MAT 110

Fulltime-2021
MATRICES-Presentation 3
Presentation outline
• Review of previous presentation
• Learning outcomes
• Inverse of a matrix

Review of previous presentation

Presentation 2 was based on the determinant of matrices and we discussed:
• Determinant of 2x2 matrices
• Determinant of 3 x 3 matrices

Learning outcomes
By the end of this presentation you should be able to:
• Find the inverse of given matrices

Inverse of a matrix
The Inverse of a Matrix A is written as A-1
We are going to start with reminding each other regarding finding the inverse of a 2x2
matrix and then extend to inverse of 3x3 matrix

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Finding the inverse of a matrix
(a)Inverse of a 2 x 2 matrix
The following method and steps may help to find the inverse 2 × 2 matrices.
Example
𝐚 𝐛
If A = ( ), find A-1
𝐜 𝐝
Working
Step 1: Find |A| (the determinant of A).
Remember that:
a b a b
If A = ( ), then IAI = | |= ad – bc
c d c d
Also remember that:
The determinant of the matrix can be used to determine whether or not a matrix has an
inverse.
• If a matrix has a non-zero determinant, then the matrix has an inverse.
• If the determinant equals zero, then the matrix has no inverse
Step 2
• Interchange the elements of the leading diagonal:
a→d
d→a
• Change the signs of the elements in the other diagonal:
b → -b
c → -c
d −b
Based on step 2 working above, we now have the ( )
−c a
When we put together what we found under step 1 and step 2 we have:
1 d −b
The inverse of A-1 = ( )
det(𝐴) −c a

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 𝐚 𝐛 𝟏
Therefore, If A = ( ), A-1 = 𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭 (A)
𝐜 𝐝 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)

𝟏 𝐝 −𝐛
= ( )
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀) −𝐜 𝐚
Task 1
Research more on the adjoint (adj.) of a matrix?

Example
𝟐 𝟑
1. If A = ( ), find A-1
𝟒 𝟕

Working
Step 1:
Find |A|= (2x7) – (3x4) = 14-12= 2
Step 2:
• Interchange the elements of the leading diagonal:
2→7
7→2
• Change the signs of the elements in the other diagonal:
3 → -3
4 → -4
7 −3
Based on step 2 working above, we now have the ( )
−4 2
𝟐 𝟑 𝟏 𝟕 −𝟑
Therefore, if A = ( ), then A-1 = ( )
𝟒 𝟕 𝟐 −𝟒 𝟐

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 Task 2
1. Find the inverse of each of the following.
1 1 −3 −2
a. A = ( ) b. B = ( )
1 −1 3 3
𝟓 𝟕
2. Given that X = ( ) and that X – 3X-1 – KI = 0, find the value of K.
𝟒 𝟓
𝟑 𝟐
3. Find the inverse of matrix P = ( ) and hence solve the matrix equation PA = C in
𝟓 𝟒
𝐱 𝟏
which A = (𝐲) and C= ( ).
𝟑

Now that we have laid the foundation by what has been presented above and we
should be ready to work with the inverse of 3x3 matrix.

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(b)Inverse of a 3 x 3 matrix

𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
𝟏 𝟏
If A = (𝐝 𝐞 𝐟 ), then A-1 = 𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭(𝐀) = 𝑨𝒅𝒋 (𝐀)
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀) 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)
𝐠 𝐡 𝐢
The adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the cofactor matrix C of A, ie adj(A)=CT

Finding the inverse of a 3x3 matrix requires understanding what an adjoint of a matrix is
and how to work it out. It is hoped that you have managed to research more on this as
you had been asked to much earlier. Let us go through some of the main points, for now.
Finding the adjoint of a matrix requires some understanding of certain terms such as
minor of an element of a matrix and the cofactor of an element of a matrix.

Minor of an element of a matrix

The minor of an element is the determinant formed when the row and column
containing that element are deleted.
OR
The minor of an element is the value of the determinant of the matrix that comes from
crossing out/deleting the row and column of the element under consideration.

𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
Let us consider the matrix A =(𝐝 𝐞 𝐟)
𝐠 𝐡 𝐢
• If we delete the row and column of the element a we have the minor of a =
𝐞 𝐟
| | = 𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡
𝐡 𝐢
• If we delete the row and column of the element b we have the minor of b =
𝐝 𝐟
| | = di - fg
𝐠 𝐢

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Task 3
a. Continue in the way demonstrated above to find the minor of every element in
matrix A.
b. Form the matrix of minors M of elements in A. and verify that the matrix of minors
M of elements in A below.
𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡 𝐝𝐢 − 𝐟𝐠 𝐝𝐡 − 𝐞𝐠
matrix of minors M of elements in A = (𝐛𝐢 − 𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐢 − 𝐜𝐠 𝐚𝐡 − 𝐛𝐠)
𝐛𝐟 − 𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐟 − 𝐜𝐝 𝐚𝐞 − 𝐛𝐝

Cofactor of an element of a matrix.

The Cofactor of an element of a matrix can be said to be the product of the element’s
place sign and minor. We already about the minor now, so let us focus our attention on
the place signs.
Place signs
Each element in a square matrix has a place sign. The place sign of the element first row
and first column is always ‘+’ . The place signs then alternate from ‘+’ to ‘-’ as we move
across the rows and down the columns. So for a 3 x 3 matrix the place signs are as
+ − +
indicated here: (− + −)
+ − +

There is a way of verifying these place signs which you should research more on.

We now have both the minors as indicated in the matrix of minors M of elements in A
presented above ie,
𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡 𝐝𝐢 − 𝐟𝐠 𝐝𝐡 − 𝐞𝐠
matrix of minors M of 𝑨 = (𝐛𝐢 − 𝐜𝐡 𝐚𝐢 − 𝐜𝐠 𝐚𝐡 − 𝐛𝐠) and the place signs
𝐛𝐟 − 𝐜𝐞 𝐚𝐟 − 𝐜𝐝 𝐚𝐞 − 𝐛𝐝
+ − +
presented above ie(− + −) so we can now state the matrix of cofactors C of A (see
+ − +
below).

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 +(𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡) −(𝐝𝐢 − 𝐟𝐠) +(𝐝𝐡 − 𝐞𝐠)
Matrix of cofactors C of A = (−(𝐛𝐢 − 𝐜𝐡) +(𝐚𝐢 − 𝐜𝐠) −(𝐚𝐡 − 𝐛𝐠 ))
+(𝐛𝐟 − 𝐜𝐞) − (𝐚𝐟 − 𝐜𝐝) + (𝐚𝐞 − 𝐛𝐝)

Reminder: We have stated above that: the adjoint of a matrix is the transpose of the
matrix of cofacofactor matrix C of A, ie adj(A)=CT
So we now transpose matrix of cofactors C of A above and have:

+(𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡) −(𝐛𝐢 − 𝐜𝐡) +(𝐛𝐟 − 𝐜𝐞)

T
Transpose of matrix of cofactors C = adj (A)= ( −(𝐝𝐢 − 𝐟𝐠) +(𝐚𝐢 − 𝐜𝐠) −(𝐚𝐟 − 𝐜𝐝 ))
+ (𝐝𝐡 − 𝐞𝐠) − (𝐚𝐡 − 𝐛𝐠) + (𝐚𝐞 − 𝐛𝐝)

𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
𝟏
If A = (𝐝 𝐞 𝐟 ), then A-1 = 𝐀𝐝𝐣𝐨𝐢𝐧𝐭(𝐀)
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)
𝐠 𝐡 𝐢
𝟏
= 𝑨𝒅𝒋 (𝐀)
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)

+(𝐞𝐢 − 𝐟𝐡) −(𝐛𝐢 − 𝐜𝐡) +(𝐛𝐟 − 𝐜𝐞)

𝟏
= ( −(𝐝𝐢 − 𝐟𝐠) +(𝐚𝐢 − 𝐜𝐠) −(𝐚𝐟 − 𝐜𝐝 ))
𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀)
+ (𝐝𝐡 − 𝐞𝐠) − (𝐚𝐡 − 𝐛𝐠) + (𝐚𝐞 − 𝐛𝐝)

Where det (A) = IAI = a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg) as we saw under presentation 2.
We learnt that:
𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
If A = (𝐝 𝐞 𝐟 ),
𝐠 𝐡 𝐢
𝐚 𝐛 𝐜
then |A|= |𝐝 𝐞 𝐟|
𝐠 𝐡 𝐡
𝐞 𝐟 𝐝 𝐟 𝐝 𝐞
= a| | −𝐛| | + 𝐜| |
𝐡 𝐢 𝐠 𝐢 𝐠 𝐡
= a(ei − fh) − b(di − fg) + c(dh − eg)

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TIP
It is hoped that from your further research on determinant of 3x3 matrices you have
discovered that the above is linked to finding cofactors. Now note that when you need
to find the determinant of a 3x3 matrix, you do not need to find all the nine cofactors.
You only need to find the cofactors of the three elements in the row or column that you
have chosen, in this case we chose the first row of the matrix with elements a, b and c.

NOTE:
There are different mathematically correct alternative ways of presenting the information
we have discussed so far regarding finding the inverse of 3 x 3 matrix. What is key is to
know how to find the determinant of the given 3x3 matrix and how to find the Adjoint of
the given matrix.

Example
𝟏 𝟐 𝟑
1. Given that A = (𝟎 𝟒 𝟓),
𝟏 𝟎 𝟔
a. find A-1
Working
𝟒 𝟓 𝟎 𝟓 𝟎 𝟒
-Based on what we have learnt so far, det(A) = 1| |− 𝟐| | + 𝟑| | = 22
𝟎 𝟔 𝟏 𝟔 𝟏 𝟎
-Find the Matrix of minors as illustrated above and confirm that the
24 −5 −4
Matrix of minors M of elements of A =( 12 3 2 ).
−2 5 4

-Find the Matrix of Cofactors as illustrated above and confirm that the
24 5 −4
the Matrix of Cofactors C of A =(−12 3 2 ).
−2 −5 4
- Find the Transpose of the Matrix of cofactors as illustrated above and confirm that
the

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 24 −12 −2
T
Transpose of Matrix of Cofactors C = Adj (A) =( 5 3 −5)
−4 2 4

𝟏 𝟐 𝟑 𝟐𝟒 −𝟏𝟐 −𝟐
-1 𝟏 𝟏
Now, If A = (𝟎 𝟒 𝟓), then A = 𝐝𝐞𝐭(𝐀) 𝐀𝐝𝐣 (𝐀) = 𝟐𝟐 ( 𝟓 𝟑 −𝟓)
𝟏 𝟎 𝟔 −𝟒 𝟐 𝟒

b. Hence, verify that A.adj(A) gives a diagonal matrix.

Working
1 2 3 24 −12 −2 22 0 0
( 0 4 5) ( 5 3 −5) = ( 0 22 0 ). In this case we have the number 22 in
1 0 6 −4 2 4 0 0 22
the leading diagonal and the rest zeros.
In general, A. adj(A) is always a Diagonal matrix ie a matrix in which all the entries are
zeros, except those in the leading diagonal.
∆ 0 0
Specifically, A.adj(A) = (0 ∆ 0) = ∆I where ∆= det(A) and I is the 3x3 unit or identity
0 0 ∆
matrix.

Some properties of Inverse Matrices

Below are some of the properties of inverse matrices.
a. A × A-1 = A-1 × A = I ie AA-1 = A-1A = I
b. If A is non-singular so is A-1 and (A-1)-1 = A
c. If A and B are non-singular matrices, then AB is non-singular and (AB)-1 = B-1A-1.
d. If A is non-singular, then (AT)-1 = (A-1)T
Task 4
Verify each of the properties listed above.
Noticed an error in this presentation? Kindly send an email to [email protected] clearly
pointing out the error.

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