EIGENVALUESof SYMMETRICMATRICES(11.3) Textbook Example 11.4.

2 (Cont’d)
SYMMETRIC MATRIXÎ [A]=[A]T Numerical Example: General Solution is sum of all possible solutions,
1) All ߣ ‫ א‬Թ Let ݉ ൌ 1 ݇ଵ ൌ 3 ݇ଷ ൌ 4 (3a)Î ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ݁Ԧଵ ߙଵ cos ߱ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߚଵ sin ߱ଵ ‫ݐ‬
2) if ߣ k-fold repeated root of det [A- ߣ I] Subst. into [K] in eqn (1) ൅݁Ԧଶ ߙଶ cos ߱ଶ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߚଶ sin ߱ଶ ‫ݐ‬ (4)
• the eigenspace for ߣ is k-dimensional 5 െ2
‫ ܭ‬ൌ symmetric
• if ߣ is repeated k times, then there should be k distinct ݁Ԧ ᇱ ‫ ݏ‬for this ߣ െ2 2 Use IC’s to find constants of integration. At ‫ ݐ‬ൌ 0
5െߣ െ2 ‫ݔ‬௢
• It is useful to choose ݁Ԧ ᇱ ‫ ݏ‬for this ߣ to be orthogonal ܲ௡ ߣ ൌ ൌ0 ‫ݎ‬Ԧ௢ ൌ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ 0 ൌ ‫ ݕ‬ൌ ݁Ԧଵ ߙଵ cos 0 ൅ ߚଵ sin 0
െ2 2 െ ߣ ଴ ൅݁Ԧଶ ߙଶ cos 0 ൅ ߚଶ sin 0
• We can always choose k orthogonal eigenvectors
3) if ߣ’s are distinct (ߣ௞ ് ߣ௝ ), EVs are orthogonal (݁Ԧ௞ · ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ 0) ൌ 5െߣ 2െߣ െ4 2 െ1 ߙ ‫ݔ‬
ൌ ݁Ԧଵ ߙଵ ൅ ݁Ԧଶ ߙଶ ൌ ߙ ൅ ߙ ൌ 2 െ1 ߙଵ ൌ ‫ݕ‬௢
ߣଵ ൌ 6 ߣଶ ൌ 1 1 ଵ 2 ଶ 1 2 ଶ ଴
Proof: Consider two distinct eigenvalues (ߣ௞ & ߣ௝ ) Note: given 2 column Solve for ߙଵ & ߙଶ
ߣ௞ ݁Ԧ௞ ൌ A ݁Ԧ௞ ߣ௝ ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ A ݁Ԧ௝ vectors ܽԦ & ܾ, Use ሺ ‫ ܭ‬െ ߣ௝ ‫ ܫ‬ሻ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ 0 ݀‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ݔ‬ሶ ݁Ԧଵ െߙଵ sin ߱ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߚଵ cos ߱ଵ ‫߱ ݐ‬ଵ
ߣ௞ ݁Ԧ௞ · ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ A ݁Ԧ௞ · ݁Ԧ௝ ݁Ԧ௞ · ߣ௝ ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ ݁Ԧ௞ · A ݁Ԧ௝ ܽԦ · ܾ ൌ ܽԦ் ܾ ൌ ܾ ் ܽԦ 2 െ1 ‫ݎ‬Ԧ௢ሶ ൌ ቤ ൌ ௢ ൌ
݁Ԧଵ ൌ ݁Ԧଶ ൌ ݀‫ ݐ‬௧ୀ଴ ‫ݕ‬ሶ௢ ൅݁Ԧଶ െߙଶ sin ߱ଶ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߚଶ cos ߱ଶ ‫߱ ݐ‬ଶ
ൌ A ݁Ԧ௞ ் ݁Ԧ௝ (2) 1 2
ߣ௝ ݁Ԧ௞ · ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ ݁Ԧ௞் A ݁Ԧ௝ ᇱ
2 െ1 ߚଵ ‫ݔ‬ሶ ௢
ൌ ݁Ԧ௞் A ் ݁Ԧ௝ (1) [K] is sym.Î ߣଵ & ߣଶ ‫ א‬Թ ൌ ݁Ԧଵ ߱
ตଵ ߚଵ ൅ ݁Ԧଶถ
߱ଶ ߙଶ ൌ ᇱ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ሶ
1 2 ߚଶ ௢
Îall ݁Ԧ ᇱ ‫ ݏ‬٣ ఉభᇲ ఉమᇲ
Eqn. (1)-Eqn. (2) SymmetricÎ[A]=[A]T ݁Ԧଵ · ݁Ԧଶ ൌ െ2 ൅ 2 ൌ 0 ߚଵᇱ ߚଶᇱ
் ݁Ԧ௜ · ݁Ԧ௞ ൌ 0 Solve for ߚଵᇱ & ߚଶᇱ ߚଵ ൌ ߚଶ ൌ
ߣ௞ െ ߣ௝ ݁Ԧ௞ · ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ ݁Ԧ௞் A ் ݁Ԧ௝ െ݁Ԧ௞ A ݁Ԧ௝ ൌ 0 ߱ଵ ߱ଶ
(3b)Î ߱ଵ ൌ ߣଵ /݉ሿ ൌ 6
ஷ0
߱ଶ ൌ ߣଶ /݉ሿ ൌ 1
L-08 Chapter 11 14 L-08 Chapter 11 16

Textbook Example 11.4.2 (diagonalization) Textbook Example 11.4.2 (Alternate solution with diagonalization)
Consider a point mass, ݉, tied to a wall by 2 springs exerting 2 forces on the ‫ݑ‬ Multiply both
From Prior Solution: (2)Î ‫ܨ‬Ԧ ൌ ݉‫ݎ‬Ԧሷ ൌ െ ‫ݎ ܭ‬Ԧ ൌ െ ‫ܧ ܭ‬
mass. When mass is at the origin (O), system is in static equilibrium (݂ଵ ൌ ݂ଶ ൌ 0). v sides by [E]-1
5 െ2 ߣଵ ൌ 6
The mass is pulled to a new location (‫ݔ‬, ‫)ݕ‬, causing two non-zero forces on the mass, ‫ ܭ‬ൌ
െ2 2 ߣଶ ൌ 1 ‫ݑ‬ ‫ݑ‬ሷ ߣ 0 ‫ݑ‬
and than mass is released. Find motion of the mass as ݂ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ, i.e., ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ?, ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ? ݉ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ݎ‬Ԧሷ ൌ െ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ܧ ܭ‬ ݉ ൌെ ଵ
2 െ1 v ‫ݒ‬ሷ 0 ߣଶ v
݂ଵ ݉ ‫ݕ‬ Let mass position ‫ݔ‬ ο‫ݎ‬Ԧଵ ൌ ‫ݎ‬Ԧଵ െ ‫ݎ‬Ԧଵ െ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ൌ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ݁Ԧଵ ൌ ݁Ԧଶ ൌ
‫ݎ‬Ԧ ൌ ‫ݕ‬ 1 2 Ĺ(6) ሾ஽ሿ
݇ଵ & stretch of springs ο‫ݎ‬ Ԧଶ ൌ ‫ݎ‬Ԧଶ െ ‫ݎ‬Ԧଶ െ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ൌ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ
ܱ ‫ݔ‬ ݉‫ݑ‬ሷ ൌ െߣଵ ‫ݑ‬ independently
‫ݎ‬ଵ ൌ ݂ଶ ForcesÎ ݂ଵ ൌ െ݇ ο‫ݎ‬Ԧଵ ݂ଶ ൌ െ݇ ο‫ݎ‬Ԧଶ Combine eigenvectors 2 ODE’s integrate for u & v
as columns of matrix [E] ݉‫ݒ‬ሷ ൌ െߣ ଶ ‫ݒ‬
‫ݔ‬ଵ , ‫ݕ‬ଵ ݇ଶ ݇ଶ
Net force on ݇ଵ ൅ െ 2 െ1 ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߛ cos (7)
݇ଶ 2 ‫ ܧ‬ൌ ݁Ԧଵ ݁Ԧଶ ൌ ଵ ߱ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߜଵ sin ߱ଵ ‫ݐ‬
the mass (see Ԧ
‫ܨ‬ൌെ 2 ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ ‫ݎ ܭ‬Ԧ (1) 1 2
‫ݎ‬ଶ ൌ ‫ݔ‬ଶ , ‫ݕ‬ଶ TB for details) ݇ଶ ݇ଶ ‫ݕ‬ ‫ݒ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ߛଶ cos ߱ଶ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߜଶ sin ߱ଶ ‫ݐ‬ (8)
െ 1 2 1
‫ ܨ‬ൌ ݉ܽ 2 2 ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ൌ
Review ‫ݔ‬ 5 െ1 2 at ‫ ݐ‬ൌ 0 ‫ݑ‬௢ ିଵ ௢
‫ݔ‬
‫ݔ‬ሷ ݉ ‫ݎ‬Ԧሷ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െ ‫ݎ ܭ‬Ԧ ‫( ݐ‬2)
݉ ݂ in 1-D ‫ܨ‬Ԧ ൌ ݉ ൌെ‫ݕ ܭ‬ (5)Î v௢ ൌ ‫ܧ‬ ‫ݕ‬଴
‫ݕ‬ሷ Express ‫ݔ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ & ‫ݕ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ as LC
of EVs introducing u & v (7)Î ‫ݑ‬ሺ0ሻ ൌ ߛଵ cos 0 ൅ ߜଵ sin 0 ߛଵ ൌ ‫ݑ‬௢
Ansatz: ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ܽԦ ‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ݐ‬
݂ ൌ ݉‫ݔ‬ሷ ൌ െ݇‫ ݔ‬solution ଶ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫݁ ݐ ݑ‬Ԧଵ ൅ vሺtሻ݁Ԧଶ (8)Î ‫ݒ‬ሺ0ሻ ൌ ߛଶ cos 0 ൅ ߜଶ sin 0 ߛଶ ൌ ‫ݒ‬௢
ሷ
(2)Î ݉ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ െ݉߱ ܽԦ ‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ ݐ‬ൌ െ ‫ݎ ܭ‬Ԧ ‫ݑ‬ሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ
x ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ݐ‬ ݀ eq. 5 ‫ݑ‬ሶ ‫ݔ‬ሶ ‫ݑ‬ሶ ௢ ‫ݔ‬ሶ
‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ݐ‬ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ ܧ‬vሺ‫ݐ‬ሻ ൌ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ (9) ൌ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ௢
‫ݔ‬ሶ ൌ െ‫ ߱ܣ‬sin ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ߱ܤ‬cos ߱‫ݐ‬ ݀‫ݐ‬ ‫ݒ‬ሶ ‫ݕ‬ሶ ‫ݒ‬௢ሶ ‫ݕ‬ሶ௢
݉߱ଶ ܽԦ = ‫ܽ ܭ‬Ԧ EVP ݁Ԧ ൌ ܽԦ ߣ ൌ ݉߱ଶ ‫ݑ‬ ଵ
‫ݔ‬ሷ ൌ െ߱ଶ ‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ݐ‬ ൌ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ (5) ݀ eq. 7
v ‫ݑ‬ሶ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ 0 ൌ ‫ݑ‬ሶ ௢ ൌ ߱ଵ ሾߛଵ sin ߱ଵ ‫ ݐ‬൅ ߜଵ cos ߱ଵ ‫ ݐ‬ሿ
‫ݔ‬ሷ ൌ െ߱ଶ ‫ ݔ‬ൌ െ݇‫ݔ‬/݉ ‫ݎ‬Ԧ ‫ ݐ‬ൌ ݁Ԧ ‫ ܣ‬cos ߱‫ ݐ‬൅ ‫ ܤ‬sin ߱‫ݐ‬ (3a) ݀ ଶ eq. 5 ‫ݑ‬ሷ ݀‫ݐ‬ ‫ݑ‬ሶ ଴
݇ ൌ ‫ି ܧ‬ଵ ‫ݎ‬Ԧሷ (6) ‫ݒ‬ሶ ଴
߱ൌ where ߱ ൌ ߣ/݉ (3b) ݀‫ ݐ‬ଶ ‫ݒ‬ሷ ߜଵ ൌ (8)Î ߜଶ ൌ
݉ ߱ଵ ߱ଶ
L-08 Chapter 11 15 L-08 Chapter 11 17