Scribd
Upload
26 views10 pages

L 01 - Ece 4121

The document provides an overview of Electromagnetics (EM), detailing its principles, applications, and the importance of understanding scalar and vector quantities in this field. It highlights various applications of EM in areas such as telecommunications, medicine, and agriculture, as well as the design of EM devices like transformers and antennas. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as position and distance vectors, essential for expressing EM concepts mathematically.

Uploaded by

robiul bogura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
26 views10 pages

L 01 - Ece 4121

The document provides an overview of Electromagnetics (EM), detailing its principles, applications, and the importance of understanding scalar and vector quantities in this field. It highlights various applications of EM in areas such as telecommunications, medicine, and agriculture, as well as the design of EM devices like transformers and antennas. Additionally, it introduces concepts such as position and distance vectors, essential for expressing EM concepts mathematically.

Uploaded by

robiul bogura
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 10

Electromagnetic Fields & Waves

ECE-4121

Fariya Tabassum
Assistant Professor, Dept. of Electrical & Computer Engineering
Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology, Rajshahi-6204 1
“Read! In the name of thy Lord
and Cherisher, Who created-”.
[Sura Al-’Alaq ]

2
Study Materials

❑ Elements of Electromagnetics
Matthew N. O. Sadiku

❑ Introduction to Electromagnetic Fields


Clayton r. Paul, Syed A. Nasar

❑ Field and Wave Electromagnetics


David K. Cheng

3
Electromagnetics (EM)

Electromagnetics (EM) is the branch of physics or


electrical engineering in which electric and magnetic
phenomena are studied.

4
Electromagnetics (EM)
EM principles find applications in various allied disciplines such as microwaves,
antennas, electric machines, satellite communications, bioelectromagnetics, plasmas,
nuclear research, fiber optics, electromagnetic interference and compatibility,
electromechanical energy conversion, radar meteorology and remote sensing. In
physical medicine, for example, EM power, either in the form of shortwaves or
microwaves, is used to heat deep tissues and to stimulate certain physiological
responses in order to relieve certain pathological conditions. EM fields are used in
induction heaters for melting, forging, annealing, surface hardening, and soldering
operations. Dielectric heating equipment uses shortwaves to join or seal thin sheets of
plastic materials. EM energy offers many new and exciting possibilities in agriculture. It
is used, for example, to change vegetable taste by reducing acidity.
5
Electromagnetics (EM)

EM devices include transformers, electric relays, radio/TV, telephone, electric motors,


transmission lines, waveguides, antennas, optical fibers, radars, and lasers. The design
of these devices requires thorough knowledge of the laws and principles of EM.

6
❑ A Scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.
▪ Quantities such as time, mass, distance, temperature and electric potential are scalars.
❑ A Vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.
▪ Vector quantities include velocity, force, displacement, and electric field intensity. To
distinguish between a scalar and a vector it is customary to represent a vector by a letter with
an arrow on top of it, such as 𝐴Ԧ and 𝐵 , or by a letter in boldface type such as A and B. A
scalar is represented simply by a letter—e.g., A, B, U, and V.

❑ A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region.

Vector analysis is a mathematical tool with which electromagnetic (EM) concepts are most
conveniently expressed

7
Unit Vector

A vector A has both magnitude and direction. The magnitude of A is a scalar written as A or |A|. A
unit vector 𝑎𝐴 along A is defined as a vector whose magnitude is unity (i.e., 1) and its direction is
along A, that is,
A A
𝑎𝐴 = =
|A| A

∴ A=A𝑎𝐴
which completely specifies A in terms of its magnitude A and its direction 𝑎𝐴 .

8
Position Vector

A point P in Cartesian coordinates may be represented by (x, y, z).

The position vector 𝑟𝑝 (or radius vector) of point P is as the directed distance from the origin O lo P;
i.e..

𝑟𝑝 = 𝑶𝑷 = 𝒙𝒂𝒙 + 𝒚𝒂𝒚 + 𝒛𝒂𝒛

Illustration of position vector 𝑟𝑝 = 𝟑𝒂𝒙 + 𝟒𝒂𝒚 + 𝟓𝒂𝒛

9
Distance Vector

The distance vector is the displacement from one point to another.

If two points P and Q are given by (𝑥𝑃, 𝑦𝑃 , 𝑧𝑃 ) and (𝑥𝑄, 𝑦𝑄 , 𝑧𝑄 ) the


distance vector (or separation vector) is the displacement from P
to Q as shown in Figure. That is

𝑟𝑃𝑄 = 𝑟𝑄 − 𝑟𝑃
= (𝑥𝑄 −𝑥𝑃 )𝒂𝒙 + (𝒚𝑄 −𝐲𝑃 )𝒂𝒚 + (𝒛𝑄 −𝐳𝑃 )𝒂𝒛

10

You might also like