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Physics Report

The report investigates the cooling rates of different liquids to verify Newton's Law of Cooling, demonstrating that water retains heat longer than oil due to its higher specific heat capacity. The experiment outlines the apparatus, methodology, and results, showing that oil cools faster while milk falls in between. Applications of the findings span various industries, including food, automotive, and pharmaceuticals.

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avanisathe506
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2 views

Physics Report

The report investigates the cooling rates of different liquids to verify Newton's Law of Cooling, demonstrating that water retains heat longer than oil due to its higher specific heat capacity. The experiment outlines the apparatus, methodology, and results, showing that oil cools faster while milk falls in between. Applications of the findings span various industries, including food, automotive, and pharmaceuticals.

Uploaded by

avanisathe506
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Physics Project Report

Newtons Law of Cooling

Index
1. Introduction
2. Aim
3. Apparatus Required
4. Principle/Theory
5. Diagram
6. Observation Table
7. Result
8. Advantages and Disadvantages
9. Applications
10. Precautions
11. Sources of Error

Aim
To compare the cooling rates of different liquids (such as water, oil, and
milk) and analyze how their thermal properties affect the rate of
cooling, verifying Newton’s Law of Cooling.

Apparatus Required
 Identical beakers (at least three)
 Different liquids (water, vegetable oil, milk, saltwater, glycerin)
 Thermometers
 Stopwatch
 Room thermometer
 Heating source (stove or kettle)
 Insulating setup (optional, to reduce external heat loss)

Principle/Theory
Newton’s Law of Cooling states that the rate at which a body loses
heat is proportional to the temperature difference between the body
and its surroundings. The mathematical representation is

where:
 T is the temperature of the liquid,
 Tambient is the surrounding temperature,
 K is the cooling constant,
ⅆT
 is the rate of change of temperature.
dt
Different liquids have different specific heat capacities, densities, and
thermal conductivities, which affect their rate of cooling.

Diagram
Observation Table
Time Water Temperature Oil Temperature Milk Temperature
(minutes) (°C) (°C) (°C)

0 80 80 80

2 75 72 73

4 70 65 68

6 65 58 63

8 61 52 59

10 58 48 55

12 55 45 52

15 51 42 48
Result
 Water retains heat longer than oil due to its higher specific heat
capacity.
 Oil cools faster because it has a lower specific heat capacity and
higher thermal conductivity.
 Milk, containing fats and proteins, cools at a rate between water
and oil.
 The temperature difference follows an exponential decay pattern,
confirming Newton’s Law of Cooling.

Advantages and Disadvantages


Advantages:
 Simple experimental setup.

 Provides clear insights into the cooling behaviors of


different liquids.

Disadvantages:
 Environmental factors like airflow may affect results.
 Requires precise temperature measurements for accuracy.

Applications
 Food Industry: Understanding cooling rates helps in food
storage and preservation.
 Automotive Industry: Engine coolant selection is based on
thermal efficiency.
 Pharmaceutical Industry: Proper cooling is essential in
medicine storage.
 Meteorology: Studying cooling rates assists in weather
predictions.

Precautions
 Use identical beakers to ensure uniform heat loss.
 Start measuring temperature immediately after heating.
 Avoid external airflow interference (e.g., fans or AC).
 Handle hot liquids carefully to prevent burns.

Sources of Error
 Heat loss due to conduction through the beaker.
 Inaccurate thermometer readings.
 Variation in initial heating temperature.
 Air currents affecting cooling rates.

This experiment successfully verifies Newton’s Law of Cooling and


highlights the differences in cooling behavior of various liquids
based on their thermal properties.

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