2024 First International Conference on Software, Systems and Information Technology (SSITCON)

Smart Device Fall Detection System for Real-Time

Monitoring and Emergency Response for Specially
Abled Individuals
2024 First International Conference on Software, Systems and Information Technology (SSITCON) | 979-8-3503-5293-1/24/$31.00 ©2024 IEEE | DOI: 10.1109/SSITCON62437.2024.10796266

1st Rajesh N 2nd Ramachandra A C 3rd Viswanatha V

Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

4th Chathurima V 5th Pallavi V N 6th Swati Pujari

Department of ECE Department of ECE Department of ECE
Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology Nitte Meenakshi Institute of Technology
Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India Bengaluru, India
[email protected] [email protected] [email protected]

Abstract—Fall detection systems are essential for protecting algorithms have led to the development of more efficient
specially-abled individuals and the elderly, who face an wearable systems, providing continuous monitoring while
increased risk of injury due to falls. This paper presents the maintaining user privacy [5]. However, despite these
design and implementation of a Smart Device Fall Detection advancements, current systems still face challenges, including
System aimed at real-time monitoring and emergency response, high false positive rates and slow response times, limiting
supported by a dedicated Data Analysis Module for post-fall their real-world applicability [2].
analysis. The system integrates multiple sensors, including an
accelerometer, gyroscope, pressure sensor, cardiotachometer, This paper presents a Smart Device Fall Detection System
and GPS module, all connected through an ESP32 designed to address these limitations by providing real-time
microcontroller. It continuously monitors users’ movements monitoring and emergency response for specially abled
and physiological data, which are transmitted to the Blynk cloud individuals. The proposed system leverages the ESP32
service for analysis. The algorithm processes the sensor data to microcontroller and integrates multiple sensors, including an
detect fall events and trigger emergency alerts. The Data accelerometer, gyroscope, pressure sensor, cardiotachometer,
Analysis Module further analyzes fall data to extract patterns and GPS module, to detect falls with high accuracy. The
and trends, enhancing the understanding of fall incidents and collected data is wirelessly transmitted to the Blynk cloud
informing preventive measures. The proposed system was service, where machine learning algorithms process the sensor
evaluated through various fall and non-fall scenarios, achieving inputs to differentiate fall events from normal activities. The
an impressive accuracy of 97.9% and a response time of just 1.45
system also features a user-friendly mobile application for
seconds. Compared to existing solutions, this system
demonstrates enhanced performance in fall detection accuracy,
real-time monitoring, enabling caregivers to receive
sensitivity, and emergency response efficiency. Ultimately, the immediate alerts in the event of a fall.
Smart Device Fall Detection System, combined with the Data This research offers significant contributions in three key
Analysis Module, offers a practical and scalable solution to areas. First, it develops an integrated fall detection system
improve the safety and well-being of individuals at risk of falls, using a combination of advanced sensors and machine
paving the way for further advancements in fall prevention learning algorithms, achieving high precision in fall detection
technology.
with 97.9% accuracy. Second, it implements a cloud-based
Keywords—fall detection, wearable technology, real-time
monitoring and alert system that ensures real-time data
monitoring, specially abled individuals, emergency response. accessibility and quick emergency responses via GPS
tracking. Lastly, the system improves upon existing solutions
I. INTRODUCTION by reducing false positives, enhancing response times, and
offering a more user-friendly interface, thereby increasing its
Falls are a leading cause of injury and disability among
practical use for caregivers and individuals at risk of falls.
elderly and specially abled individuals, often resulting in
severe health complications such as fractures and head The remainder of this paper is organized as follows:
injuries, which may require immediate medical intervention. Section II provides a review of related works and
According to the World Health Organization, falls are the methodologies in fall detection systems. Section III describes
second leading cause of accidental injury deaths globally, the system architecture and mathematical models used in fall
particularly affecting vulnerable populations such as the detection. Section IV presents the results, including
elderly and individuals with physical disabilities [1][2]. As the performance metrics and a comparison with existing systems.
global population ages and the demand for effective Finally, Section V concludes the paper and outlines directions
healthcare solutions grows, fall detection systems have for future research.
become a critical component in safeguarding the well-being
of these at-risk groups [3]. Traditional fall detection II. RELATED WORKS
approaches, such as manual monitoring and camera-based Chen et al. [2] developed a three-stage low-complexity fall
systems, have limitations in terms of privacy concerns, detection method using impulse radio ultra-wideband (IR-
restricted mobility, and delayed response times [4]. Recent UWB) radar, achieving a detection accuracy of 94.2%. Their
advancements in sensor technologies and machine learning system effectively operates in diverse environments without

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 being affected by occlusion, though its reliance on specific Liu et al. [15] focused on precise measurement of physical
radar technology may limit broader applicability. Sheikh activities through smart activity sensors, achieving a high
Nooruddin et al. [5] conducted a comprehensive review of accuracy rate of 94%. Their work highlights the importance of
sensor-based fall detection systems, highlighting the diversity accurate data capture in fall detection systems; however, the
of technologies employed, including accelerometers and dependence on multiple sensors may complicate user
gyroscopes. They identified challenges such as false positives adoption. X. Chai et al. [16] addressed firefighter fall
and difficulties in real-time monitoring across different detection using machine learning algorithms deployed on the
settings, which underscores the need for further research and edge, emphasizing the critical need for timely detection in
development in this area. S. Kiran et al. [6] explored the hazardous environments, with a reported 93% detection rate.
physiological and environmental factors leading to falls The specialized nature of this application may limit its
through wearable sensors, emphasizing that proactive transferability to other fields. S. Ghosh and S. K. Ghosh [17]
monitoring could help prevent falls. Their findings proposed a federated learning framework for elderly
demonstrated the system's potential for risk assessment, healthcare monitoring, which emphasizes privacy
though the complexity of integrating various sensor preservation in data handling and facilitates personalized
modalities effectively poses limitations. systems while protecting user data. However, this approach
requires complex implementation and management.
Pereira et al. [7] introduced a flexible sensor suite
integrated into textiles for calcium ion and fall detection, Lin et al. [18] proposed a fall detection system using AI-
achieving an efficacy rate of 91% in real-time monitoring. The based edge computing, which enhances real-time processing
main advantages of this wearable technology include user and reduces the system’s dependency on cloud resources.
comfort and seamless integration into everyday clothing. Chang et al. [19] introduced a pose estimation-based fall
However, the complexity of the textile design may present detection approach leveraging AI edge computing, which
challenges in mass production. R. Jain and V. B. Semwal [8] improves the accuracy of detecting falls through body posture
presented a novel feature extraction method for pre-impact fall analysis. Nahian et al. [20] developed an accelerometer-based
detection utilizing deep learning techniques, achieving an fall detection system employing cross-disciplinary time series
accuracy rate of 92.5%. This illustrates the effectiveness of features to achieve better detection performance in elderly
machine learning in enhancing fall detection systems; monitoring. Rodrigues et al. [21] designed a fall detection
however, it requires substantial computational resources, system using wearable sensors and ultra-wideband (UWB)
which may not be feasible for all applications. F. A. S. Ferreira technology for ambient assisted living (AAL) environments,
de Sousa et al. [9] focused on a wearable pre-impact fall focusing on low-latency detection.
detection system based on a 3D accelerometer and user height,
reporting a significant reduction in false alarms when personal In summary, the reviewed literature demonstrates
data were included. This tailored approach to fall detection is significant advancements in fall detection technologies,
promising but may limit the system's applicability across emphasizing sensor-based systems, machine learning,
diverse user populations. S. Kianoush et al. [10] utilized a computer vision, IoT integration, and specialized applications.
Random Forest approach to body motion detection, Each approach presents unique advantages, such as improved
demonstrating an overall accuracy of 90% by combining accuracy, user comfort, and real-time monitoring. However,
multisensory fusion and edge processing. The main limitation limitations such as reliance on specific technologies,
is the requirement for extensive training data to achieve computational resource demands, and privacy concerns
optimal performance. persist. This highlights the need for continued innovation and
research to develop robust fall detection systems tailored for
Vishnu et al. [11] utilized motion vector modeling to real-time monitoring and emergency response for specially
analyze surveillance videos for fall detection, successfully abled individuals.
reducing false positives and emphasizing the potential of
computer vision in providing real-time monitoring III. PROPOSED METHOD
capabilities. Nonetheless, challenges such as privacy concerns This section outlines the proposed method for developing
and the need for consistent video quality remain. L. Wu et al. a Smart Device Fall Detection System aimed at providing
[12] explored human pose estimation techniques coupled with real-time monitoring and emergency response for specially-
constrained generative adversarial networks (GANs), abled individuals. The system is designed to utilize multiple
achieving an impressive accuracy of 95%. However, the sensors, including accelerometers, gyroscopes, pressure
complexity of their algorithm could hinder real-time sensors, and cardiotachometers. The methodology
applications and necessitate powerful hardware for incorporates signal processing, feature extraction, fall
implementation. T. Vaiyapuri et al. [13] proposed an IoT- detection algorithms, and data fusion to ensure high accuracy
enabled fall detection model that utilized deep learning for and reliability.
real-time monitoring, indicating that integrating cloud
technology-enhanced data accessibility and processing speed. A. System Architecture
Despite this, the reliance on constant internet connectivity The overall architecture (Fig.1) consists of several key
may limit the system's functionality in areas with poor components, each contributing to the functionality of the fall
network coverage. V. Divya and R. L. Sri [14] introduced a detection system.
Docker-based intelligent fall detection system using edge-fog
cloud infrastructure, effectively balancing local processing The architecture of the fall detection system consists of
with cloud capabilities to demonstrate improved operational several key components. It begins with a smart wearable
efficiency. However, the complexity of deployment and device that is equipped with sensors for continuous data
maintenance poses challenges. collection. This data is transmitted through a dedicated data
transmission module to the Blynk Cloud service, where it is
securely stored and analyzed. The Blynk Cloud service

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 facilitates real-time data analysis and enables seamless analysis module processes the collected data, executing
communication between the device and the user. A mobile advanced fall detection algorithms to ensure timely
application serves as the user interface, providing real-time emergency responses.
notifications and easy access to monitored data. Finally, a data

Fig. 1. System architecture

The core of the system is built around the ESP32 user’s heart rate and oxygen saturation, providing vital health
microcontroller, chosen for its low power consumption, data. Sudden fluctuations in heart rate or oxygen levels can
integrated WiFi, and Bluetooth capabilities, which enable indicate physical stress or a fall, which are key parameters for
seamless wireless data transmission to the Blynk cloud. The real-time monitoring. The GPS Module provides location
MPU6050 sensor combines a 3-axis accelerometer and a 3- tracking, enabling the system to determine the user's position.
axis gyroscope to measure linear acceleration and rotational This is critical for emergency response, as it allows first
motion, providing crucial data for fall detection. The heart rate responders or caregivers to locate the individual following a
sensor (MAX30102) monitors the user's pulse and oxygen fall. The pressure sensor detects changes in atmospheric
levels, adding a layer of health monitoring. A GPS module is pressure, which are useful for identifying altitude shifts, such
integrated to track the individual's location, which is critical as during a fall. A rapid decrease in pressure can indicate that
for dispatching emergency responders during a fall. In the individual has dropped suddenly, providing additional
addition, a pressure sensor is used to detect sudden changes in confirmation of a fall event. The cardiotachometer measures
atmospheric pressure that may indicate a fall, while the heart rate variability, capturing subtle changes in heart
cardiotachometer measures heart rate variability, which may rhythms. This data helps in detecting any cardiovascular stress
indicate physical stress or a potential emergency. or abnormal heart activity following a fall, which can be
critical in emergency situations.
B. Sensor Data Acquisition
The Sensor Data Acquisition process forms the foundation The ESP32 microcontroller facilitates wireless
of the Smart Device Fall Detection System, where real-time transmission of data from the wearable device to the Blynk
data is captured through a range of sensors embedded in the cloud. It integrates the data from all sensors and sends it to the
wearable device. These sensors are responsible for monitoring cloud for storage and further analysis, ensuring real-time
various physiological and motion parameters, which are monitoring. The data transmission process is efficient, with
critical for detecting falls and health anomalies in specially minimal latency, ensuring that fall alerts and health
abled individuals. information are available immediately on the mobile app or
web interface. The continuous stream of data from these
The MPU6050 (Accelerometer and Gyroscope) sensor sensors is pre-processed and analyzed to extract meaningful
captures motion data in the form of linear acceleration and features, such as sudden spikes in acceleration or abnormal
angular velocity along three axes. The accelerometer heart rate patterns. This sensor data acquisition process
measures sudden changes in speed and direction, which are ensures that the system is able to monitor the user’s condition
crucial in identifying abrupt movements associated with a fall. in real time, triggering immediate alerts in case of a fall or
The gyroscope, on the other hand, detects changes in health anomaly.
orientation, helping distinguish between normal movements
and potential falls. C. Signal Processing
Data collected from the sensors is subjected to
Accelerometer provides data on linear acceleration in 3D preprocessing to eliminate noise and improve the accuracy of
space, which helps detect sudden decelerations typical of a the fall detection algorithm. It is responsible for interpreting
fall. The resultant acceleration is calculated using (1). the raw data gathered from the sensors and transforming it into
actionable insights. This process involves several steps,
(1) including filtering, feature extraction, and analysis to identify
potential fall events and health anomalies. The raw data from
Gyroscope measures angular velocity, useful for capturing the sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope, heart rate sensor,
rotational motion. The resultant angular velocity is given pressure sensor, cardiotachometer) is often noisy and needs to
by (2). be cleaned before further analysis. To eliminate noise and
improve signal quality, we apply a low-pass filter, which
(2) smooths the high-frequency noise from the accelerometer and
gyroscope readings. This ensures the system can focus on
The Heart Rate Sensor (MAX30102) is an integrated pulse significant motion events like falls.
oximeter and heart rate sensor. It continuously measures the

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 The accelerometer readings are passed through a low-pass from each system type could yield the best results, enhancing
filter to reduce noise. The filter removes frequencies above a overall fall detection reliability and user satisfaction.
threshold, allowing smoother and more accurate movement
detection. Heart rate signals can exhibit rapid fluctuations due TABLE I. FALL DETECTION SYSTEMS
to noise. A moving average filter is used to smooth these System
signals and provide a clearer indication of heart rate trends. Sensors Features Classifiers
type
Once the data is filtered, critical features are extracted to Accelerometer Magnitude
SVM with one
determine if a fall has occurred. This includes detecting peaks classifier
Wearable
in accelerometer and gyroscope data that correlate with Tri-Axial Angular and
SVM
Accelerometer Magnitude
sudden impacts or changes in orientation. The following Floor vibration Threshold
features are extracted: acceleration magnitude, angular Piezoelectric
pattern based
velocity, vertical displacement, and heart rate variability. Ambient
Position of a Inactivity
KINECT
person detection
The magnitude of the acceleration vector is used to detect Restricted
sudden changes in motion. A significant spike in this value Binary image Boltzmann
Background
often indicates a fall. The angular velocity vector helps to Subtraction
with human as machines,
detect abnormal rotations or sudden changes in orientation. foreground Deep Belief
Vision
Falls often result in rapid changes in angular velocity, which networks
Change in
is analyzed to confirm fall events. Using data from the Contrast vision illumination,
Threshold
pressure sensor, we estimate changes in altitude that based
motion vector
correspond to sudden drops, typical of a fall. The
cardiotachometer tracks the user’s heart rate variability E. Implementation
(HRV). Sudden changes in HRV following a detected fall The implementation of the Smart Device Fall Detection
event may indicate physiological stress, such as an injury or System involves multiple components, including hardware,
shock. HRV is a strong indicator for the health condition data transmission, mobile applications, and machine learning
following a fall and is integrated into the decision-making algorithms, all integrated into a cohesive system. The
process. hardware setup (Fig.2) is built around the ESP32
microcontroller, which integrates several sensors to capture
D. Fall Detection Algorithm
different physiological and motion-related data from the user.
The system integrates the extracted features into a fall
detection algorithm, which uses a rule-based method The core of the fall detection system is a machine learning
combined with machine learning techniques for improved algorithm that classifies the user's movements as normal or
accuracy. The steps include: Threshold-based detection and fall events. The implementation of the machine learning
Machine Learning Classification. Accelerometer and model involves the following steps: Data Collection and
gyroscope signals are compared against pre-defined Preprocessing, Model Training, Model Deployment and
thresholds for sudden motion. For example, if the acceleration Threshold-Based Fall Detection. Sensor data is pre-processed
magnitude exceeds a threshold ℎ ℎ , and angular velocity and labeled based on fall and non-fall activities. This dataset
crosses ℎ ℎ , a fall event is triggered. Machine learning is used for training the machine learning model. A decision
models (trained using TensorFlow) are employed to tree classifier, built using the TensorFlow framework, is
differentiate between normal activities and falls. The system trained on the labeled data. The features used for classification
uses classification techniques like decision trees or SVMs, include acceleration magnitude, angular velocity, heart rate
trained with labeled fall and non-fall data, to improve variability, and vertical displacement. Once trained, the
detection accuracy. The features used by the classifier include: machine-learning model is deployed on the ESP32
Peak acceleration, Angular velocity changes, Vertical microcontroller. This allows the device to make real-time
displacement, and Heart rate variability changes. predictions based on the sensor data. In parallel, threshold-
based algorithms monitor acceleration and gyroscope data for
Once a fall event is detected, the system triggers an immediate fall detection. This hybrid approach ensures both
emergency response. An alert is immediately sent to real-time responsiveness and accurate classification.
caregivers or emergency services through the mobile app or
web interface. GPS coordinates are also transmitted, allowing
quick location of the individual in distress. The combined
signal processing pipeline ensures that the system can
distinguish between routine activities and dangerous falls,
providing an efficient and reliable solution for real-time fall
detection and health monitoring.
Each type of fall detection system (Table I) offers distinct
advantages and challenges. Wearable systems provide high
accuracy and immediate feedback but rely on user
compliance. Ambient systems offer continuous monitoring in
a non-intrusive manner but may struggle with accuracy in
varied environments. Vision-based systems excel in accuracy
and adaptability, but they come with privacy issues and
technical demands. Ultimately, the choice of system depends
on specific needs, such as the environment, user preferences, Fig. 2. Architecture of fall detection model
and desired accuracy. A hybrid approach combining elements

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 Implementation on data analysis system may be divided real-time data visualization before deployment. With
into two parts XAMPP, developers can easily debug and optimize the
application, ensuring that caregivers and users receive timely
1) Software framework: The system is implemented updates and notifications regarding the individual's health
using Python with libraries such as TensorFlow for machine status and fall incidents through a responsive and intuitive
learning, scikit-learn for performance metrics, and NumPy mobile interface
for numerical calculations.
2) Data analysis and model training: Data analysis is
conducted using Jupyter Notebook on a high-performance
computing setup (Intel® Xeon Gold 6430 with Nvidia L4
Tensor Core GPU). The model is trained using labeled
datasets consisting of fall and non-fall instances.
F. Data Transmission to Blynk Cloud
The data collected from the sensors is transmitted Fig. 4. XAMPP control panel
wirelessly to the Blynk Cloud, which serves as the central hub
for data storage and analysis. Utilizing the WiFi connectivity H. Emergency Response System
of the ESP32 microcontroller, the system effectively sends When a fall is detected, the system automatically triggers
real-time data over the internet at regular intervals, enabling an emergency response. This implementation includes several
continuous monitoring of the user’s activities and ensuring a critical features. First, automatic fall alerts are sent to
quick response to potential fall incidents. The Blynk Cloud not caregivers and emergency contacts through both the mobile
only stores this data but also retains historical records that can app and web interface, ensuring timely notifications. Along
be analyzed later for trends or anomalies, such as repeated with the alert, the user’s GPS location is transmitted, enabling
falls or abnormal heart rate patterns. Users and caregivers quick and accurate dispatch of help to the correct location.
benefit from remote access to this information through a Additionally, the mobile app includes a response confirmation
mobile application or web interface, providing real-time interface, allowing caregivers to acknowledge the alert and
updates on the individual's condition and enhancing the ability initiate follow-up actions, ensuring proper and coordinated
to track health metrics and respond promptly to concerning emergency response efforts.
changes, thereby improving overall safety and well-being.
This comprehensive implementation demonstrates the
G. Mobile App and User Interface system's ability to monitor, detect, and respond to falls in real-
A mobile application was developed to enable caregivers time, providing a crucial solution for the safety and well-being
or users to monitor the system's status and receive fall alerts of specially-abled individuals.
in real time. The app offers several key features, including
real-time monitoring that displays (Fig. 3) the individual’s IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
current status, such as heart rate, movement data, and location. The results of the fall detection system are based on
In the event of a fall, the app sends immediate notifications to extensive testing using various sensors, including the
caregivers, including GPS coordinates, facilitating a prompt accelerometer, gyroscope, heart rate sensor, pressure sensor,
emergency response. Additionally, the app provides data GPS module, and cardiotachometer. Data was collected from
visualization through graphs and tables, which present a series of controlled fall and non-fall scenarios to evaluate the
historical data on heart rate, motion, and detected falls, accuracy and responsiveness of the system. Below, we present
allowing for easy trend analysis and long-term health the performance metrics, results from data analysis, and
monitoring. comparisons with existing works in the literature.
To assess the system's performance, several key metrics
were employed. Accuracy measures the proportion of
correctly identified fall and non-fall events, reflecting the
overall reliability of the system. Precision focuses on the
system's ability to correctly identify only fall events,
minimizing false positives. Recall (Sensitivity) evaluates the
proportion of actual fall events detected, aiming to reduce
false negatives. The F1-Score provides a balanced measure by
calculating the harmonic mean of precision and recall. Lastly,
Response Time gauges the time taken by the system to detect
a fall and trigger an emergency alert, a critical factor in
ensuring timely intervention. Table II shows the calculated
Fig. 3. Login register pages in mobile application
performance of the system based on the collected test data.
XAMPP (Fig. 4) is utilized as a local server environment TABLE II. PERFORMANCE METRICS
to facilitate the development and testing of the web application
that interacts with the Blynk Cloud. By setting up XAMPP, Metric Value (%)
developers can create a PHP-based backend that handles data Accuracy 97.9
Precision 96.7
transmission from the sensor-equipped device to the Blynk Recall (Sensitivity) 98.5
Cloud, ensuring secure and efficient data flow. This local F1-Score 97.6
server supports the development of the mobile app's user Response Time (s) 1.45
interface, allowing for the simulation of cloud interactions and

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 In comparison to other fall detection systems reviewed in accelerometer data was analyzed for deviations beyond a
the literature, our system demonstrates competitive threshold value of 2.5g, indicative of a potential fall.
performance in both accuracy and response time. For instance, Similarly, the gyroscope data was used to detect rotational
the system presented by Isa et al. (2024) using fuzzy rules and changes beyond 60 degrees within a short time interval, which
IoT achieved an accuracy of 95.7% , which is comparable to is characteristic of falling motions. Table III illustrates
our system’s 97.9%. Our system has a faster response time, accelerometer and gyroscope readings during a fall event,
averaging 1.45 seconds, compared to the 2.3 seconds reported showcasing the distinct peaks in both sensor outputs.
by Vishnu et al. (2021).
TABLE III. ACCELEROMETER AND GYROSCOPE READINGS
Moreover, while systems like the one by Sousa et al.
(2022) focus on pre-impact fall detection with accelerometer Event Accelerometer (g) Gyroscope (deg/s)
Fall 2.5 - 3.0 35 - 75
and height, our system incorporates multi-sensor fusion to
Non-fall 1.2 25
increase reliability across various types of falls. This multi-
sensor approach, combining accelerometer, gyroscope, and
The machine learning models developed on this data
cardio tachometer data, ensures fewer false positives and
achieved a high accuracy of 97.9%, with TensorFlow used for
improves sensitivity to sudden changes in motion dynamics,
training the deep learning models. Our system's ability to
which is key to accurate fall detection.
analyze both rotational (gyroscope) and linear (accelerometer)
The raw sensor data was pre-processed using noise motion improves fall detection accuracy over existing single-
filtering techniques and features were extracted from the sensor models.
accelerometer and gyroscope readings. For instance,
TABLE IV. FALL DETECTION MODELS PERFORMANCE BASED ON THEIR PLACEMENT ON THE BODY
Model False Positive Rate (%) True Positive Rate (%) Accuracy (%) Precision (%) Recall (%)
Pouch (Waist) 0.32 99.68 96.92 94.6 100
Pocket 0.29 99.71 96.83 94.5 99.95
Hand 0.96 99.04 96.06 98.87 93.75
Stick 0.07 99.93 98.91 98.99 98.99

The performance of various fall detection models based on networks (CNN) and long short-term memory (LSTM)
their placement on the body is summarized in Table IV. the networks. This high accuracy is complemented by its
Stick model demonstrated superior performance in terms of integration with the Internet of Things (IoT), allowing for real-
accuracy and false positive rates, making it an effective choice time monitoring and immediate alerts to caregivers, thus
for fall detection. The Pouch (Waist) model excelled in recall, enhancing user safety and response times. Additionally, the
ensuring all falls were detected, while the Hand model, despite model incorporates a continuous learning mechanism,
a higher false positive rate, showed commendable precision. enabling periodic updates based on newly collected data,
Each model's effectiveness varies based on the application which ensures its performance improves over time.
context, and the choice of model should align with specific Furthermore, the model employs advanced feature extraction
user needs and scenarios. methods that combine traditional signal processing techniques
with data-driven approaches, providing a comprehensive
The data analysis model for the fall detection system analysis of fall events. Finally, the model includes a post-fall
showcases several key features that contribute to its analysis component, offering valuable insights into the
effectiveness and advanced functionality. Primarily, it circumstances and impacts of falls, thereby facilitating
achieves an impressive accuracy of over 97% by leveraging preventive measures and improving overall fall management
deep learning techniques, which include convolutional neural strategies.

TABLE V. COMPARISON OF FALL DETECTION MODELS

Study/Model Technique Used Sensors Used Data Processing Method Accuracy Key Features
1. CAUCAFall Dataset Study Machine Accelerometer, Feature extraction, Multiple fall scenarios;
95%
(Eraso et al., 2022) Learning Gyroscope Classification extensive dataset
Three-stage detection
2. Chen et al. (2022) IR-UWB Radar Radar 97% Low-complexity, non-intrusive
process
Fuzzy Logic + Real-time monitoring,
3. Tofik Isa et al. (2024) Wearable Sensors Fuzzy rule-based analysis 96%
IoT contextual awareness
Smart wearables for firefighting
4. Chai et al. (2021) Sensor Fusion Wearable Sensors Sensor data fusion 94%
scenarios
Wearable Pre-impact detection,
5. Kiran et al. (2024) Wearable Sensors 96% Focus on pre-impact fall causes
Sensors + ML feature extraction
Deep Learning + Accelerometer, Advanced feature IoT integration, real-time alerts,
6. Our Updated Model 98%
IoT Gyroscope extraction, CNN + LSTM periodic model updating

The Table V presents a comparative analysis of various metrics. Our updated model distinguishes itself with an
fall detection models, highlighting key performance metrics, accuracy exceeding 97%, reflecting the effectiveness of
methodologies, and features, including our model's advanced techniques and IoT integration. The table highlights
enhancements and superior accuracy. The comparison table the evolution of fall detection technologies, showing
provides an overview of various fall detection models, significant improvements in detection rates and real-time
detailing their key features, methodologies, and performance monitoring capabilities. These insights underscore the

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT random forest approach to body motion detection: multisensory fusion
We express our sincere gratitude to the Karnataka State and edge processing," IEEE Sensors Journal, vol. 23, no. 4, pp. 3801-
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97.9%, sensitivity of 95%, and specificity of 97%, along with "Precise measurement of physical activities and high-impact motion:
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