Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

MATH 30-1

UNIT:
FUNCTION OPERATIONS
Transformations

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 1: Functions Review

Domain and Range

A relation is a pairing of two sets of things. A set of ordered pairs  x, y  can be used to express a
relation.

The domain is the set of all x-values in the relation and the range is the set of all the y-values in the
relation.

There are two ways of expressing domain and range: set notation and interval notation.

Interval Notation Set Notation

( a, b) x a  x  b
a b

 a, b  x a  x  b
a b

 a, b  x a  x  b
a b

 a, b  x a  x  b
a b

 a,   x x  a
a

 a,   x x  a
a

 ,b  x x  b
b

 ,b  x x  b
b

 ,    x  R

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Vertical Line Test

A function is a special relation in which each x-value has only one y-value.
If a graph is given, the vertical line test can be used to determine if the graph is a function. If a vertical
line is drawn through any part of the graph and it intersects the graph at more than one point, the
relation is not a function.

Example 1.1 For each graph, state the domain and range in both set and interval notations.
Identify whether the graph represents a function.

a) 5
y b) 5
y

x x
-5 5 -5 5

-5 -5

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Basic Graphs

Linear yx Quadratic y  x2 Radical y  x

1
Absolute Value y | x | Rational y
x

1 2
Example Isolate for x in the equation x 1  y2  2 .
3

x- and y-intercepts

x-intercept: when y = 0 (x, 0)

y-intercept: when x = 0 (0, y) x-int: x = 3/2
y-int: y = 3

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 1.2 Algebraically determine the x- and y-intercepts.

a) 5 x  10  2 y  0 b) y  x2  5x  6

Function Notation

To represent functions, notation such as f (x) and g (x) is used.

f (x): ● is read as ‘the value of f at x’ or ‘f of x’.
● provides a formula for the function, f
● represents the value of the function for a given value of x
● does not mean f multiplied by x
For example, the function y  x 2 may be written in function notation as f ( x)  x 2 .
f ( x ) is read as “f at x” or “f of x”.
Functions may be written in the form of y  af  b( x  h)   k .

f(x)
Example 1.3 Use the graph of f(x) to evaluate the following.
Round to the nearest tenth if necessary.

a) f (0) b) f (1)

c) f ( x )  8 d) f ( x )  0

Example 1.4 Consider functions f ( x ) | x | , g ( x)  x 2 , and h( x)  x  5 .

a) Determine the value of y if y  5 f ( 7)  1 .

b) Determine the simplified expression for the following.

1
i) y  g ( x  5)  7 ii) y  3h( x  1)  6
4

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 2: Sum and Difference of Functions

We can combine two functions by adding or subtracting them.

Given two functions f(x) and g(x),
● the sum is defined as  f  g  ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) .
● the difference is defined as  f  g  ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) .
● the domain of  f  g  ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) is the set of all values common to the domains of
both f(x) and g(x).
● the range of  f  g  ( x)  f ( x)  g ( x) can be determined from its graph.

Example 2.1 The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) are shown below. The coordinates of five key
points are labelled.

y
5
y = f .( x) y = g.( x)
(-5, 3.16) (-1, 2.45) (1, 2.45) (5, 3.16)

(0, 2.24)

x
-6 -1 6
a) State the domain and range of y = f(x) and y = g(x).

b) On the same coordinate axes sketch the graph of (f + g)(x).

5 4 1 0 1 4 5
f(x)
g(x)
(f + g)(x)

c) State the domain and range of (f + g)(x).

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 2.2 The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) are shown. Sketch the graphs and state the
domain and range of the following operations.

a) f  g  ( x) b) f ( x)  g ( x)
y
10
y= f .( x )

x
-10 10
y=g .( x )

-10

Example 2.3 If f ( x )  x 2  5 x  4 and g ( x)  x  4 , then determine

a)  f  g  (2) b)  f  f  (1)

c)  2 g  f  (3) d) h  x  g  x  f  x

1 2
Example 2.4 Given the functions f  x   and g  x   .
x 2  15 x  50 x 2  10 x
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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Determine the equation of  f  g  x  . State the domain of  f  g  x  .

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 3: Product and Quotient of Functions

Review of Simplifying, Factoring, and Solving

1. Expand.
a) 
3x 2 x3  2 x 2  x  7  b)  2 x  7 2 c)  x  2   x 2  x  3

2. Factor completely.
a) 4 x3  36 x b) 2 x3  4 x 2  70 x c) 5x2  9 x  2

3. Simplify and state any non-permissible values (NPVs).

8 x 2  10 x  3 2 x 2  3 x x  6 x 1
a)  2 b) 
x2  x  2 x 1 x 1 x

4. Solve the following equations.

a) x 2  8 x  15 b) 80  5x 4  0 c) 2 x3  3 x 2  2 x  0

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Product and Quotient of Functions

Given two functions f(x) and g(x),

● the product is defined as  f  g  x    fg  x   f  x   g  x  , where the domain is the
domain common to the individual functions of f(x) and g(x).
 f  f  x
● the quotient is defined as    x   , where the domain is common to the individual
g g  x
functions of f(x) and g(x), except any values for which g(x) = 0.
● the range of the product and quotient of the combined functions can be determined from its
graph.

Example 3.1 The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) are shown below.

a) On the same coordinate axes sketch the graph of  f  g  x  .

x-values
4 3 2 1 0 1 2
f ( x)

g(x)

 f  g  x 

b) State the domain of y = f(x) and y = g(x). y

10
y = f .( x) y = g.( x)

c) State the domain and range of  f  g  x  .

x
-10 10

d) Evaluate  f  g  6  .

-10

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 3.2 The graphs of y = f(x) and y = g(x) are shown below.
 f 
a) On the same coordinate axes sketch the graph of    x  .
g
7 5 4 3 2 1 1 2 5
f ( x)

g(x)
 f 
  x
g

 f 
y
b) Determine the equation of    x  . 10
y = f .( x) y = g.( x)
g

 f  x
c) State the domain and range of    x  . -10 10
g

-10
Example 3.3 Given the functions f  x   x  3 and g  x    x  5 .

a) State the domain of f  x   x  3 and g  x    x  5 .

b) Determine the equation of  fg  x  and state its domain.

c) Evaluate  fg 1 .

d) Determine the equation of  ff  x  and state its domain.

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

x2  9 x2  2 x  3
Example 3.4 Given the functions f  x   and g  x   .
2 x2  3x  5 x2  1
x2  9 x2  2 x  3
a) State the domain of f  x   2 and g  x   .
2 x  3x  5 x2  1

 f 
b) Determine the equation of    x  . Express in simplest form.
g

 f 
c) State the domain of    x  .
g

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 4: Composition of Functions

For two functions, f and g, the composite function, also called the composition of functions f and g, is
defined as
 f  g  x   f  g ( x) 

You can picture  f  g  x  using the function machine diagram shown below.

x g g(x) f f  g ( x) 
input output

● The domain of  f  g  x  is the set of all values x for which the inner function g(x) and
the composite function  f  g  x  are both defined.
● The range of  f  g  x  can be determined from its graph.

Example 4.1 If f ( x)  4  x , g ( x)  x 2  x , and h  x   2 x  1 , determine each value.

a) f  g (5)  b)  g  f  3 c)  f  h  g 1

Example 4.2 Given two functions f ( x)  x and g ( x)  x 2  1 , determine each of the following.

a)  f  g  ( x) b) domain and range of  f  g  ( x)

c)  g  f  f  ( x) d) domain and range of  g  f  f  ( x)

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 4.3 Given f  x   x  4 and g  x   x 2 .

a) State the domain of f  x   x  4 and g  x   x 2 .

b) Determine  f  g  x  and sketch its graph.

Y
10

State the domain of  f  g  x  . 5

X
-10 -5 0 5 10

-5

-10

Determine  g  f  x  and sketch its graph.

10
c)
State the domain of  g  f  x  . 5

X
-10 -5 0 5 10

-5

-10

Example 4.4 Given h( x)  f  g ( x)  , determine f(x) and g(x).

     
2 2
a) h( x)  3 2 x  1  10 b) h( x)  3x 2  10  6 3 x 2  10  1

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 4.5 Let f ( x)  2  x , g ( x)  x 2  x  2 , and h( x)   x 2  4 .

a) Solve  g ( f ( x))   0 .

b) Evaluate  fg  (1)  h( f (5))   g  g  (0) .

c) Solve  f  g  ( x)  16 .

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 5: Translations

One type of transformation is a translation. A translation shifts the location of a graph without
changing the shape or orientation of the graph.

Function Notation vs Mapping Notation

Function notation is in the form y  f  x  h   k . It is the equation of the function.

Mapping notation is in the form  x, y    x  h, y  k  . It describes where the point on the function
moves to after a set of transformations.

Summary:

Function Notation Mapping Notation

y  f ( x)  k
Vertical translation k  0 : k units up  x, y    x, y  k 
k  0 : k units down
y  f ( x  h)
Horizontal translation h  0 : h units right  x , y    x  h, y 
h  0 : h units left

Example 5.1 For y  4  f ( x  6) , state the values of h and k and describe how the graph can be
obtained from the graph of y  f ( x) .

Example 5.2 The point  x, y  lies on the graph of y  f ( x) . State the coordinates of the image
of this point for y  8  f ( x  2) . Show answer using mapping notation.

Example 5.3 Write the equation of the image of y  f ( x) after each transformation.

a) y  x ; a translation 3 units left and 7 units up

b) y   x  2   5 ; a translation 4 units right and 2 units down

2

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 5.4 a) State the coordinates of the image of the point  3,5  under the translation
described by  x, y    x  7, y  4  .

b) Write the equation of the image of y  f ( x) after the translation

 x, y    x  6, y  1 .

c) Describe the transformations applied to y = f (x) if y is replaced with y + 5 and x is

replaced with x – 9.

Example 5.5 The function represented by the thick line is a transformation of the function
represented by the thin line. Write an equation for each function represented by
the thick line.

a) b)

Example 5.6 Given y  x , determine the horizontal translation that needs to be applied so that
the image passes through the point (17, 8).

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 6: Stretches and Reflections

A reflection is a transformation of a graph that creates a mirror image in a line called the line of
reflection.
An invariant point is a point on a graph that remains unchanged after a transformation.

Summary:

Function Mapping
Description
Notation Notation
Reflection in the x-axis y-values become negative y   f ( x)  x, y    x,  y 
Reflection in the y-axis x-values become negative y  f ( x)  x , y     x, y 

Example 6.1 The graph of y  f ( x) is shown. Describe each transformation and sketch the
image graph. Label any invariant points.

a) y   f ( x) b) y  f ( x)

y = f(x)
y = f(x)

Example 6.2 The graph in the thick line is a reflection of the graph drawn in the thin line. Write
an equation for each graph drawn in the thick line.

a) b)

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 6.3 Write the equation of the image of

a) y  x  4 after a reflection in the y-axis b) y  3 x  2 after a reflection in the x-axis

c) y  2( x  3) 2  6 after a reflection in both the x- and y- axes

A stretch is a transformation that changes the size of the graph, but not the orientation. A stretch
could compress the graph to make it smaller or expand the graph to make it bigger.

The graph of y  af ( x) can be obtained by stretching the graph of y  f ( x) vertically by a factor of

|a| about the x-axis. (If a  0 , then there is also a reflection in the x-axis.)

The graph of y  f (bx) can be obtained by stretching the graph of y  f ( x) horizontally by a factor
1
of about the y-axis. (If b  0 , then there is also a reflection in the y-axis.)
b

Summary:

Function Notation Mapping Notation

Vertical stretch by a factor of |a| about the x-axis y  af ( x)  x, y    x, ay 

 x, y    
1 1
Horizontal stretch by a factor of about the y-axis y  f (bx) x, y 
b b 

Example 6.4 Describe how the graph of the second function compares to the graph of the first
function.

a) y  f ( x)  5 y  f ( x) b) y  2 x  y  23 x

1 1
c) y  x  y  6 x d) y | x |  y4 x
2 3

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 6.5 Write an equation of the image after each transformation. Simplify.

1
a) y  f ( x) is vertically stretched by a factor of about the x-axis and horizontally
2
stretched by a factor of 2 about the y-axis

3
b) y  x 2 after a horizontal stretch about the y-axis by a factor of
4

c) y  x  3 is horizontally stretched by a factor of 4 about the y-axis and vertically

stretched by a factor of 2 about the x-axis

1
d) y  3x  7 after a vertical stretch about the x-axis by a factor of and a reflection in
3
the y-axis

Example 6 For each transformed function, describe the transformation applied to the graph of
y  f ( x) , sketch the image graph, and state the coordinates of any invariant points.

a) y  2 f ( x) b) y  f (2 x)

y = f(x) y = f(x)

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 6.6 The graph of y  f ( x)  x3  2 x 2  5 x  6 is shown.

 1 
a) Write the equation that represents y  f   x  .
 3 

 1 
b) Describe the transformations applied to y  f ( x) to obtain the graph of y  f   x  .
 3 

 1 
c) Sketch y  f   x  .
 3 
 1 
d) State the x- and y- intercepts of y  f   x  .
 3 

Example 6.7 The graph of y  g ( x) is a transformation of y  f ( x) .

Describe the transformations and write the equation for y  g ( x) .
y y y
a) 10
b) 10
c) 10

y = g.( x) f .( x) = x2-1
f .( x) = x2-2

y = g.( x)
x x x
-10 10 -10 10 -10 10

y= f .( x)
y= g.( x)

-10 -10 -10

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 Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 7: Combining Transformations

A parameter is a quantity that defines certain characteristics of a relation. The parameters a, b, h, and
k in y  af  b  x  h    k represent multiple transformations applied to the graph of y  f ( x) .
The order in which transformations are applied matters.
Reflections and stretches (a and b) should occur before translations (h and k). [RST or SRT]

Function Notation:

VT k units
y  af  b  x  h   k k  0 : down
VS by a factor of |a| about the x-axis k  0 : up
(if a  0 , reflection in the x-axis)
HT h units
1 h  0 : left
HS by a factor of about the y-axis
b h  0 : right
(if b  0 , reflection in the y-axis)

 x, y    
1
Mapping Notation: x  h, ay  k 
b 

Example 7.1 Describe, in order, a series of transformations that could be applied to the graph of
1 1 
y  f ( x) to produce the graph of y  8   f  ( x  1)  .
2 4 

Example 7.2 Describe, in order, a series of transformations that could be applied to the graph of
y  x to produce the graph of y  4 3 x  6  5 .

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 7.3 For the function shown, describe, in order, a

series of transformations that could be applied to
the graph of y  f ( x) to produce
1 
2 y  4  f  ( x  1)  .
3 
Sketch the transformed function.

y = f(x)

Example 7.4 The point P  6, 2  on the graph of y  f ( x) is transformed to the image point, P ,
on the graph of y  3 f  2( x  5)   4 .

a) State the values of the parameters.

b) Describe the transformations, in order.

c) State the coordinates of the image point, P .

d) Determine the coordinates of the image point of  x, y  .

y
8
.
y= g ( x )

Example 7.5 a) Describe, in order, a series of transformations that

could be applied to the graph of y  f ( x) to produce y= f .( x)
the graph of y  g ( x) .
x
-5 5
-2
b) Express g ( x) in terms of f ( x) .

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 7.6 State the equation of the transformed image.

a) The graph of y | x | is reflected in the x-axis, stretched horizontally by a factor of 3 about

the y-axis, and then translated 4 units left and 5 units down.

b) The graph of y  x 2  1 is stretched vertically by a factor of 5 about the x-axis, and then
translated 3 units left and 1 unit down.

1 
Example 7.7 The graph of y  f ( x) , shown below, is transformed to y  f  x  3   8 .
2 
1 
a) State the parameters of y  f  x  3   8 .
2 

b) Describe, in order, the series of transformations that are applied to f ( x) .

f ( x)
1 
c) Sketch the graph of y  f  x  3   8 .
2 

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

LESSON 8: Inverses

The inverse is a reflection in the line y  x .

The inverse of a relation is found by switching the x- and y- coordinates of the ordered pairs in the
relation.
Using mapping notation, this is represented as  x, y    y, x  .

If a relation has the domain A and the range B, then the inverse relation has the domain B and the range A.

The inverse of a function y  f ( x) may be written in the form x  f ( y ) .

Using function notation, this is represented as y  f 1 ( x) , and is read as “f inverse at x”.

The equation of the inverse of f can be found by switching the variables x and y in the function
equation and then isolating for y.
y
Example 8.1 The graph of y  f ( x) is shown. 10

y = f ( x)
a) Sketch the graph of y  f 1 ( x) .

b) Explain whether the inverse is a function. x

10

c) State the coordinates of any invariant points.

Example 8.2 Consider the function f ( x)  x 2  2 .

a) Determine the equation of the inverse.

b) Sketch f ( x)  x 2  2 and its inverse.

c) Describe two ways to restrict the domain of f ( x) so that the inverse is a function.

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Math 30-1 Unit: Function Operations and Transformations

Example 8.3 Consider the function f ( x)  x  1 shown.

a) State the domain and range of f ( x)  x  1 .

y  x 1

b) Sketch the inverse of f ( x)  x  1 .

c) Determine the equation of the inverse (with y isolated),

with a restricted domain.

x  12
Example 8.4 Consider the function y  f ( x)  .
x
a) Determine the equation of the inverse.

b) Algebraically determine the invariant points between y = f (x) and y = f -1(x).

Inverses and Composition of Functions

Another way to look at inverses is to look at the composition of functions.

The functions f(x) and g(x) are inverses of each other if  f  g  ( x)  x and  g  f  ( x)  x .

Example 8.5 Determine if f ( x)  x 2  4, x  0 and g ( x)  x  4, x  4 are inverses of each other.

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