that A2 = I when= A  4 −3 4  .
22. |adj (adj A)| is equal to
3 −3 4 
(a) 102 (b) 1003
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) 104 (d) None of these
 1 5  9 1 
15. If A =   and B =   , find a matrix C such that  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
3A + 5B7+ 2C
12 is a null matrix.
 7 8 23. |adj (AB) | is equal to
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) 100 (b) 1000
x y x+ y (c) 104 (d) None of these
16. Evaluate y x+ y x  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x+ y x y
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) Case Study-II
Let A and B are two matrices of same order i.e. 3×3 where
LONG ANSWER TYPE QUESTIONS 1 −3 2   2 1 3
   4 2 4
1 −2 0  A = 2 k 5  B =  
   4 2 1   3 3 5 
17. If A =  2 −1 −1 , find A –1 and use it to solve the
 0 −2 1  On the basis of above information, answer the following questions:
following system of equations: 24. If k = 2 then tr(AB) + tr(BA) is equal to

x – 2y = 10, 2x – y – z = 8, –2y + z = 7 (a) 66 (b) 42 (c) 84 (d) 63
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
18. Solve the following system of equations, using matrices: 25. If C = A + 3B and tr(C) = 0, then k is equal to
2 3 10 4 6 5 6 9 20 (a) –10 (b) –20
+ + = 4, − + = 1, + − = 2 (c) –29 (d) –39
x y z x y z x y z
where x, y, z ≠ 0  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x sinθ cosθ
19. Prove that the determinant −sinθ − x 1
is independent of q. cosθ 1 x
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

36 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Prarambh (Topicwise)
TYPES OF MATRICES, ADDITION, MULTIPLICATION OF MATRICES AND
SUBTRACTION AND EQUALITY OF MATRICES IDENTITY MATRIX
1. The number of different possible orders of matrices having  3 1  5 −1
6. If   X =  , then X =
12 identical elements is
 4 1 2 3 
(a) 3 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2
 −3 4   3 −4 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a)   (b)  
14 −13  −14 13 
2. In an upper triangular matrix A = [aij]n × n the elements
3 4  −3 4 
aij = 0 for (c)   (d)  
14 13  −14 13
(a) i < j (b) i = j (c) i > j (d) i ≤ j
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

 x2 + x x  0 −1 0 −2  1 2  2
3.  + =  7. If M =   and M − λM − I 2 = O , then l =
 3 2   − x + 1 x  5 1  2 3
(a) –2 (b) 2
then x is equal to
(c) –4 (d) 4
(a) – 1 (b) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 1 (d) No value of x
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  x 1 2
8. If A =   and A is the identity matrix, then x =
4. Which of the following is a diagonal matrix 1 0

 2 0 2  2 0 0 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0

(a)  0 2 0  (b)  0 2 0   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 0 0 2   0 0 2 
cos α − sin α  cos β − sin β 
9. If A =   and B =   , then the
 2 2 0  sin α cos α   sin β cos β 
(c)  2 0 0  (d) None of these correct relation is
 
 0 0 0  (a) A2 = B2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (b) A + B = B – A

TRACE OF MATRIX (c) AB = BA

2 + x 3 4 (d) AB = 0
5. If trace of matrix A=  1 −1 2  is 5 then x is  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

 −5 1 x 
 4 2
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4 10. If A =   and I is the identity matrix of order 2, then
 −1 1 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (A – 2I) (A – 3I) =
(a) I (b) O

1 0  0 0 
(c)   (d)  
0 0  0 1 

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 37

 11. If A and B are two matrices such that AB = B and 16. Which of the following is incorrect?
BA = A, then A2 + B2 = (a) A2 − B 2 = ( A + B)( A − B)
(a) 2AB (b) 2BA (b) ( AT )T = A
(c) A + B (d) AB (c) ( AB) n = An B n , where A, B commute
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (d) ( A − I )( I + A) =O ⇔ A2 = I
1 2 1   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
12.
= If A 0 1 −1 , then
 3 −1 1 
SYMMETRIC & SKEW-SYMMETRIC MATRIX
17. If A is a skew- symmetric matrix of odd order, then trace of
(a) A3 + 3A2 + A – 9I3 = 0 A is
(b) A3 – 3A2 + A + 9I3 = 0 (a) 1 (b) –1 (c) |A| (d) 2
(c) A3 + 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) A3 – 3A2 – A + 9I3 = 0  0 1 −2 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 18. For what value of x, is the matrix A =  −1 0 3 
 
 x −3 0 
a skew-symmetric matrix?
TRANSPOSE OF MATRICES AND OTHER (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
PROPERTIES  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 0 1 −2  19. Out of the following a skew-symmetric matrix is
13. If A =  −1 0 5  , then 0 4 5 1 4 5
 
 2 −5 0  (a)  −4 0 −6  (b)  −4 1 −6 
 
(a) A′ = A (b) A′ = –A  −5 6 0   −5 6 1 
(c) A′ = 2A (d) A′ = –2A
 1 4 5 i + 1 4 5 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c)  −4 2 −6  (d)  −4 i −6 
   
 −5 6 3   −5 6 i 
1 2 3
14. For the matrix  4 5 6  to be non-singular, λ should not
   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 3 λ 5  20. If A is a skew-symmetric matrix and n is an even positive
be equal to integer, then An is
(a) A symmetric matrix
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
(b) A skew-symmetric matrix
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) A diagonal matrix
2 1 (d) Zero matrix
 1 −2 1   T  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
15. If A =   and B =  3 2  , then (AB) =
 2 1 3 1 1  1 −1
21. For matrix A =   consider the statements,
2 3 
 −3 −2  (i) A + 4I is a symmetric matrix
(a)   (ii) A2 − 4A + 5I2 = O
10 7 
(iii) A − B is a diagonal matrix for any value of α, if
 −3 10  α −1
(b)  
 −2 7  B =  
2 5 
 −3 10  (iv) A − 4I is a skew-symmetric matrix
(c)   Which of the following is true
 7 −2 
(a) (i), (ii), (iii)
 3 10  (b) (ii), (iii), (iv)
(d)  
2 7  (c) (ii), (iii)
(d) (i), (iii), (iv)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

38 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

SPECIAL TYPE OF SQUARE MATRICES 29. Which of the following statement(s) is/are true?

 1 −3 −4  4 x − 5 y + 2 z =
2
22. The matrix A =  −1 3 4  is nilpotent of index 
(a) The system of equations 5 x − 4 y + 2 z =
3
 
 1 −3 −4  2 x + 2 y + 8z =1

is inconsistent.
(a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 4 (d) 6
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (b) A matrix ‘A’ has 6 elements. The number of possible
orders of A is 6.
1 1 3
23. The matrix A =  5 2 6  is 10 1 
  (c) For any 2 × 2 matrix A, if A (adj A) =   , then
 −2 −1 −3  0 10 
|A| = 10.
(a) Nilpotent (b) Involutory (d) If A is skew-symmetric, then B′AB is also skew-
(c) Idempotent (d) Orthogonal symmetric.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
24. If A is involutory matrix and I is unit matrix of same order,
then (I – A) (I + A) is ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF MATRIX
(a) Zero matrix (b) A 30. The element in the 1st row and 3rd column of the inverse of
(c) I (d) 2A 1 2 −3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  
the matrix 0 1 2  is
25. If A is idempotent matrix and I is identity matrix such that 0 0 1 
(I + A)n = I + (2n + k)A. Then the value of k is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) –1 (d) 2 (a) – 2 (b) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) 1 (d) 7
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 0 2β γ 
  31. If a matrix A is such that 3A3 + 2A2 + 5A + I = 0, then its
26. If the matrix α β −γ  is orthogonal, then
α −β γ  inverse is
(a) –(3A2 + 2A + 5I) (b) 3A2 + 2A + 5I
1 1
(a) α = ± (b) β = ± (c) 3A2 – 2A – 5I (d) 3A2 + 2A – 5I
2 6
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1
(c) γ = ± (d) All of these 1 −1 1 
3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 32.
= If A  0 2 −3 and B = (adjA), and C = 5A, then
 
 2 1 0 

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS AND | adj B |

=
|C|
MATRIX INVERSE
(a) 5 (b) 25
27. Solve the following equations by matrix method .
5 x + 3 y + z = 16 (c) –1 (d) 1
2 x + y + 3 z = 19  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x + 2 y + 4 z = 25 1 2 3 
(a) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 (b) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3  
33. If A = 1 4 9  , then the value of | adj A | is
(c) x = 1, y = 2, z = 5 (d) x = 1, y = 2, z = 3 1 8 27 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) 36 (b) 72
x+ y+z = 6 (c) 144 (d) 6

28. Find (x, y, z) for the system  x − y + z =2.  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
2 x + y − z =
1
 34. If A is a matrix of order 3 and |A| = 8, then | adj A | =
(a) (1, 2, 3) (b) (3, 1, 2) (a) 1 (b) 2
(c) (2, 1, 3) (d) (1, 1, 2) (c) 2 3 (d) 26
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Matrices and Determinants 39
 1 −1 0  39. The minors of –4 and 9 and the cofactors of –4 and 9 in
35. If A = 0 −2 1  , then choose the correct statement(s)
–1 −1 −2 3
determinant −4 −5 −6 are respectively
0 0 −1
−7 8 9
(i) |A| = 2
(ii) A is non-singular (a) 42, 3; –42, 3 (b) –42, –3; 42, –3
1 / 2 −1 / 2 0  (c) 42, 3; –42, –3 (d) 42, 3; 42, 3
 0 −1 1 / 2 
(iii) Adj (A) =   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 0 0 −1 / 2  40. A determinant of second order is made with the elements
(iv) A is skew-symmetric matrix 0 and 1. The number of determinants with non-negative
(a) (ii), (iii) (b) (ii), (iii), (iv) values is
(c) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) (d) (i), (iii), (iv) (a) 3 (b) 10 (c) 11 (d) 13
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
36. Let P be a non-singular matrix such that I + P + P2 + ..... +
 r r −1
Pn = O (where O denotes the null matrix), then P–1 is 41. If the matrix Mr is given by M r =  , r = 1, 2, 3,
 r − 1 r 
(a) Pn (b) –Pn
(c) – (1 + P + P2 +....+ Pn) (d) None of these ... then the value of det(M1) + det(M2) + ... + det(M2024) is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) 2023 (b) 2024
37. If A and B are square matrices of order 3, then the true (c) (2024)2 (d) (2023)2
statement is/are (where I is unit matrix):  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(i) det (− A) = − det A
(ii) If AB is singular then atleast one of A or B is singular 0 ab 2 ac 2
(iii) det (A + I) = 1 + det A 42. If a 2 b 0 bc 2 = 2a p b q c r , then 10 + p + q + r is equal to
(iv) det (2A) = 23 det A a 2 c cb 2 0
(a) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)
(a) 16 (b) 13 (c) 19 (d) 10
(b) (ii), (iii), (iv)
(c) (i), (ii), (iv)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) (iii), (iv) 43. If [x] stands for the greatest integer less than or equal to x,
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) [e] [π] [π2 − 6]
2
then the value of [π] [π − 6] [e] is
MINORS, COFACTORS AND EXPANSION [π2 − 6] [e] [π]
OF DETERMINANT
(a) –8 (b) 8 (c) 0 (d) 1
1 1 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
38. The determinant 1 2 3 is not equal to
n1 n2
1 3 6 44. =
If 2022 (n1 , n2 ∈ I ), then number of solutions is
n2 n1
2 1 1 2 1 1
(a) 2 2 3 (b) 3 2 3 (a) 0 (b) 1
2 3 6 4 3 6 (c) 2 (d) More than 2
1 2 1 3 1 1  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

(c) 1 5 3 (d) 6 2 3 PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANT

1 9 6 10 3 6
x +1 3 5
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 45. If 2 x+2 5 =0, then x =
2 3 x+4

(a) 1, 9 (b) –1, 9

(c) –1, –9 (d) 1, –9
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

40 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 a + b a + 2b a + 3b 0 b3 − a 3 c3 − a3
46. a + 2b a + 3b a + 4b = 52. The value of the determinant a 3
− b3 0 c 3 − b3 is
a + 4b a + 5b a + 6b a3 − c3 b − c3
3
0

(a) a2 + b2 + c2 – 3abc (b) 3ab equal to

(c) 3a + 5b (d) 0 (a) a3 + b3 + c3 (b) a3 – b3 – c3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) 0 (d) –a3 + b3 + c3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
b2 + c2 a2 a2
47. 1 + sin 2 θ sin 2 θ sin 2 θ
b2 c2 + a2 b2 =
53. cos 2 θ 1 + cos 2 θ cos 2 θ =0 then sin 4θ equal to
c2 c2 a + b2
2

4sin 4θ 4sin 4θ 1 + 4sin 4θ

(a) abc (b) 4abc
(c) 4a2b2c2 (d) a2b2c2 (a) 1/2 (b) 1 (c) –1/2 (d) –1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

y+z x y x − 3 2 x 2 − 18 3 x 3 − 81
48. If z + x z x = k ( x + y + z )( x − z ) 2 , then k = 54. If f ( x) =
x − 5 2 x 2 − 50 4 x 3 − 500 then f(1) ∙ f(3)
x+ y y z 1 2 3

(a) 2xyz (b) 1 – f(3) ∙ f(5) + f(5) ∙ f(1) =

(c) xyz (d) x2y2z2 (a) f(1) (b) f(3)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) f(1) + f(3) (d) f(1) + f(5)
1+ a 1 1  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
49. If a–1 + b–1+ c–1 = 0 such that 1 1+ b 1 = λ, then y+z x−z x− y
1 1 1+ c 55. If y − z z+x y−x =k xyz , then the value of k is
the value of λ is z−y z−x x+ y
(a) 0 (b) abc
(c) –abc (d) 2abc (a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
50. If a2 + b2 + c2 = –2 a a+d a + 2d
2 2 2
1 + a x (1 + b ) x (1 + c ) x 56. Let ∆= a+d a + 2d a , then
and f ( x) =(1 + a 2 ) x 1 + b 2 x (1 + c 2 ) x then f(x) is a a + 2d a a+d
(1 + a 2 ) x (1 + b 2 ) x 1 + c 2 x
(a) ∆ depends on a (b) ∆ depends on d
polynomial of degree
(c) ∆ is a constant (d) Both (a) and (b)
(a) 3 (b) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 1 (d) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 1 ω3 ω5
57. If w is cube root of unity, then ω3 1 ω4 =
4 + x2 −6 −2
2 ω5 ω4 1
51. The determinant −6 9+ x 3 is not divisible by
−2 3 1+ x 2 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) x (b) x3
58. If α, β and γ are the roots of the equation x3 + px + q = 0,
(c) 14 + x2 (d) x5
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) α β γ
then the value of the determinant β γ α =
γ α β

(a) p (b) q (c) p2 − 2q (d) 0

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Matrices and Determinants 41
SUMMATION, LIMIT, DIFFERENTIATION cos(θ + φ) − sin(θ + φ) cos 2φ
AND INTEGRATION OF DETERMINANT 64. The determinant sin θ cos θ sin φ is
− cos θ sin θ cos φ
x b b
x b
=
59. If ∆1 a x=b and ∆ 2 then (a) 0
a x
a a x (b) independent of θ
(c) independent of φ
d
(a) ∆1 = 3∆22 (b) (∆1 ) =3∆ 22 (d) independent of θ and φ both
dx
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
d
(c) (∆1 ) =3∆ 2 (d) None of these 65. If l + m + n =
2 2 2
1 and lilj + mimj + ninj = 0 ∀ i, j ∈ {1, 2, 3},
dx i i i
 l1 m1 n1
(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
i ≠ j and ∆ = l 2 m2 n2 then
sin x cos x sin x
dy l3 m3 n3
If y cos x − sin x cos x , find
60.=
dx
x 1 1 (a) |∆| = 3 (b) |∆| = 2
(c) |∆| = 1 (d) ∆=0
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
66. If f r (x), g r (x), h r (x), r = 1, 2, 3 are polynomials
61. Find the coefficient of x in the expansion of in x such that f r (a) = g r (a) = h r (a), r = 1, 2, 3 and
f1 ( x) f 2 ( x) f 3 ( x)
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
22 44 66

F ( x) = g1 ( x) g 2 ( x) g3 ( x) then value of F′(x) at

(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
33 66 99
h1 ( x) h2 ( x) h3 ( x)
(1 + x ) (1 + x ) (1 + x )
44 88 144
x = a is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) –1 (a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

sin 2 x log cos x log tan x

CRAMER’S RULE: SYSTEM OF LINEAR
62. If=
∆( x) n2 2n − 1 2n + 1 then evaluate
EQUATIONS
1 −2 log 2 0
67. x + ky – z = 0, 3x – ky – z = 0 and x – 3y + z = 0 has non-zero
π/ 2
solution for k =
∫ ∆( x)dx
0 (a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 68. The number of solutions of equations x + 4y – z = 0,
3x – 4y – z – 0, x – 3y + z = 0 is
f ( x) (a) 0 (b) 1
63. Let lim then find
x →∞ x2
(c) 2 (d) Infinite
x( x + 1) x 2 − 1 x 2 + 5 x + 6  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
f ( x) = 1 2 3 69. If the system of equations, x + 2y – 3z = 1, (k + 3)z = 3,
1 –1 1 (2k + 1)x + z = 0 is inconsistent, then the value of k is

(a) –3 (b) 1/2
(a) –1 (b) 0 (c) 1 (d) 4
(c) 0 (d) 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
70. If the system of equation 3x – 2y + z = 0, lx – 14y + 15z
= 0, x + 2y + 3z = 0 have a non-trivial solution, then l =
(a) 5 (b) –5
(c) –29 (d) 29
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

42 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 71. The existence of the unique solution of the system x + y + z
= l, 5x – y + mz = 10, 2x + 3y – z = 6 depends on
(a) µ only (b) λ only
(c) λ and µ both (d) Neither λ nor µ
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Prabal (JEE Main Level)

1. If α and β are the roots of the equation 6. If A and B are square matrices of order 3 such that |A| = 3
4 and |B| = 2, then value of |A–1adj B–1adj(3A–1)| is equal to
7 3
2 −  2
 1 3   19 2
19  1 3   x − 5 x + 5 (a) 27 (b) 27
[1 5]         = [−4] 4
 −4 7   4 1   −4 7   −3 
 19 19  1 1
(c) (d)
then the value of (2 – α) (2 – β) is 108 4
(a) 51 (b) –12  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 12 (d) –7
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) cos θ sin θ   1 0
= 7. If A =  , B  −1 1 , C = ABA , then
T
 sin θ − cos θ   
 a11 a12 a13  
   ATCnA equals to (n ∈ I+)
2. Let S =  a21 a22 a23  : aij ∈ {−1, 0, 1}
 a    – n 1  1 –n
 31 a32 a33   (a)   (b) 
then the number of symmetric matrices with trace equals  1 0  0 1
zero, is 0 1  1 0
(a) 729 (b) 189 (c)   (d)  
 1 –n   – n 1
(c) 162 (d) 27  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
8. Which of the following is/are correct?
3. If A1, A3, .......... A2n – 1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of (a) If A and B are two square matrices of order 3 and A is
n
a non‑singular matrix such that AB = O, then B must
same order, then= B ∑ (2r − 1) (A 2 r −1 ) 2 r −1
will be
r =1
not be a null matrix.
(a) Symmetric (b) If A, B, C are three square matrices of order 2 and
(b) Skew-symmetric det.(A) = 2, det.(B) = 3, det.(C) = 4, then the value of
(c) Neither sysmmetric nor skew-symmetric det. (3ABC) is 216.
(d) Data is insufficient 1
(c) If A is a square matrix of order 3 and det. (A) = , then
2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) det. (adj. A–1) is 8.
4. A skew-symmetric matrix A satisfies the relation (d) Every skew-symmetric matrix is singular.
A2 + I = O, where I is a unit matrix. Then A is  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) Idempotent matrix (b) Orthogonal matrix 9. If A and B are two square matrices such that AB = A and BA
= B, then A and B are
(c) Nilpotent matrix (d) Non-periodic matrix
(a) Idempotent matrices (b) Involutory matrices
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) Orthogonal matrices (d) Nilpotent matrices
5. A, B, C are three matrices of the same order such that any  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
two are symmetric and the 3rd one is skew-symmetric.
If X = ABC + CBA and Y = ABC – CBA, then (XY)T is
(a) Symmetric (b) Skew-symmetric
(c) I – XY (d) – YX
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Matrices and Determinants 43
 10. Let three matrices 3; when i = j
 2 1 3 4  3 −4  16. Let A = [a ij] 3×3 be such that aij =  , then
=A =  ;B  =
 and C   , then 0; i ≠ j
 4 1 2 3  −2 3 
 det(adj(adjA)) 
 ABC   A( BC ) 2   A( BC )3    equals (where {.} denotes fractional part
tr ( A) + tr   2025 
 + tr   + tr   + ... ∞ =
 2   4   8 
function)
(a) 6 (b) 9
3 11
(c) 12 (d) None of these (a) (b)
25 25
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
11 14
1 0 0  (c) (d)
a 1 0 10 10
11. Let P =   and I be the identity matrix of order 3.
b c 1   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
If Q = [qij] is a matrix such that P15 + Q = I, then 17. If P is an orthogonal matrix and Q = PAPT and X = PT Q1000
(a) q23 = q11 (b) q32 = 15c P, then X–1 is, where A is involutary matrix:
(c) q21 = 15a (d) q22 ≠ 0 (a) A (b) I
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) A999 (d) None of these
cos θ − sin θ   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
12. For a given matrix A =   , which of the
 sin θ cos θ 
following statement holds good? n1 n2 n1 n2 + 1
18. If n1, n2 are integers then is always
1 1 −1 1
(a) A = A–1 ∀q ∈ R
multiple of
π
(b) A is symmetric, for q = (2n + 1) ,n∈I
2 (a) 2 (b) 4
(c) A is an orthogonal matrix for q ∈ R (c) 3 (d) 5
(d) A is a skew symmetric, for q = np; n ∈ I  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) a11 a12 a13
19. Let ∆ 0 =a21 a22 a23 and let ∆1 denote the determinant
13. If matrix A = [aij]3×3, matrix B = [bij]3×3, where aij + aji = 0
a31 a32 a33
and bij – bji = 0 ∀ i, j, then A2022 B2021 is
formed by the cofactors of elements of ∆0 and ∆2 denote
(a) Singular (b) Zero matrix the determinant formed by the cofactor at ∆1 similarly ∆n
denotes the determinant formed by the cofactors at ∆n–1 then
(c) Skew-Symmetric matrix (d) None of these the determinant value of ∆n is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
n
(a) ∆ 02 n (b) ∆ 02
2
0 1 2   −1 1 −1 (c) ∆ 0n (d) ∆ 02
  , B Adj  8 −6 c  ,
If A 1 2 3=
14. =  = A   then  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 3 a 1   −5 3 −1
1 + a 2 + a 4 1 + ab + a 2 b 2 1 + ac + a 2 c 2
1
(a) a = 1, c = 2 (b) a = 2, c = − 2 2
20. ∆ = 1 + ab + a b 1 + b 2 + b 4 1 + bc + b 2 c 2 is equal to
2
1 + ac + a 2 c 2 1 + bc + b 2 c 2 1 + c2 + c4
1 1
(c) a = –1, c = 2 (d) =
a = ,c (a) (a – b)2 (b – c)2 (c – a)2
2 2
(b) 2(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 4(a – b) (b – c) (c – a)
15. If AB = A and BA = B, then incorrect statement is (d) (a + b + c)3
(a) A2B = A2 (b) B2A = B2  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) ABA = A (d) BAB = B + I
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

44 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 21. Suppose a1, a2, a3 are in A.P. and b1, b2, b3 are in H.P. and sin θ cos θ sin θ
a1 − b1 a1 − b2 a1 − b3
26. If f (θ=
) cos θ sin θ cos θ , then
∆ a2 − b1 a2 − b2 a2 − b3 , then
let =
cos θ sin θ sin θ
a3 − b1 a3 − b2 a3 − b3
(a) f(θ) = 0 has exactly 5 real solutions in [0, π]
(a) ∆ is independent of a1, a2, a3
(b) f(θ) = 0 has exactly 3 real solutions in [0, π]
(b) a1 − ∆, a2 − 2∆, a3 − 3∆ are in H.P.
(c) b1 + ∆, b2 + ∆2, b3 + ∆ are in A.P. f (θ)
(c) Range of function is  − 2, 2 
(d) ∆ is dependent of b1, b2, b3 1 − sin 2θ 

(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) f (θ)

 (d) Range of function is [–3, 3]
sin 2θ − 1
sec x x2 x 
(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
22. Let f ( x) = 2sin x x3 2 x 2 , then absolute value of
1/ x 1/ y 1/ z
tan 3 x x2 x
27. The value of ∆ = xyz p 2q 3r where x, y, z are
f ( x) 1 1 1
lim
is given by
x →0 x4 respectively, pth, (2q)th and (3r)th terms of an H.P., is
(a) 0 (b) –1 (c) 2 (d) 3
(a) –1 (b) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 1 (d) None of these
5m 3b
23. If x 2 a y 3=
b
e5 m , x 3c y 4 d= e 2 n , ∆=
1 ,  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
2n 4d
2a 5m 2a 3b 28. If α, β, γ are the angles of a triangle and the system of
=
∆2 = , ∆3 , then the values of x and y equations
3c 2n 3c 4d
are cos (α – β)x + cos (β – γ)y + cos (γ – α) z = 0
∆1 ∆ 2 ∆ 2 ∆3 cos (α + β)x + cos (β + γ)y + cos (γ + α) z = 0
(a) , (b) ,
∆3 ∆3 ∆1 ∆1 sin (α+β)x + sin (β + γ)y + sin (γ + α) z = 0
∆  ∆  ∆1 ∆2
has non-trivial solutions, then triangle is necessarily
(c) log  1  , log  2  (d) ∆3 ∆3 (a) Equilateral
  ∆3   ∆3  e ,e
(b) Isosceles
(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) Right angled
24. If xi = aibici, i = 1, 2, 3 are three-digit positive integer such (d) Acute angled
that each xi is a multiple of 19, then for same integer n,  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
a1 a2 a3
29. Suppose a1, a2, ... real numbers, with a1 ≠ 0. If a1, a2, a3, ...
∆ = b1 b2 b3 is given by are in A.P. Then, which of the following is not correct?
c1 c2 c3
 a1 a2 a3 
(a) 19n + 1 (b) 19n + 2 A  a6  is singular
(a) =  a4 a5
(c) 19n (d) 19n + 3  a5 a6 a7 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(b) The system of equations a1x + a2y + a3z = 0, a4x + a5y
a− x e xna x2 + a6z = 0, a7x + a8y + a9z = 0 has infinite number of
25. If f ( x) = a −3 x e3 xna x 4 , then solutions
a −5 x e5 xna 1  a1 ia2 
(c) B =  is non-singular; where i= −1
(a) f 2(x) + f 2(–x) =1 (b) f(x) · f(–x) = 0 ia2 a1 
(c) f(x) + f(–x) = 0 (d) f(x) – f(–x) = 0 (d) None of these
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 45

 30. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and
ex sin 2 x tan x 2
p + sin x q + sin x p − r + sin x 2
35. If ∆( x) = ln(1 + x) cos x sin x =A + Bx + Cx + ...,
f ( x) = q + sin x r + sin x − 1 + sin x such that cos x 2 e x − 1 sin x 2
r + sin x s + sin x s − q + sin x
then B is equal to
2
(a) 0 (b) 1
∫ f ( x)dx =
0
−4 , then the common difference of the A.P.
(c) 2 (d) None of these
can be  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
36. The values of θ, λ for which the following equations
(a) −2 (b) 1/2 (c) 1 (d) 2
sin θx – cos θy + (λ + 1) z = 0; cos θx + sin θy – λz = 0;
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
λx + (λ + 1)y + cos θz = 0 have non-trivial solution, is
31. In triangle ABC, if (a) θ = nπ, λ ∈ R – {0}
(b) θ = 2nπ, λ is any rational number
1 1 1 (c) θ = (2n + 1)π, λ ∈ R+, n ∈ I
A B C π
cot cot cot = 0, then the (d) θ = (2n + 1) , λ ∈ R, n ∈ I
2 2 2 2
B C C A A B
tan + tan tan + tan tan + tan 37. If the system of equations x – 2y + z = a; 2x + y – 2z = b
2 2 2 2 2 2
triangle must be and x + 3y – 3z = c have atleast one solution, then the
relationship between a, b and c is
(a) Equilateral (b) Isosceles (a) a + b + c = 0 (b) a – b + c = 0
(c) Obtuse angled (d) None of these (c) –a + b + c = 0 (d) a + b – c = 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
38. If system of equations
32. If x, y, z are natural numbers such that
(tan α) x + (cot α) y + (8 cos 2α) z = 0
x4 + x x3 y x3 z
(cot α) x + (8 cos 2α) y + (tan α) z = 0
xy 3 y4 + y y3 z = 11xyz , then x can be equal to
3 3 4
(8 cos 2α) x + (tan α)y + (cot α) z = 0
xz yz z +z have non-trivial solution, then sin (4α) is equal to

(a) 1 (b) 5 (c) 3 (d) 11 − 3 −1 1
(a) (b) –1 (c) (d)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 2 2 2
33. P(x, y, z) satisfies the equations  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x + (loga b)y + (loga c)z = 1, 39. The set of equations
(logb a)x + y + (logb c)z = 1 and λx – y + (cos θ) z = 0
(logc a)x + (logc b)y + z = 1, then 3x + y + 2z = 0
(cos θ)x + y + 2z = 0
(a) Locus of P is a straight line
0 ≤ θ < 2π , has non-trivial solution(s)
(b) Locus of P is a plane if a = b = c
(a) for no value of λ and θ
(c) P is a unique point
(b) for all values of λ and θ
(d) No such P exists
(c) for all values of λ and only two values of θ
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) for only one value of λ and all values of θ
a1 a2  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
34. ∆ = and ai ∈ {1, 2, 3}, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4) then number
a3 a4 40. If c < 1 and the system of equations x + y – 1 = 0, 2x – y
of different possible real value of D – c = 0 and –bx + 3by – c = 0 is consistent, then number of
(a) 18 (b) 20 (c) 17 (d) 21 integral values of b is
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

46 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 41. Let λ and α be real. Then the number of integral values λ 50. If 0 ≤ q ≤ p/2, find the number of roots of
for which the system of linear equations cos 2 2θ cos 2 4θ cos 2 6θ

λx + (sin α)y + (cos α) z = 0; (θ) sin 2θ sin 4θ sin 6θ
∆=

x + (cos α)y + (sin α) z = 0; 1 1 1

– x + (sin α)y – (cos α) z = 0 has non-trivial solutions is
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
51. If x, y, z are in A.P, lying between 1 and 9, and x51, y41 and z31
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
5 4 3
are three digit numbers, then value of x51 y 41 z 31 is
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
 x y z
42. Find the number of 2 × 2 matrix satisfying both the
conditions: (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(i) aij is 1 or –1 x n r
(ii) a11a21 + a12a22 = 0 52. If x > m, y > n, z > r (x, y, z > 0) such that m y r = 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) m n z
then find the greatest value of 27 xyz
43. |A – B| ≠ 0, A 4 = B 4 , C 3 A = C 3 B, B 3 A = A 3 B, then .
( x − m)( y − n)( z − r )
|A3 + B3 + C3| =
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
44. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that |A| = 2 then
|(adj A–1)–1| is 53. If the value of the determinant
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (13) + 3 2 5 5
45. If P is idempotent and Q is involuntary matrices of order (15) + (26) 5 (10)
3 and (I – P)3 – (I – Q)3 = n1I + n2P + n3Q then find 3 + (65) (15) 5

n1 + n2 + n3
=a ( b )(c − 6)(a, b, c ∈ I ) then a + b + c is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
46. Elements of a matrix A of order 10 × 10 are defined as
1
aij = wi+j (where w is due cube root of unity), then |P| is f ( x) f   + f ( x)
x
(where P = trace (A) of the matrix) = 54. If ∆ = 0
1
1 f 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) x
47. The number of all 4 × 4 matrices A, with enteries from the
where it is given f(2) = 17, then f(5) is equal to:
set {0, 1, 2, 3} such that the sum of the diagonal elements
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
of AAT is 4, is
x 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) Let a Lim
55.= − ;
x →1 ln x x ln x
 1   −1 2  1  1 
48. If A is a matrix such that A   =   and A   =   , x 3 − 16 x
 −1  2   −1 0  b = Lim ;
x →0 4 x + x 2

then sum of square of elements in A is
ln(1 + sin x)
c = Lim and

x →0 x
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
( x + 1)3
d = Lim , then value of det(A) where
x x+ y x+ y+z x →−1 3[sin( x + 1) − ( x + 1)]

49. If x, y, z ∈ R & ∆ = 2 x 5 x + 2 y 7 x + 5 y + 2 z = −16
a b
3x 7 x + 3 y 9 x + 7 y + 3z A=
c d 
then value of x is (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 47

 a1 a2 a3
56. If a1, a2, a3, 5, 4, a6, a7, a8, a9 are in H.P. and ∆ = 5 4 a6
a7 a8 a9
then find the value of [∆] is, where [.] denotes G.I.F.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(β + γ − α − δ) 4 (β + γ − α − δ) 2 1
4
57. If ( γ + α − β − δ) ( γ + α − β − δ) 2 1
( α + β − γ − δ) 4 ( α + β − γ − δ) 2 1

= –k (α – β) (α – γ) (α – δ) (β – γ) (β – δ) (γ – δ). Then the

value of (k)1/2 is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

48 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 Parikshit (JEE Advanced Level)
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS 5. Characteristic equation of matrix A of order 3, is (where S1
= Sum of the main diagonal elements, S3 = |A|, S2 = Sum of
a b c  the minors of the main diagonal elements)
M2
1. Let
= M  d e f  and
= N . If (a − b) 2 + (d − e) 2 = 36, (a) l3 – S1l2 – S2l + S3 = 0
2
1 1 1  (b) l3 – S1l2 + S2l + S3 = 0
(b – c)2 + (e – f)2 = 64, (a – c)2 + (d – f)2 = 100, then value (c) l3 – S1l2 – S2l – S3 = 0
of |N| is equal to (d) l3 – S1l2 + S2l – S3 = 0
(a) 1152 (b) 48  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) 144 (d) 288 1 1 1
2 3 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 6.
= Given A = 2 4 1 , B   . Find sum of elements
 2 3 1 3 4 
2020
 5 1 4   1 6 −7  5 7 1  
  1 0 1 
2. If  7 6 2   6 2 4  1 6 3  of P such that BPA =  
 1 3 5   −7 4 3  4 2 5  0 1 0 
 
(a) 1 (b) –1
 a1 a2 a3  (c) 0 (d) 2
= b1 b2 b3  then the value of 2|a – b | + 3|a – c |  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
2 1 3 1
c1 c2 c3  7. If A is matrix such that A2 + A + 2I = O, then which of the
+ 4|b3 – c2| is equal to following is INCORRECT?
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 3 (a) A is non-singular (b) A ≠ O
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) −1 1
(c) A is symmetric (d) A = − (A + I)
1 0 0  1 0 0  2
=  0 0 1  , (Where I is unit matrix of order 2 and O is null matrix of
=
3. If P 0 1 0  , P2
 
1
order 2)
0 0 1  0 1 0 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
0 1 0  0 1 0  8. Let A, B, C be three square matrices such that ABC + AB
= 
P3 = 1 0 0  , P4 0 0 1  ,
 + BC + AC + A + B + C = O. If A and BC commute, then
0 0 1  1 0 0  (a) A(B + C) is singular
0 0 1  0 0 1  (b) A + C and B + C commute
 (c) AB + BC + CA is null matrix
=P5 = 1 0 0  , P6 0 1 0 

(d) A and B + C commute
0 1 0  1 0 0 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
tr[(P1–1)T (P2–2)T + (P3–1)T (P4) + P6T P5] 9. Let In is a (n × n) identity matrix and On is a (n × n) null
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 5  B O2 O2 
O  I O1 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) =
matrix consider, A = 2 B O2  , B  1  then
O2 O2 B  O1 I1 
4. Identify the correct statement:
which is correct
(a) D is a 3 × 3 diagonal matrix. AD = DA for every matrix
(a) det (A) = B
A of order 3 × 3
(b) If system of n simultaneous linear equations has a unique (b) det (det (A)) = M then, M ∙ MT ≠ MT ∙ M
solution, then coefficient matrix is non singular (c) det (B) = det (I1)
(c) If A–1 exists, (adjA)–1 may or may not exist (d) None of these
cosx −sinx 0   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) F(x) =  sinx cosx 0  , then F(x) . F(y) = F(x – y)
 0 0 0 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Matrices and Determinants 49
  −1 1  x 2 − 4 x + 6 2 x 2 + 4 x + 10 3 x 2 − 2 x + 16
10. If A =   , then |A2 + 3A + 2I| + tr(B + C) where
 0 −2  15. If f ( x) = x−2 2x + 2 3x − 1 and
B and C are matrices of order 2 with integer elements and 1 2 3
A = B3 + C3, is
(a) –3 (b) 3 {∫−2
2
}
x 2 [ f ( x)]dx = 2/k , when [ ] denotes the greatest integer

(c) 0 (d) 2 function, { } denotes fractional part; then find the value of k.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) 3 (b) 1
11. If a square matrix has entries either 1 or –1, it will be called (c) 2 (d) 8
special matrix if product of elements of any row or column  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
is –1 so number of such special matrices will be
(a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1)
2
−bc b 2 + bc c 2 + bc
2
2 16. Let ∆
= a + ac −ac c 2 + ac and the equation
(c) 2n–2 (d) 2( n− 2)
a 2 + ab b 2 + ab −ab
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
px3 + qx2 + rx + s = 0 has roots a, b, c, where a, b, c ∈ R+.
12. Let A, B, C, D be (not necessarily square) real matrices such
The value of ∆ is
that AT = BCD; BT = CDA; CT = DAB and DT = ABC for the
matrix S = ABCD, then which of the following is/are true (a) r2/p2 (b) r3/p3
(a) S3 =S
(c) –s/p (d) None of these
(b) S2 = S4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) S = S2
(d) None of these
1 1 ( x + y)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) −
z z z2
1 + a1 + b1 a1 + b2 a1 + b3 ( y + z) 1 1
17. If D = − then, the
13. If a2 + b1 1 + a2 + b2 a2 + b3 x2 x x
a3 + b1 a3 + b2 1 + a3 + b3 y( y + z) x + 2 y + z y( x + y)
− −
3
x2 z xz xz 2
=k + ∑ (ai + bi ) + ∑ ∑ (ai − a j )(b j − bi ); then find the incorrect statement is

=i 1 1 ≤ i < j ≤3
(a) D is independent of x
value of k
(b) D is independent of y
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 8 (c) D is independent of z
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (d) D is dependent on x, y, z
n! (n + 1)! (n + 2)!  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
14. If n ∈ N and ∆ n = (n + 1)! (n + 2)! (n + 3)! then
(n + 2)! (n + 3)! (n + 4)! (2n1 + 1) 2 (2n2 + 1) 2 (2n3 + 1) 2
18. If=
∆ (2n4 + 1) 2 (2n5 + 1) 2 (2n6 + 1) 2
(3n3 − 5)∆ n
lim equals (2n7 + 1) 2 (2n8 + 1) 2 (2n9 + 1) 2
n →∞ ∆ n +1
5
ni ∈ I, (i = 1, 2, 3, 4, ..., 9) then D is always divisible by
3
(a) (b)
2 2 (a) 11 (b) 7
5 (c) 9 (d) 64
(c) − (d) 3
2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

50 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 a1 a2 a3 f ( x)
23. If g ( x) = , where f(x) is a polynomial
19. If ∆ = a4 a5 a6 then incorrect statement is ( x − a )( x − b)( x − c)
a7 a8 a9 of degree <3, then
(a) If ai ∈ {–1, 1} then Dmax = 4 1 a f (a ) log x − a 1 a a2

(b) If ai ∈ {0, 1} then Dmax = 2

(a)
= ∫ g ( x)dx 1 b f (b) log x − b ÷ 1 b b 2 + k
1 c f (c) log x − c 1 c c2
(c) If ai ∈ {–1, 0} then Dmax = –2
(d) If ai ∈ {–1, 0} then Dmax = 2 1 a f (a )( x − a ) −2 a 2 a 1
dg ( x)
(b)= 1 b f (b)( x − b) −2 ÷ b 2 b 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) dx
1 c f (c)( x − c) −2 c 2 c 1
20. If a, b, c ∈ R and a + b + c ≠ 0 and the system of equations
ax + by + cz = 0 1 a f (a )( x − a ) −2 1 a a 2
dg ( x)
bx + cy + az = 0 (c) = 1 b f (b)( x − b) −2 ÷ 1 b b 2
dx
cx + ay + bz = 0 1 c f (c)( x − c) −2 1 c c 2
has a non-zero solution, then a : b : c is given by
1 a f (a ) log x − a a 2 a 1
(a) 1 : α : β where α, β are roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0 (d) ∫ g ( x)dx 1 b
= f (b) log x − b ÷ b 2 b 1 +k
(b) 1 : r : r2 where r is some positive real number 1 c f (c) log x − c c2 c 1
(c) 1 : k : 2k where k is some positive real number  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) None of these 24. Let {∆1, ∆2, ∆3, ..., ∆k} be the set of third-order determinant
that can be made with the distinct nonzero real numbers a1,
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
a2, a3, ..., a9; then
k
MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS (a) k = 9! (b) ∑∆
i =1
i =0
21. Let A and B be two 2 × 2 matrix with real entries. If AB = O
(c) At least one ∆i = 0 (d) None of these
and tr(A) = tr(B) = 0 then
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) A and B are commutative w.r.t. operation of multiplication.
(b) A and B are not commutative w.r.t. operation of 25. Which of the following values of α satisfy the equation
multiplication. (1 + α) 2 (1 + 2α) 2 (1 +3α) 2
(c) A and B are both null matrices. (2 + α) 2 (2 + 2α) 2 (2 + 3α) 2 =−648α 
(d) BA = 0 (3 + α) 2 (3 + 2α) 2 (3 + 3α) 2

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) –4 (b) 9

22. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det. (M) = 4. If (c) –9 (d) 4
M– 1 adj(adj M) = k2Ι, then the value of ‘k’ may be:  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) +2 (b) 4 26. Let M and N be two 3 × 3 matrices such that MN = NM.
Further, if M ≠ N2 and M2 = N4, then
(c) –2 (d) –4 (a) Determinant of (M2 + MN2) is 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (b) There is a 3 × 3 non-zero matrix U such that
(M2 + MN2)U is the zero matrix
(c) Determinant of (M2 + MN2) ≥ 1
(d) For a 3 × 3 matrix U, if (M2 + MN2)U equals the zero
matrix then U is the zero matrix
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 51

 27. If a, b, c are three distinct real numbers for which there exist 32. If α, β, γ are fixed, then y = Ax (α, β, γ) represents
x, y, z such that (a) a straight line parallel to x-axis
x+y+z=1 (b) a straight line through the origin
ax + by + cz = t (c) a parabola with vertex at origin
a2x + b2y + c2z = t2 (d) None of these
then a3x + b3y + c3z – t3 = P(t), polynomial in t, find solutions  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
of P(t) = 0.
Comprehension (Q. 33-34):
(a) a (b) b
(c) c (d) 3 Let α, β, γ be the roots of the cubic x3 + ax2 + bx + c = 0,
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) which (taken in given order) are in G.P. If α and β are such that
2 1 2
COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS 1+ α α β = 0, then
Comprehension (Q. 28-29): 4 − β 3 − β α +1
33. The value of a + b + c equals
n
If f ( x + a ) =∑ ( Crn )x k a n − k
k =0 (a) 0 (b) 1
 ak 0 (c) –1 (d) 2
Let ak = k(10C
bk = (10 – k)(10Ck) and Ak = 
k),
0 bk   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
9
a 0
If A ∑
= = Ak  .   α r  a r 
100
k =1 0 b 34.
= If S ∑    +   , then S equals

r =1  β   b  
28. Find the sum of digits of trace of the matrix A 
(a) 5 1 1  4 1 
(a) 1 −  (b) 1 − 
(b) 14 3  2100  3  2100 
(c) 8 8 1  2 1 
(d) None of these (c) 1 −  (d) 1 − 
3  2100  3  2100 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
29. Which of the following is correct? Comprehension (Q. 35 to 37)
(a) ‘ab’ has 4 prime factors Let α, β, be the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0.
(b) Largest prime factor of ‘ab’ is a three digit prime number 3 1 + S1 1 + S 2
(c) ‘ab’ is a 5 digit number
Let Sn = α + β for n ≥ 1 and ∆ = 1 + S1 1 + S 2 1 + S3
n n
(d) None of these
1 + S 2 1 + S3 1 + S 4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
35. If ∆ < 0, then the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 has
Comprehension (Q. 30 to 32): For α, β, γ, θ ∈ R. Let
(a) Positive real roots (b) Negative real roots
cos(α + θ) sin(α + θ) 1 (c) Equal roots (d) Imaginary roots
Aθ (α, β,=
γ) cos(β + θ) sin(β + θ) 1  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
cos( γ + θ) sin( γ + θ) 1 36. If a, b, c are rational and one of the roots of the equations is
1 + 2, then the value of ∆ is
30. If a = Aπ/2 (α, β, γ), b = Aπ/3 (α, β, γ). Which of the following
(a) 8 (b) 12
is true?
(c) 30 (d) 32
(a) a = b (b) a < b
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) a > b (d) 2a = b
37. If ∆ > 0, then
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) f(1) > 0
31. Aθ2 + Aφ2 – 2(Aθ+φ)2 equals (b) f(1) < 0
(a) –2AθAφ (b) Aθ + Aφ (c) f(1) = 0
(c) Aθ – Aφ (d) None of these (d) Cannot say anything about f(1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

52 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

MATRIX MATCH QUESTIONS (a) A → (s, p); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p)

38. Match the column: (b) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p)

(c) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p); D → (p, s)
Column–Ι Column–ΙΙ
(d) A → (s); B → (p); C → (p, s); D → (p)
If A and B are square matrices of order  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
A. 3 × 3, where |A| = 2 and |B| = 1, then (p) 7
|(A–1) . adj (B–1) . adj (2A–1)| = 40. Match the column:
Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ
If A is a square matrix such that A2 Find the trace of the matrix X for which
B. = A and (q) 8 A. 1 –4   –16 –6  (p) 2
(I + A)3 = I + kA, then k is equal to 3 –2  X = 7 2 
   

If A and B are two invertible  2 −1  −1 −8 −10 

 1 0   l m n =  1 −2 −5 
C. matrices such that AB = C and |A| = (r) 0 If   x y z  ,
B. (q) 0
2, |C| = – 2,then det(B) is  −3 4     9 22 15 
 
then the value of l + m + n + x + y + z is
If A = [aij]3×3 is a scalar matrix with
Find the number of rational values of x
D. a11 = a22 = a33 = 2 and A(adjA) = kΙ3 (s) –1
1 3 2   1 
then k is C. which satisfy [1 x 1] 0 5 1   1  = O (r) 1

(a) A → (q); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q) 0 3 2   x 

(b) A → (q, p); B → (p); C → (s); D → (q) –2

1/ 25 0   5 0
 x =
(c) A → (q); B → (p, s); C → (s); D → (q) If  1/ 25  – a 5  , then the
D. (s) 8
(d) A → (q); B → (p, q); C → (s); D → (q) 125x
value of is
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) a
39. Match the column:
(a) A → (s, r); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p)
Column-Ι Column-ΙΙ (b) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p, s)
(c) A → (s); B → (r, q); C → (q); D → (p)
A.  1 2 3  1  (d) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p)
(p) 2
[1 x 1]  4 5 6   2  = O then x =  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 3 2 5  3  py
41. Consider a system of linear equations 3x + y – z = 0, x –
4
B. 1 −1 (q) –2
+ z = 2 and 2x – y + 2z = q where p, q ∈ I and p, q ∈ [1, 10],
If square matrix A =   and
2 3  then identify the correct statement(s).
A2 – 2x A + 5Ι2 = O, then find x
List-I List-II
C.  γ 7 (r) 1 A. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (p) 1
 2 µ
If A =  2  and B =   for which system of equation
µ 3   49 δ  has unique solution is
here (A – B) is upper triangular B. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (q) 9
matrix then number of possible for which system of equation
values of µ are has no solution is
C. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (r) 10
D. (s) 9
(b + c) 2 a2 a2 for which system of equation
−
If b2 (c + a ) 2 b2 = 8 has infinite solutions is
c2 c2 ( a + b) 2 D. Number of ordered pairs (p, q) (s) 90
for which system of equation
k abc (a + b + c)3 then the value has atleast one solution is
of k is (t) 91

Matrices and Determinants 53

 (a) A → (s); B → (q); C → (p); D → (t) 45. Let S be the set which contains all possible values of l, m,
n, p, q, r for which
(b) A → (s); B → (r); C → (p); D → (s)
 l2 − 3 p 0 
(c) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (t)  2 
=A  0 m −8 q 

(d) A → (s); B → (q); C → (q); D → (s)
 r 0 n 2 − 15 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) be a non-singular idempotent matrix. Find the absolute value
of sum of the products of elements of the set ‘S’ taken two
42. Let An be a n × n matrix with its ith row and jth column
at a time. (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(−1)|i − j | i≠ j
elements aij is defined as aij =  match 46. A is a square matrix of order n.
 2 i= j

 = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a triangular
values of List-I with number of their factor in List-II. matrix,
List-I List-II
m = maximum number of distinct entries if A is a diagonal
matrix,
A. |A2| p. 5

p = minimum number of zeroes if A is a triangular matrix
B. |A1| q. 4 and 2l – 2p = 3m – 7 so find n.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
C. |A3| r. 3
47. If there are three square matrix A, B, C of same order
D. |A4| s. 2 2 n
satisfying the equation A 2 = A –1 and let B = A &
( n−2 )
(a) A-(p); B-(q); C-(r); D-(s) C = A2 where n ∈ N, then |B – C| =
(b) A-(r); B-(s); C-(p); D-(q)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) A-(r); B-(s); C-(q); D-(p) 48. Let A be a non-singular matrix satisfying AB – BA = A, then
if det. (B + I) = k det. (B – I). So find k
(d) A-(s); B-(r); C-(q); D-(p)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 a bc 1 a a2
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS 49. The value of 1 b ca − 1 b b 2 is
43. Let M be a square matrix of order 3 whose elements are  1 c ab 1 c c2
36 0 –4 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
number and adj (adj M) =  0 6 0  then the absolute
 0 3 50. For what value of 2k/33 the equations x + ky + 3z = 0,
6 
3x + ky – 2z = 0, 2x + 3y – 4z = 0 possess a nontrival solution
value of Tr (M) is
over the set of rationals?

[Here, adj P denotes adjoint matrix of P and Tr (P) denotes
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
trace of matrix P i.e. sum of all principal diagonal elements
of matrix P] (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) a2 (s − a)2 (s − a)2
51. If 2s = a + b + c and ( s − b) 2 b2 ( s − b) 2
44. Let A is a 3 × 3 matrix and A = [aij]3×3. If for every column
matrix X, if X’⋅A⋅X = 0 and a23 = – 2009 then a32 = ....... ( s − c) 2 ( s − c) 2 c2
= ks3 (s – a)(s – b)(s – c), then the numerical quantity k
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
should be
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

54 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 52. If (1 + ax + bx2)4 = a0 + a1x + a2x2 + ... + a8x8, where a, b, a0,

a0 a1 a2
a1, ..., a8 ∈ R such that a0 + a1 + a2 ≠ 0 and a1 a2 a0 = 0,
a2 a0 a1
5a
then the value of is
b
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

53. The system of equations

ax + y + z = a – 1
x + ay + z = a – 1
x + y + az = a – 1
has no solution, then absolute value of α is

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

54. Number of values of θ lying in [0, 100π] for which the
system of equations, (sin 3θ) x – y + z = 0; (cos 2θ)
x + 4y + 3z = 0; 2x + 7y + 7z = 0 has non-trivial solution is
________.

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

55. If sin q ≠ cos q and x, y, z satisfy the equations
x cos p – y sin p + z = cos q + 1
x sin p + y cos p + z = 1 – sin q
x cos(p + q) – y sin (p + q) + z = 2
then find the value of x2 + y2 + z2.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 55

 PYQ’s (Past Year Questions)
DEFINITION, TYPES OF MATRICES, TRACE 6. Consider the matrices:
 2 −5  20 
x 
= A =  , B   and X =   . Let
OF A MATRIX, ALGEBRA OF MATRIX 3 m   m  y
the set of all m, for which the system of equations AX = B
cos x − sin x 0 
has a negative solution (i.e., x < 0 and y < 0), be the interval
1. Consider the matrix f(x) =  sin x cos x 0 
(a, b).
 0 0 1  b

Given below are two statements: Then 8∫ | A | dm is equal to _____. [09 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
a
Statement-I: f(–x) is the inverse of the matrix f(x).
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Statement-II: f(x) f(y) = f(x + y).
In the light of the above statements, choose the correct answer 1 1 3
7. If A =   , then: [1 Feb, 2023 (Shift-II)]
from the options given below: [27 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] 2  − 3 1 
(a) Statement-I is false but Statement-II is true
(b) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are false (a) A30 − A25 =
2I
(c) Statement-I is true but Statement-II is false 30 25
(b) A + A + A =I
(d) Both Statement-I and Statement-II are true
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) A30 + A25 − A =I
2. Let A be a 2 × 2 real matrix and I be the identity matrix of (d) A30 = A25
order 2. If the roots of the equation |A – xI| = 0 be –1 and 3,
then the sum of the diagonal elements of the matrix A2 is ...  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 [27 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
8. The set of all values of t ∈ R, for which the matrix
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 et e −t (sin t − 2 cos t ) e −t (−2sin t − cos t ) 
 x 0 0  t 
3. Let
  e e −t (2sin t + cos t ) e −t (sin t − 2 cos t ) 
R =  0 y 0  be a non-zero 3 × 3 matrix, where  t 
0 0 z e −t cos t e −t sin t
  e 
 2π   4π 
x sin
= θ y sin  θ + =  z sin  θ +  ≠ 0, q ∈ (0, 2p). For a Invertible, is [29 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)]
 3   3 
π  π 
square matrix M, let trace (M) denote the sum of all the (a) (2k + 1) , k ∈ Z  (b) k π + , k ∈ Z 
diagonal entries of M. Then, among the statements:  2   4 
I. Trace (R) = 0 (c) {kp, k ∈ Z} (d) R
II. If trace (adj(adj(R))) = 0, then R has exactly one non-
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
zero entry. [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
(a) Both (I) and (II) are true (b) Neither (I) nor (II) is true  3 1 
 
(c) Only (II) is true (d) Only (I) is true 2 2  , A 1 1
9. L e t P =
= T
0 1 a n d Q = PA P . I f
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  1 3  
− 
2 a 0  2 2 
4. Let A = 1 3 1  . If A3 = 4A2 – A – 21I, where I is the identity 2007 a b 
PT Q P =   , then 2a + b – 3c – 4d equal to
0 5 b  c d 
matrix of order 3 × 3, then 2a + 3b is equal to: [8 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
 [08 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
(a) 2004 (b) 2005
(a) –10 (b) –13 (c) –9 (d) –12
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) 2007 (d) 2006
 2 −1 13
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
5. Let A =   . If the sum of the diagonal elements of A
1 1  10. Let A be a matrix of order 2 × 2, whose entries are from the
is 3n, then n is equal to _____ . [08 April, 2024 (Shift-I)] set {0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5}. If the sum of all the entries of A is a
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) prime number p, 2 < p < 8, then the number of such matrices
A is  [27 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

56 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 1 a a  1 0 0 
11. Let A 0 1 b  , a, b ∈  . If for some n ∈ N,
= 16. Let P =  3 1 0  and Q = [qij] be two 3 × 3 matrices such
0 0 1  9 3 1 
q +q
that Q – P5 = I3. Then 21 31 is equal to:
1 48 2160  q32
An = 0 1 96  then n + a + b is equal to _____
 [25 July, 2022 (Shift-II)  [12 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
0 0 1 
(a) 10 (b) 135
(c) 15 (d) 9
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

1 + i 1   sin 4 θ
12. Let A =   where i= −1 . Then, the number of −1 − sin 2 θ  –1
 −i 0  17. Let M =  2 4  = αI + β M
1 + cos θ cos θ 
elements in the set {n ∈ {1, 2,...., 100}: An = A} is ______
where α = α(θ) and β = β(θ) are real number, and I is the
 [28 June, 2022 (Shift-II)]
2 × 2 identity matrix. If
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

α* is the minimum of the set {α(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π)} and
 5 3 
β* is the minimum of the set {β(θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π)},
 2 2 ,
13. If M =   then which of the following matrices then the value of α* + β* is  [JEE Adv, 2019]
− 3 1
− 
 37 29 31 17
 2 2 (a) – (b) – (c) – (d) –
16 16 16 16
is equal to M2022? [JEE Adv, 2022]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 3034 3033   3034 −3033 
(a)   (b)  
 −3033 −3032   3033 −3032   a 3 b  
  
 3033 3032   3032 3031  18. Let R  c 2 d  : a, b, c, d ∈ {0, 3, 5, 7,11,13,17,19} .
=
(c)   (d)    0 5 0  
 −3032 −3031  −3031 −3030    
Then the number of invertible matrices in R is 
 [JEE Adv, 2023]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
14. Let β be a real number. Consider the matrix 19. Let M = (aij), i, j∈ {1, 2, 3} be the 3×3 matrix such that
aij = 1 if j+1 is divisible by i, otherwise aij = 0 . Then which
β 0 1 
  7 6 5 of the following statements is (are) true? [JEE Adv, 2023]
=A  2 1 −2  . If A – (β – 1)A – βA is a singular
 3 1 −2  (a) M is invertible
 
 a1 
matrix, then the value of 9β is _______.  
(b) There exists a nonzero column matrix  a2  such that
 [JEE Adv, 2022]  a1   −a1  a 
 3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)    
M  a2  =  −a2 
15. Let A be a symmetric matrix of order 2 with integer entries. If  a   −a 
 3  3
the sum of the diagonal elements of A2 is 1, then the possible
number of such matrices is: 0
 
 [26 Feb, 2021 (Shift-I)] (c) The set {X ∈ 3:
MX = 0} ≠ {0}, where  0 
(a) 1 (b) 6 (c) 4 (d) 12 0
 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (d) The matrix (M – 2I) is invertible, where I is the 3×3
identity matrix
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
20. Let A be matrix of order 3 × 3 and det(A) = 2. Then det(det(A)
adj(5adj(A3))) is equal to______
[28 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
Matrices and Determinants 57
 (a) 512 × 106 (b) 256 × 106 1 1 1  2 x x
(c) 1024 × 106 (d) 256 × 1011 0 2 2   
24. Let x ∈ R and let P =   , Q =  0 4 0  and R =
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 0 0 3   x x 6 
21. Let M be a 3 × 3 invertible matrix with real entries and let –1
PQP . Then which of the following options is/are correct?
I denote the 3 × 3 identity matrix. If M–1 = adj (adj M), then
which of the following statement is/are ALWAYS TRUE?  [JEE Adv, 2019]
 [JEE Adv, 2020] (a) For x = 1, there exists a unit vector αiˆ + βˆj + γkˆ for
(a) M = I (b) det M = 1 (c) M2 = I (d) (adj M)2 = I α  0 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) which R  β  = 0 
 γ  0 
0 1 a   −1 1 −1
1 2 3   8 −6 2  (b) There exists a real number x such that PQ = QP
22. Let M =   and adjM =   where
 3 b 1   −5 3 −1 2 x x
a and b are real numbers. Which of the following options (c) det R = det  0 4 0  + 8, for all x ∈ R
 
is /are correct ? [JEE Adv, 2019]  x x 5 
(a) a + b = 3 1  1 
(b) det(adjM2) = 81 (d) For x = 0, if R  a  = 6  a  , then a + b = 5
 
(c) (adjM)–1 + adjM–1 = – M  b   b 
α  1   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(d) if M  β  =   , then α – β + γ = 3
  2
  γ   3  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
PROPERTIES OF DETERMINANTS
2 0 1
1 0 0  1 0 0 
  25. Let A = 1 1 0  , B = [B1, B2, B3,] where B1, B2, B3 are
0 0 1 
23. Let P1 = I = 0 1 0  , P2 = ,
 1 0 1 
0 0 1  0 1 0  2 3
1 
column matrices, and AB1 = 0  , AB2 =  3  , AB3 =  2 
0 1 0  0 0 1       
0 1 0  0   0  1 
1 0 0 
P3 = 1 0 0  , P4 =
0 0 1  , P =
 ,
  5
0 0 1  1 0 0  0 1 0  If  = |B| and  is the sum of all the diagonal elements of B,
then 3 + 3 is equal to _____. [27 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)]
0 0 1  6 2 1 3
P6 = 0 1 0  and X =

  ∑P
k =1
K
1 0 2  P T
  K
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 0 0   3 2 1  3 3
1 α+
2 2
where PKT denotes the transpose of the matrix PK. Then which 1 1
of the following options is/are correct? [JEE Adv, 2019] 26. The values of a, for which 1 α + = 0, lie in
3 3
(a) X – 30I is an invertible matrix 2α + 3 3α + 1 0

(b) The sum of diagonal entries of X is 18

the interval. [27 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
1 1
(c) If X 1 = α 1 , then α = 30
  (a) (–2, 1) (b) (–3, 0)
 
1 1  3 3
(c)  – ,  (d) (0, 3)
(d) X is a symmetric matrix  2 2

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

58 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 1 0 0  1 3 
0 α β  and 2 A 3= 221 34. Let A be a 2 × 2 symmetric matrix such that A   =   and
27. Let A
= where a, b, ∈ Z, Then a 1 7   
 
0 β α  the determinant of A be 1. If A–1
= aA + bI, where I is an
value of a is [29 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] identity matrix of order 2 × 2, then a + b equals .....
 [04 April, 2024 (Shift-II)
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 17 (d) 9
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
35. Let A and B be two square matrices of order 3 such that |A|
2 1 2  1 2 0 
 6 2 11 5 0 2  = 3 and |B| = 2. Then |ATA(adj(2A))–1(adj(4B))(adj(AB))–1
28. Let A =  and P =  . The sum of the prime
  AAT| is equal to: [05 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
 3 3 2  7 1 5 
(a) 64 (b) 81 (c) 32 (d) 108
factors of |P–1AP – 2I| is equal to[29 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) 26 (b) 27 3
β α
(c) 66 (d) 23 36. Let αβ ≠ 0 and A = α α β

.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  −β α 2α 

2cos 4 x 2sin 4 x 3 + sin 2 2 x  3α −9 3α 

1 If B=  −α 
is the matrix of cofactors
29. If f ( x )= 3 + 2cos x 2sin x
4 4
sin 2 2 x then f ′ ( 0 ) is 7 −2α 
5  −2α 5 −2β 
2cos 4 x 3 + 2sin 4 x sin 2 2 x
equal to [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] of the elements of A, then det(AB)is equal to:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 6  [05 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (a) 343 (b) 125 (c) 64 (d) 216
x 3
2 x  1 1  3x
2  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
30. If f ( x)  3x  2 2
2x x 6
3
37. For a, b, ∈ R and a natural number n, let
x x
3
4 x 2
2
n2
r 1 +α
2
for all x ∈ R, then 2f (0) + f '(0) is equal to =Ar 2r 2 2
n − β . Then 2 A10 − A8 is
 [31 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)]
n ( 3n − 1)
3r − 2 3
(a) 48 (b) 24 (c) 42 (d) 18 2 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  [06 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
 2 1  1 0  (a) 4a + 2b (b) 2a + 4b
31. If A =
= , B  T T 2
 , C = ABA and X = A C A, then
 −1 2  1 1  (c) 2n (d) 0
det X is equal to: [1 Feb, 2024 (Shift-I)]  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) 243 (b) 729 (c) 27 (d) 891 38. If A is a square matrix of order 3 such that det(A) = 3 and
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 2 α 

( ( ( (
det  adj −4adj −3adj 3adj (2 A) −1

) ) ))  =
2 3 , then m + 2n is equal
m n

32. Let α ∈ ( 0, ∞ ) and A = 1 0 1  . to: [06 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]

0 1 2 
(a) 3 (b) 2 (c) 4 (d) 6
If det(adj(2A – AT).adj(A – 2AT)) = 28 , then (det(A))2 is equal  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
to: [04 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
α b c
(a) 1 (b) 49 (c) 16 (d) 36 a
39. I f α ≠ a, β ≠ b, γ ≠ c a n d a β c = 0, then
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) α−a
a b γ
33. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix of non-negative real elements such b γ
+ + is equal to: [08 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
1 1 β−b γ −c
that A 1 = 3 1 . Then the maximum value of det(A) is (a) 2 (b) 3 (c) 0 (d) 1
1 1
______ [04 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 59

 40. Let A be a non-singular matrix of order 3.  a b  
If det ( 3adj( 2adj(( detA) A=
))) 3−13 ⋅ 2−10 and 44. Let M=  A=   : a, b, c, d ∈ {±3, ±2, ±1, 0} . Define
 c d  
det ( 3adj( 2 A)=) 2m ⋅ 3n , then 3m + 2n is equal to ______. f : M → Z, as f(A) = det(A), for all A ∈ M, where Z is set of
 [09 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
all integers. Then the number of A ∈ M such that f(A) = 15
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) is equal to. [25 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]
1 2k 2k − 1 n
41. Let Dk n n 2 + n + 2
= n2 . If ∑ Dk = 96,  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
k =1
n n2 + n n2 + n + 2
45. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let | M | denote the determinant of
then n is equal to [12 April, 2023 (Shift-I)] M. Let
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 2 3  1 0 0  1 3 2 
42. Let p and p + 2 be prime numbers and let
=E =
2 3 4  , P  0 1  and F
0 = 
8 18 13
 
p! ( p + 1)! ( p + 2)! 8 13 18 0 1 0   2 4 3 
∆
= ( p + 1)! ( p + 2)! ( p + 3)! 
( p + 2)! ( p + 3)! ( p + 4)! If Q is a non-singular matrix of order 3 × 3, then which of

the following statements is(are) TRUE? [JEE Adv, 2021]
then the sum of the maximum values of α and β such that
pα and (p + 2)b divide ∆ is ____. [29 July, 2022 (Shift-I)] 1 0 0 
(a) 0 (b) 1 (a) F = PEP and P = 0 1 0 
2

(c) 2 (d) 4 0 0 1 

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(b) | EQ + PFQ–1| = | EQ | + | PFQ–1 |
43. Let | M | denote the determinant of a square matrix M. Let
 π (c) | (EF)3| > | EF |2
g : 0,  → R be the function defined by
 2
(d) Sum of the diagonal entries of P–1EP + F is equal to the
π  sum of diagonal entries of E + P–1FP
g (=
θ) f (θ) − 1 + f  − θ  − 1 where
2   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

1 sin θ 1 46. For any 3 × 3 matrix M, let |M| denote the determinant
1 of M. Let l be the 3 × 3 identify matrix. Let E and F be
f (θ)= − sin θ 1 sin θ +
2 two 3 × 3 matrices such that (I – EF) is invertible. If
−1 − sin θ 1
G = (I – EF)–1, then which of the following statements is
 π  π (are) TRUE? [JEE Adv, 2021]
sin π cos  θ +  tan  θ − 
 4  4 (a) |FE| = |I – FE| |FGE|
 π π 4
sin  θ −  − cos log e   (b) (I – FE) (I + FGE) = I
 4 2 π
 π π (c) EFG = GEF
cot  θ +  log e   tan π
  4 4 (d) (I – FE) (I – FGE) = I
Let p(x) be a quadratic polynomial whose roots are the
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
maximum and minimum values of the function g(θ), and
p (2)= 2 − 2. Then, which of the following is/are TRUE? 47. Let a, b, c, d be in arithmetic progression with common
 [JEE Adv, 2022] difference l.

 3+ 2  1+ 3 2  x+a−c x+b x+a

(a) p  <0 (b) p  >0 If x −1 x+c 2 , then the value of l2 is equal
x+b =
 4   4  x−b+ d x+d x+c

 5 2 −1  5− 2  to [20 July, 2021 (Shift-I)]

(c) p  >0 (d) p  <0
 4   4 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

60 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 48. Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] be two 3 × 3 real matrices such 53. Let m and M be respectively the minimum and maximum
that bij = (3)(i+j–2) aji, where i, j = 1, 2, 3. If the determinant values of [6 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)]

of B is 81, then the determinant of A is cos 2 x 1 + sin 2 x sin 2 x

 [7 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)] 2 2

1 + cos x sin x sin 2 x
(a) 1/9 (b) 1/81 (c) 3 (d) 1/3
cos 2 x sin 2 x 1 + sin 2 x
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
49. Suppose the vectors x1, x2 and x3 are the solutions of the Then the ordered pair (m, M) is equal to:
system of linear equations, Ax = b when the vector b on the (a) (1, 3) (b) (–3, –1)
right side is equal to b1, b2 and b3 respectively. If (c) (–4, –1) (d) (–3, 3)
1 0  0  1  0   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
  
x1 = 1 ,
x2 = 2 , x3 = 0  , b1 = 0  , b2 =  2  and x sin θ cos θ
1 1  1  0  0  54. If ∆1 = − sin θ − x 1 and
0  cos θ 1 x
b3 = 0  , then the determinant of A is equal to
  x sin 2θ cos 2θ
 [4 Sep, 2020 (Shift-II)]
 2 
∆ 2 = − sin 2θ −x 1 , x ≠ 0; then for all
1 3 cos 2θ 1 x
(a) 4 (b) (c) 2 (d)
2 2  π
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) θ ∈  0,   [10 April, 2019 (Shift-I)]
 2
π  cos θ sin θ  (a) ∆1 – ∆2 = x (cos 2θ – cos 4θ)
50. Let θ = and A =  4
 . If B = A + A ,
5  − sin θ cos θ  (b) ∆1 + ∆2 = – 2x3
(c) ∆1 – ∆2 = – 2x3
then det (B) [6 Sep, 2020 (Shift-II)]
(d) ∆1 + ∆2 = – 2(x3 + x – 1)
(a) lies in (2, 3)
(b) is zero
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) is one
(d) lies in (1, 2)
55. Let d ∈ R, and
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 −2 4+d (sin θ) − 2 
= A 1 (sin θ) + 2 d ,
51. Let a – 2b + c = 1.  q ∈ [0, 2p].
x+a x + 2 x +1  5 (2sin θ) − d (− sin θ) + 2 + 2d 
If f ( x) =+
x b x + 3 x + 2 , then If the minimum value of det. (A) is 8, then a value of d is
 x+c x+4 x+3  [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-I)]
(a) –5 (b) –7
[9 Jan, 2020 (Shift-II)]
(c) 2( 2 + 1) (d) 2( 2 + 2)
(a) f(–50) = –1 (b) f(50) = 1  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) f(50) = –501 (d) f(–50) = 501 2 b 1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 56. Let
= A b b + 1 b  where b > 0. Then the minimum
 2

1 b 2 
52. If the minimum and the maximum values of the function f:
π π det( A) 
 4 , 2  → R, defined by [5 Sep, 2020 (Shift-I)] value of is [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)]
  b

− sin 2 θ −1 − sin 2 θ 1 (a) 2 3 (b) −2 3 (c) − 3 (d) 3

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
f (θ) = − cos 2 θ −1 − cos 2 θ 1

12 10 −2
are m and M respectively, then the ordered pair (m, M) is
equal to:
(a) (0, 2 2 ) (b) (0, 4)
(c) (– 4, 4) (d) (– 4, 0)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 61

 57. Let a1, a2, a3, ..., a10 be in G.P. with ai > 0 for i = 1, 2, ..., 62. Let A = I 2 – 2MM T , where M is real matrix of order
10 and S be the set of pairs (r, k); r, k ∈ N (the set of natural 2 × 1 such that the relation MTM = I1 holds. If λ is a real
numbers) for which number such that the relation AX = λX holds for some non-
zero real matrix X of order 2 × 1, then the sum of squares of
log e a1r a2k log e a2r a3k log e a3r a4k
all possible values of λ is equal to: [1 Feb, 2024 (Shift-II)]
log e a4r a5k log e a5r a6k log e a6r a7k = 0
log e a7r a8k log e a8r a9k log e a9r a10k  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 2 
Then the number of elements in S, is: 63. Let A=  and B = I + adj(A) + (adjA)2 + ... + (adjA)10 .
0 1 
 [10 Jan, 2019 (Shift-II)]
Then, the sum of all the elements of the matrix B is:
(a) 4 (b) Infinitely many
 [04 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
(c) 2 (d) 10
(a) –110 (b) 22 (c) –88 (d) –124
(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1 1 1   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
58. Let the number 2, b, c be in an A.P. and A =  2 b c  . 1 3
64. Let B =   and A be a 2 × 2 matrix such that AB–1 = A–1.
 4 b 2 c 2  1 5

If det (A) ∈ [2,16], then c lies in the interval If BCB–1 = A and C4 + aC2 + bI = O, then 2b – a is equal
to: [09 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
 [8 April, 2019 (Shift-II)]
(a) 16 (b) 2 (c) 8 (d) 10
(a) [2, 3) (b) (2 + 23/4, 4)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) [3, 2 + 23/4] (d) [4, 6]
65. Let the determinant of a square matrix A of order m be
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) m – n, where m and n satisfy 4m + n = 22 and 17m + 4n = 93.
 n n
 If det (n adj(adj(mA))) = 3a5b6c. then a + b + c is equal to:
 ∑k ∑ Ck k 2 
n
 [15 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
59. Suppose det  n  = 0, holds for some
= k 0= k 0
(a) 96 (b) 101 (c) 109 (d) 84
 n n
k
 ∑ Ck k ∑ Ck 3 
n
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
=  k 0=k 0 
n n
Ck 66. The positive value of the determinant of the matrix A,
positive integer n. Then ∑ equals [JEE Adv, 2019]  14 28 −14 
k =0 k + 1  
whose Adj(Adj( A)) =  −14 14 28  is____.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  28 −14 14 
 
 [27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
ADJOINT OF A SQUARE MATRIX, 2
 −30 20 56  7 ω2 
INVERSE OF A MATRIX, PROPERTIES OF 67. Let P =  90 140 112  and A =  −1 −ω

1 

ADJOINT AND INVERSE OF MATRIX 120 60 14   0 −ω −ω + 1
 
60. Let A be a square matrix such that AA T = I. Then −1 + i 3
were ω = , and I3 be the identity matrix of order 3.
1 2
A [( A + AT ) 2 − ( A − AT ) 2 ] is equal to [29 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)]
2 If the determinant of the matrix ( P–1AP – I3 )2 is aw2, then
(a) A2 + I (b) A3 + I the value of a is equal to. [16 March, 2021 (Shift-I)]

(c) A2 + AT (d) A3 + AT  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
68. Let A and B be two 3 × 3 real matrices such that (A2 – B2) is
61. Let A be a 3 × 3 matrix and det(A) = 2. If invertible matrix. If A5 = B5 and A3B2 = A2B3, then the value
n = det( adj(adj(......(adjA ))))

of the determinant of the matrix A3 + B3 is equal to:
2024 − times  [27 July, 2021 (Shift-II)]
Then the remainder when n is divided by 9 is equal to (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 0 (d) 4
______.  [31 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

62 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

SYSTEM OF LINEAR EQUATIONS IN THREE 73. Let A be a 3 × 3 real matrix such that
 [31 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
UNKNOWNS 1  1   −1  −1  0  0
           
69. Let for any three distinct consecutive terms a, b, c of an A.P., =A  0  2=0 , A
    0 4= 0 ,
   A 1 2 1  .
the lines ax + by + c = 0 be concurrent at the point P and 1  1  1  1   0  0
           
Q(a, b) be a point such that the system of equations
 x  1 
x + y + z = 6,    
Then, the system ( A − 3I )  y  =
 2  has
2x + 5y + az = b and  z  3
   
x + 2y + 3z = 4, has infinitely many solutions. Then (PQ)2
is equal to ______.  [29 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)] (a) unique solution
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (b) exactly two solutions
70. Consider the system of linear equation x + y + z (c) no solution
2 2 (d) infinitely many solutions
= 4µ, x + 2 y + 2λz =10µ, x + 3 y + 4λ z =µ + 15 ,
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
where l, m ∈ R. Which one of the following statements is
NOT correct? [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] 74. Let the system of equations x + 2y + 3z = 5, 2x + 3y + z = 9,
1 4x + 3y + λz = μ have infinite number of solutions. Then λ
(a) The system has unique solution if λ ≠ and µ ≠ 1,15
2 + 2μ is equal to: [1 Feb, 2024 (Shift-II)]
1 (a) 28 (b) 17 (c) 22 (d) 15
(b) The system is inconsistent if λ = and m ≠ 1
2  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
1
(c) The system has infinite number of solutions if λ = and 75. If the system of equations
m = 15 2
x + ( 2 sin α)y + ( 2 cos α)z = 0
1
(d) The system is consistent if λ ≠
x + (cos α)y + (sin α)z = 0
2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x + (sin α)y – (cos α)z = 0
π
71. Consider the system of linear equations has a non-trivial solution, then α ∈  0,  is equal to:
2  
x + y + z = 5, x + 2y + l2z = 9, x + 3y + lz = m, where l, m ∈ R.
Then, which of the following statement is NOT correct?  [04 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
 [30 Jan, 2024 (Shift-II)]
(a) 3π (b) 7π (c) 5π (d) 11π
(a) System has infinite number of solution if l = 1 and 4 24 24 24
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
m = 13
(b) System is inconsistent if l = 1 and m ≠ 13 76. If the system of equations
11x + y + λz = – 5
(c) System is consistent if l ≠ 1 and m = 13
2x + 3y + 5z = 3
(d) System has unique solution if l ≠ 1 and m ≠ 13
8x – 19y – 39z = m has infinitely many solutions, then λ4 – m
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
is equal to: [05 April, 2024 (Shift-I)]
72. If the system of linear equations
(a) 49 (b) 45 (c) 47 (d) 51
x – 2y + z = – 4
2x + αy + 3z = 5  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

3x – y + βz = 3 77. The values of m, n , for which the system of equations

x+ y+z = 4,
has infinitely many solutions, then 12α + 13β is equal to
 [31 Jan, 2024 (Shift-I)] 17 ,
2x + 5 y + 5z =

x + 2 y + mz =
n
(a) 60 (b) 64 (c) 54 (d) 58
has infinitely many solutions, satisfy the equation :
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 [05 April, 2024 (Shift-II)]
(a) m 2 + n 2 − m − n =46 (b) m 2 + n 2 + m + n =64
(c) m 2 + n 2 + mn =
68 (d) m 2 + n 2 − mn =
39
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 63

 78. Let αbg = 45; α, b, g ∈ R. If x(α, 1, 2) + y(1, b, 2) + z(2, 3, g) 84. Let S denote the set of all real values of l such that the
= (0, 0, 0) for some x, y, z ∈ R, xyz ≠ 0,then 6α + 4b + g is system of equations [1 Feb, 2023 (Shift-I)]
equal to ____________. [06 April, 2024 (Shift-I)] λx + y + z =1
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) x + λy + z =1

79. If the system of equations x + y + λz =1

2x + 7y + lz = 3
3x + 2y + 5z = 4
(
is inconsistent, then ∑ λ∈S | λ |2 + λ ) is equal to
x + my + 32z = –1 (a) 2 (b) 12 (c) 4 (d) 6
has infinitely many solutions, then (l – m) is equal to  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
________. [06 April, 2024 (Shift-II)] 85. For the system of linear equations
[10 April, 2023 (Shift-I)]
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
2x – y + 3z = 5
80. If the system of equations x + 4y – z = l, 7x + 9y + µz = –3, 3x + 2y – z = 7
5x + y + 2z = –1 has infinitely many solutions, then 4x + 5y + az = b
(2µ + 3l) is equal to: [08 April, 2024 (Shift-II)] Which of the following is NOT correct ?
(a) 2 (b) –3 (c) 3 (d) –2 (a) The system has infinitely many solutions for a = –5
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) and b = 9
(b) The system has a unique solution for a ≠ –5 and b = 8
81. Let λ, µ ∈ R. If the system of equations (c) The system has infinitely many solutions for a = – 6
3x + 5y + λz = 3 and b = 9
(d) The system is inconsistent for a = –5 and b = 8
7x + 11y – 9z = 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
97x + 155y – 189z = µ
86. The number of real values λ, such that the system of linear
has infinitely many solutions, then m + 2λ is equal to equations
 [09 April, 2024 (Shift-I)] 2x – 3y + 5z = 9
(a) 25 (b) 24 (c) 27 (d) 22 x + 3y – z = –18
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 3x – y + (λ2 – |λ|) z = 16 has no solution, is
[25 July, 2022 (Shift-II)]
82. If a point P(a, b, g) satisfying
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) 4
 2 10 8   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(
α β γ )  9 3 8  =( 0 0 0 ) lies on the plane 87. Let the system of linear equations x + 2y + z = 2, αx + 3y – z = a,
 8 4 8
  –ax + y + 2z = –a be inconsistent. Then α is equal to:
[27 June, 2022 (Shift-I)]
2x + 4y + 3z = 5, then 6a + 9b + 7g is equal to:
5 5 7 7
[31 Jan, 2023 (Shift-II)] (a) (b) − (c) (d) −
2 2 2 2
11 5 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(a) –1 (b) (c) (d) 11
5 4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 88. If the system of linear equations
83. Let N denote the number that turns up when a fair die is 2x + 2ay + az = 0
rolled. If the probability that the system of equations 2x + 3by + bz = 0
[24 Jan, 2023 (Shift-I)] 2x + 4cy + cz = 0
x+y+z=1 where a, b, c ∈ R are non‑zero and distinct; has a non‑zero
2x + Ny + 2z = 2 solution, then [7 Jan, 2020 (Shift-I)]
3x + 3y + Nz = 3 1 1 1
(a) a, b, c are in A.P. (b) , , are in A.P.
k a b c
has unique solution is , then the sum of value of k and all
6
(c) a + b + c = 0 (d) a, b, c are in G.P.
possible values of N is
(a) 18 (b) 19 (c) 20 (d) 21  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

64 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 PW Challengers
SINGLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS ( x 2 + 1) 2 ( xy + 1) 2 ( xz + 1) 2
1. A matrix ‘M’ describes the reflection of a point (x, y) about 2 2 2 2
7. If ( xy + 1) ( y + 1) ( yz + 1) = k(x – y)2 (x – z)2 (y – z)2.
the line y = (2 − 3)x The matrix ‘M’ also satisfies the ( xz + 1) 2 ( yz + 1) 2 ( z 2 + 1)
relation AM – MA = I, where A is a non-singular matrix. If
Find the value of k.
A–1 is a symmetrix matrix with entries x and y then
(a) 2 (b) 3
(a) x = 2, y = 0 (b) x = 2, y = 2
(c) 4 (d) 5
(c) x = 1, y = 1 (d) x = 2, y = 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
8. Find sum of all numbers in the interval [–2025, 2025] that
2. An n × n matrix is formed using only 0, 1 and –1 as
can be equal to the determinant of an 11 × 11 matrix with
its elements. Number of such matrices which are skew
entries equal to 1 or –1.
symmetric is
n ( n−1) (a) 2048 (b) 1024
n(n − 1) n ( n−1)
(a) (b) (n –1)2 (c) 2 2 (d) 3 2 (c) 4096 (d) 0
2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
3. Number of skew-symmetric matrices of order 3 whose 9. For any integers x1, x2,…, xn and positive integers k1, k2,…, kn,
elements are 0, 0, 0, 1, –1, 2, –2, 3, –3 is
 x1k1 x2k1  xnk1 
(a) 8 (b) 12 (c) 12 (d) 48  k 
 x1 2 x2k2  xnk2 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) the determinant  is
    
 
4. If a square matrix has entries either 1 or –1, it will be called  x kn x2kn  xnkn 
 1
special matrix if product of elements of any row or column
is –1 so number of such special matrices will be (a) divisible by n!
2 ( n− 2) 2 (b) divisible by (n + 1)!
(a) 2n–1 (b) 2( n−1) (c) 2n–2 (d) 2
(c) 0
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (d) divisible by (n + 2)!
5. The number of 4th order matrices with elements {–3, –2,  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
–1, 0, 1, 2, 3} such that matrix is either symmetric or skew 10. Let A be the n × n matrix whose entry in the ith row and the
symmetric 1
jth column is for 1 ≤ i, j ≤ n. Compute det(A).
(a) 716 (b) 710 + 76 +1 min(i, j )
(−1) n −1 (−1) n −1
(c) 710 + 76 – 1 (d) None of these (a) (b)
(n − 1)!n ! (n + 1)!n !
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) 0 (d) None of these
n
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
 x
1
lim  n MULTIPLE CORRECT TYPE QUESTIONS
 
6. If A = n → ∞  x then |A| is
− 1 11. Let M be a 3 × 3 non-singular matrix with det. (M) = 4.
 n  If M–1 adj(adj M) = k2Ι, then the value of ‘k’ may be:
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 6 (d) 2 (a) +2 (b) 4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) (c) –2 (d) –4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 65

 a b c 17. If (x1 – x2)2 + (y1 – y2)2 = a2;
  (x2 – x3)2 + (y2 – y3)2 = b2;
12. Let A =  b c a  If trace (A) = 9 and a, b, c are positive
c a b (x3 – x1)2 + (y3 – y1)2 = c2; and
 
integers such that ab + bc + ca = 26. x1 y1 1
2

Let A1 denotes the adjoint of A; A2 denote adjoint of A1 ...... 4 x2 y2 1 = l(l3 – (l + l + l )l2 + l(l l + l l
and so on. 1 2 3 1 2 2 3
If value of det (A4) is M then x3 y3 1
(a) M = 348 +..– l1l2l3)), then
(b) M = 324
(a) λ > 3 ( λ1λ 2 λ 3 ) 3
1
(c) Last two digits of M is 61
2
(d) Det (A) = –27
(b) λ1λ 2 λ 3 =8abc
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
13. If p, q, r, s are in A.P. and f (x) (c) ∑λ λ 1 2 =4∑ ab
p + sin x q + sin x p − r + sin x (d) 2λ = λ1 + λ 2 + λ 3
= q + sin x r + sin x −1 + sin x  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
r + sin x s + sin x s − q + sin x
INTEGER TYPE QUESTIONS
such that ∫ 02 f ( x)dx =
−4 then the common difference of the 18. Let An and Bn be square matrices of order 3, which are
A.P. can be: defined as
(a) –1 (b) 1/2 (c) –1/2 (d) 1 2i + j 3i − j
An = [aij] and Bn = [bij] where aij = 2 n and bij = 2 n
3 2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) for all i and j, 1 ≤ i, j ≤ 3.
if l = Lim Tr⋅ (3 A1 + 32 A2 + 33 A3 + ................. + 3n An ) and
yz − x 2 zx − y 2 xy − z 2 r2 u2 u2 n →∞

14. If xz − y xy − z yz − x =
2 2 2
u2 r2 u 2 , then
m = Lim Tr .(2 B1 + 22 B2 + 23 B3 +….. + 2n Bn ) then the value
n →∞

xy − z 2 yz − x 2 zx − y 2 u 2 u 2 r2 of (l + m) is equal to.
[Note: Tr. (P) denotes the trace of matrix P.]
(a) r2 = x + y + z (b) r2 = x2 + y2 + z2
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) u2 = yz + zx + xy (d) u2 = xyz
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) 19. Let A be a non singular square matrix of order 2, such that

a b c |A + |A| Adj (A)| = 0, then the value of |A – |A| Adj (A)| is

15. Let A =  p q r  and B = A2. equal to
 
 1 1 1  (where adj (A) is the adjoint of matrix A)
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
If (a – b)2 + (p – q)2 = 25, (b – c)2 + (q – r)2 = 36 and (c – a)2
B 20. Let set A contain all the (3 × 3) matrices whose entries are
+ (r – p)2 = 49, then det   is divisible by
2 either 0, 1 or –1. Two of these entries are 1, two are –1 and
(a) 12 (b) 11 five are 0. The number of matrices B that belongs to set A for
(c) 15 (d) 6  x  0 
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)    
which the equation,  y  = 0  has non-trivial solution is
B
n −1 n−2 n−6  z  0 
16. If Tn =2n − 4 2n − 6 2n − 11 where n ∈ N, then which  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
3n − 9 3n − 12 3n − 18
 1 1
of the following is/are true? 21. Consider a 2 × 2 matrix A =   and then find the
 −1 1
m 10
value of matrix B = A10 – A9 + 2A8 – A7 + 4A6 – 2A5 + 4A4
(a) ∏T n = 6m (b) ∑T n = 60
n =1 n =1 a b 
+ A3 – A2 + A + I =   find (a + b + c + d).
Tn +1 c d 
(c) =2 48
(d) T100 ⋅ T101 =
Tn
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

66 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 22. If A is an invertible matrix of order 3 and B is another matrix
a2 + n ab ac
of the same order as of A, such that |B| = 2, AT |A|B = A |B|BT. 29. If Dn = ab b2 + n bc , where n ∈ N and given that
2
If |AB–1 adj (AT B)–1| = K then the value of 4K is equal to ( ∆ 2n ) ac 3 , Then
bc c2 + n
> λn the value of is l…
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)  ∆n (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
23. Let X be solution set of the equation Ax = I where
the 30. Let S be the sum of all possible determinants of order
0 1 1 2 having 0, 1, 2, 3 as their elements. Let α be a common
A =  4 3

4  and I is the corresponding unit matrix root of the equcations
3 3 4  x2 + ax + [K + 1] = 0


and x ∈ N then the minimum value of ∑ (cos θ + sin θ)
x x
x2 + bx + [K + 4] = 0 and

for q ∈ R is ______.
x2 – cx + [K + 15] = 0

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
such that α > S where a + b + c = 0 and
24. Let A and B be two non-singular square matrices such that
k  1 2n r
B ≠ I and AB2 = BA. If A4 = B–1A4Bk then value of   is =k Lim n →∞ ∑
3
n r =1
n + r2
2

_______ (Where [.] = GIF and is an identity matrix).

Based upon the above information the value of (a + S)⋅[k] + 10
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
will be
3 x 2 
   (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
25. Let A =  1  , B = [a b c] and
 6x  31. Consider the 24, 2 × 2 matrices which can be obtained by
 
some arrangement of the four letters x, y, z, w. For a certain
( x + 2) 2 5x2 2x 
 2  assignment of non-negative integers to x, y, z, w, we find that:
C  5x 2x ( x + 2) 2 
4 of these matrices have determinant 16 ; 4 have determinant
 2x ( x + 2) 2 5 x 2 
 – 16; and 16 have determinant zero. Find number of all
be three given matrices, where a, b, c and x ∈ R, Given that possible solution sets for {x, y, z, w}⋅
tr(AB) = tr(C) ∀ x ∈ R, where tr(A) denotes trace of A.
∞  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
ln x π ln p
If ∫ 2 dx = where p, q are coprime, then
cx + ax + b q
0

the value of (p + q) = (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

26. The value of determinant
ax + xy a 2 + xb ab + xc 1 1 1
bx + y ab + yb b + yc + cos θ cos θ sin θ is
2 2

cx + yz ac + zb bc + cz − sin θ − sin θ cos θ

equal to (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
27. Consider a set S = {2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23}, a collection
of 1st 9 prime numbers. Let {D1, D2, D3, ... Dn} be the set
of third order determinants that can be made with all the
9 elements of set ‘S’. Then D1 + D2, … + Dn is equal to.
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
28. If f(x), g(x), h(x) are three polynomial functions of degree
f ( x ) g ( x ) h( x )
two and= φ( x) f ′( x) g ′( x) h′( x) , then the value of
f ′′ ( x) g ′′ ( x) h′′ ( x)
φ( x) − φ(4 − x)
lim is equal to:
x→2 sin( x − 2)

 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 67

MATRIX MATCH QUESTIONS A2 A3
33. If e A is defined as e A = I + A + + + ........
This section contains 3 multiple choice questions. Each question 2! 3!
has matching column(s). The codes for the column(s) have choices 1  f ( x) g ( x)   x x
=   where A =   and 0 < x <1 and
(A), (B), (C) and (D) out of which only one is correct. 2  g ( x) f ( x)  x x
32. Match the following List-I with List-II. I is an identity matrix then match the column.
List-I List-II
Column-I Column-II
A. If 2 is the root of the equation (p) e
|A – xI| = 0, (where A is a non-
f ( x) ln f (x) – x + c
| A|
singular matrix),
2
a root A. ∫ g ( x)
dx is (p)
of |B – xI| = 0, then B can be
B. If eia is the root of (q) adj (A)
|A – yI| = 0 then a root of g ( x) g ( x ) + sec −1 (e x ) + c
| A′ − xI | =0 is (where A is a
B. ∫ f ( x) dx is (q)
non-singular matrix)
C. Let Aij be a 2 × 2 non-singular (r) cos a – i sin a 2(g (x) + 1)
matrix where i, j ∈ N and C. d (r)
(f (x)) is
| A11 || A12 | ......... | A1n |  dx
0 | A | ......... | A |
 22 2n 
2(f (x) – 1)
0 0 | A33 | ... | A3n |  D. d (s)
B= (g (x)) is
 dx
− − − − − − − − − − − − 
− − − − − − − − − − − − 
  (t) ln (ex + e–x) + c
0 − − − − − − − − | Ann | 
then |B – lI| = 0 has root as (a) A → (q); B → (p, t); C → (r, s); D → (r, s)
D. Consider a matrix such that (s) |A11| (b) A → (r, s); B → (p, t); C → (r, s); D → (q)
A′ = A then the equation |A – (c) A → (p, t); B → (q); C → (r, s); D → (r, s)
xI| = 0 can have root as (where
A is a non-singular matrix) (d) A → (q); B → (r, s); C → (r, s); D → (p, t)
(a) A → (p); B → (q); C → (r); D → (s)  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

(b) A → (q); B → (r); C → (s); D → (p) 1 0 0

 
(c) A → (r); B → (s); C → (q); D → (p) 34. Let A =  1 0 1  satisfies An = An – 2 + A2 – I for n ≥ 3
0 1 0
(d) A → (s); B → (r); C → (q); D → (p)  
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1) and trace of a matrix is sum of elements in its main diagonal.
Further U is a 3 × 3 matrix with its column U1, U2, U3 such
1 0 0
that A U1   25  , A U 2   1  , A U 3   0  then match
50   50   50

 25  0 1
     
the columns.

Column-I Column-II

A. |A50| (p) 1

B. Trace of A50 (q) 3

C. The value of |U| + trace of A50 is (r) 4

D. |adj(adj(adj(A)))| + 5 is (s) 6

(t) 5

68 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

 (a) A → (s); B → (q); C → (r); D → (p) PASSAGE-III
(b) A → (q); B → (p); C → (r); D → (s) Paragraph (39 to 40):
(c) A → (r); B → (q); C → (p); D → (s) If g(x) = (c1 – x) (c2 – x)(c3 – x)
x + c1 x+a x+a
(d) A → (p); B → (q); C → (r); D → (s)
f ( x) =+
x b x + c2 x+a
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
x+b x+b x + c3

COMPREHENSION BASED QUESTIONS 39. Coefficient of x in f(x) is

g (a ) − f (b) g (−a ) − g (−b)
(a) (b)
PASSAGE-I b−a b−a
Paragraph (35-36): g (a ) − g (b)
(c) (d) None of these
b−a
x3 − 4 x 2 bx − 2 x 2 3bx − 8
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
Consider ∆ ( x) = bx − 2 x 2 3bx − 8 x3 − 4 x 2 = f ( x)
3bx − 8 x3 − 4 x 2 bx − 2 x 2 40. Which of the following is not a constant term in f(x)
bg (a ) − ag (b) bg (a ) − af (−b)
g(x), where b ∈ R+ and the equation f(x) = 0 has positive real (a) (b)
b−a b−a
roots. (Leading coefficient of f(x) is 1.)
bf (−a ) − ag (b)
35. The value of b is equal to: (c) (d) None of these
b−a
(a) 3 (b) 12  (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
(c) –12 (d) –3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)
36. Number of real roots of the equation g(x) = 0, is:
(a) 0 (b) 1
(c) 2 (d) 4
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

PASSAGE-II
Paragraph (37 to 38): A 3 × 3 determinant its entries as either
‘1’ or ‘–1’. The number of such determinants is 29 = 512. We call
an order 3 determinant with entries ‘1’ or ‘–1’ as minus special if
product of elements of any rows and any columns is –1
37. The number of n × n minus special determinants is
2
(a) 2( n−1) (b) 2n
13n 2 − 37 n
(c) (d) None of these
3
 (Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

38. The minimum value of a 3 × 3 minus special determinant is

(a) –6 (b) –4
(c) –2 (d) 0
(Lakshya JEE Mathamatics M-1)

Matrices and Determinants 69

 ANSWER KEY
CONCEPT APPLICATION
1. [2 × 3] 2. [6] 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. [14] 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (c) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (b)
21. (d) 22. (c) 23. (b) 24. (d) 25. (b) 26. (b) 27. (d) 28. (a) m = 1; (b) Column Matrix;
(c) aij = 0 ∀ i, j; (d) m = n = 1; (e) n > m; (f ) Vertical Matrix; (g) m = n; (h) aij = 0, when i ≠ j; (i) Scalar Matrix;
 1, i = j
(j) aij =  ; (k) Upper Triangular Matrices; (l) aij = 0 when i < j; (m) |A| = 0; (n) |A| ≠ 0; (o) aij = aji;
0, i ≠ j
(p) Skew-Symmetric Matrices; (q) A = Aq; (r) Skew-Hermitian Matrix; (s) AAT = In = ATA; (t) A2 = A; (u) A2 = I, A–1 = A;
(v) there exists p ∈ N such that Ap = O, Ap–1 ≠ 0; (w) A = [aij]mxn and B = [bij]r×s where, aij = bij, m = r, and n = s
 1 1 
 0 2 
 1 5

2
  −2 2 2 
29.= −1  1 1
0  , x = 1, y = 2, z = 2. 30.
1  
31. (c) 32. (d) 33. [–10]
A
 4
−
4  = A−1  7 −6 4 
17 
  −2 9 −6 
− 1 0
1
−   
 6 6   

34. (a) 35. (c) 36. (b) 37. (c) 38. (b) 39. (a) 40. (b) 41. (c) 42. (a) 43. (d)
44. (b) 45. (b) 46. (a) 47. (b) 50. (a) 51. (b) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (d)
56. (a,b,c) 57. (a) 58. (a) 59. (d) 60. (c) 61. (a, b) 62. (c) 63. (c) 64. [0] 65. [1]
68. (c) 69. (b) 70. (d) 72. (a) 73. (b) 74. (c) 75. (b) 76. (b) 77. (b) 78. {0,8}
79. (c)

BOARD LEVEL PROBLEMS

1. (d) 2. (d) 3. (c) 4. (d) 5. (d) 6. (d) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (a) 22. (c)
23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c)

PRARAMBH (TOPICWISE)
1. (c) 2. (c) 3. (a) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (d) 8. (d) 9. (c) 10. (b)
11. (c) 12. (d) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (b) 16. (a) 17. (c) 18. (b) 19. (a) 20. (a)
21. (c) 22. (a) 23. (a) 24. (a) 25. (c) 26. (d) 27. (c) 28. (a) 29. (d) 30. (d)
31. (a) 32. (d) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (c) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (c) 42. (c) 43. (a) 44. (a) 45. (d) 46. (d) 47. (c) 48. (b) 49. (b) 50. (b)
51. (d) 52. (c) 53. (c) 54. (b) 55. (d) 56. (d) 57. (c) 58. (d) 59. (c) 60. (b)
61. (a) 62. (b) 63. (d) 64. (b) 65. (c) 66. (d) 67. (c) 68. (b) 69. (a) 70. (d)
71. (a)

PRABAL (JEE MAIN LEVEL)

1. (b) 2. (b) 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a) 12. (c) 13. (a) 14. (a) 15. (d) 16. (b) 17. (b) 18. (a) 19. (b) 20. (a)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (d) 24. (c) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (a) 33. (b) 34. (c) 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (b) 38. (c) 39. (a) 40. (c)
41. (d) 42. [8] 43. [0] 44. [4] 45. [0] 46. [1] 47. [1836] 48. [21] 49. [2] 50. [6]
51. [0] 52. [8] 53. [3] 54. [626] 55. [0] 56. [2] 57. [8]

70 JEE (XII) Module-1 MATHEMATICS PW

PARIKSHIT (JEE ADVANCED LEVEL)
1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (d) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (b) 12. (b) 13. (b) 14. (d) 15. (a) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (d) 19. (c) 20. (b)
21. (a,d) 22. (a,c) 23. (a,b) 24. (a,b) 25. (b,c) 26. (a,b) 27. (a,b,c) 28. (a) 29. (b) 30. (a)
31. (d) 32. (a) 33. (c) 34. (d) 35. (d) 36. (d) 37. (d) 38. (a) 39. (b) 40. (d)
41. (a) 42. (c) 43. [8] 44. [2009] 45. [29] 46. [4] 47. [0] 48. [1] 49. [0] 50. [1]
51. [2] 52. [8] 53. [2] 54. [201] 55. [2]

PYQ's (PAST YEAR QUESTIONS)

1. (d) 2. [10] 3. (b) 4. (b) 5. [7] 6. [450] 7. (c) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. [180]
11. [24] 12. [25] 13. (a) 14. [3] 15. (c) 16. (a) 17. (b) 18. [3780] 19. (b,c) 20. (a)
21. (b,c,d) 22. (a,c,d) 23. (b,c,d) 24. (c,d) 25. [28] 26. (b) 27. (b) 28. (a) 29. (a) 30. (c)
31. (b) 32. (c) 33. [27] 34. [5] 35. (a) 36. (d) 37. (a) 38. (c) 39. (c) 40. [14]
41. [6] 42. (d) 43. (a,c) 44. [16] 45. (a,b,d) 46. (a,b,c) 47. [1] 48. (a) 49. (c) 50. (d)
51. (b) 52. (d) 53. (b) 54. (b) 55. (a) 56. (a) 57. (b) 58. (d) 59. [6.20] 60. (d)
61. [7] 62. [2] 63. (c) 64. (d) 65. (a) 66. [14] 67. [36] 68. (c) 69. [113] 70. (b)
71. (d) 72. (d) 73. (a) 74. (b) 75. (c) 76. (c) 77. (a) 78. [55] 79. [38] 80. (b)
81. (a) 82. (d) 83. (c) 84. (d) 85. (c) 86. (c) 87. (d) 88. (b)

PW CHALLENGERS
1. (a) 2. (d) 3. (d) 4. (b) 5. (c) 6. (b) 7. (a) 8. (d) 9. (a) 10. (a)
11. (a,c) 12. (a,c,d) 13. (a, d) 14. (b, c) 15. (a, d) 16. (a, b ) 17. (a,b,c,d) 18. [21] 19. [4] 20. [540]
21. [0] 22. [0.25] 23. [2] 24. [5] 25. [29] 26. [2] 27. [0] 28. [0] 29. [64] 30. [13]
31. (6) 32. A→(q); B→(r); C→(s); D→(p) 33. (A)→q, (B)→p, t (C)→r, s (D)→r, s
34. (A)→p, (B)→q, (C)→r, (D)→s 35. (a) 36. (a) 37. (a) 38. (b) 39. (c) 40. (d)

Matrices and Determinants 71