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The document provides information about the book 'Software Architecture by Example: Using C# and .NET' by Paul Michaels, including links for downloading and additional related titles. It outlines the book's content, which covers various software architecture problems and solutions using C# and .NET technologies. The book is structured into chapters that address specific problems, target architectures, and examples to illustrate concepts.

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5 views

Software Architecture by Example: Using C# and .NET 1st Edition Paul Michaels pdf download

The document provides information about the book 'Software Architecture by Example: Using C# and .NET' by Paul Michaels, including links for downloading and additional related titles. It outlines the book's content, which covers various software architecture problems and solutions using C# and .NET technologies. The book is structured into chapters that address specific problems, target architectures, and examples to illustrate concepts.

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Software
Architecture
by Example
Using C# and .NET

Paul Michaels
Foreword by Mark Richards
Software Architecture by
Example
Using C# and .NET

Paul Michaels
Foreword by Mark Richards
Software Architecture by Example: Using C# and .NET
Paul Michaels
Derbyshire, UK

ISBN-13 (pbk): 978-1-4842-7989-2 ISBN-13 (electronic): 978-1-4842-7990-8


https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4842-7990-8

Copyright © 2022 by Paul Michaels


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To my wife, Claire, who has always been on, and at, my side,
even when I have not.
And to my dad, who has understood and supported me in everything
that I’ve done from the minute I was born.
Table of Contents
About the Author����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xi

About the Technical Reviewer������������������������������������������������������������������������������� xiii


Acknowledgments���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xv

Introduction�����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xvii

Foreword����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������xxi

Chapter 1: The Ticket Sales Problem������������������������������������������������������������������������ 1


Background����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 2
Requirements�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 3
Options������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 4
Manual Process����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 4
Existing System����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 6
Existing System Considerations���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 7
Minimum Viable Product��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 8
Target Architecture������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 8
How to Deal with High Throughput������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 9
Widening the Funnel�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 10
Multiple Funnels�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 11
Message Queues������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 13
Message Brokers������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 14
Separation of Concerns��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 16
Target Architecture Diagram�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 17
Proxy�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 18
A Note on Cloud Vendors������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 19
Why Cloud?���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 20

v
Table of Contents

Examples������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 21
External APIs�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 21
Getting Ticket Availability������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 21
Ordering a Ticket������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 25
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 29

Chapter 2: The Cash Desk Problem������������������������������������������������������������������������ 31


Background��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Requirements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 32
Options���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 32
Manual Process��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 33
Target Architecture���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Audit�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 36
Event Sourcing���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 40
CQRS�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 46
Target Architecture Diagram�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 47
Examples������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 49
Persisting Events to Memory������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 49
Persisting Events to Disk������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 52
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 61

Chapter 3: The Travel Agent Problem��������������������������������������������������������������������� 63


Background��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 64
Requirements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 65
Options���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Manual Process��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 66
Transactions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 67
Distributed Transactions�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 71
Distributed Transaction with Timeout������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 74
Book and Cancel�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 75
Hold a Booking���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76

vi
Table of Contents

Advanced Purchase��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76
Business Decision����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 76
Target Architecture���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 77
Stateful Service��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Distributed Service���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Target Architecture Diagram�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 79
Examples������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 80
Project Structure������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 80
Service Bus Configuration����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 82
Coordinator���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 85
Summary������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 90

Chapter 4: The Social Media Problem�������������������������������������������������������������������� 93


Background��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 94
Requirements������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 94
Options���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 95
Manual Process��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 96
CQRS�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 97
Target Architecture�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 102
Examples���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104
Schema Creation����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 104
Updating the Database�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 105
Checking the Data��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Web Service������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 107
Accessing MongoDB������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 110
The Client���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 114
Process Data Service���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 118
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 122

vii
Table of Contents

Chapter 5: The Admin Application Problem���������������������������������������������������������� 125


Background������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 126
Requirements���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 126
Options�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 127
Manual Process������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 127
SOLID���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 129
Single Responsibility����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 130
Open-Closed������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 133
Liskov Substitution�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 136
Interface Segregation Principle������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 138
Dependency Inversion Principle������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 139
Methods of Extending Software������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 141
Hooks����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 141
Messages���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 142
Injection������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 145
Target Architecture�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 148
Examples���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149
Basic Functionality�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 149
Extensibility������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 154
Custom Functionality����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 156
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 157

Chapter 6: The Travel Rep Problem���������������������������������������������������������������������� 159


Background������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 160
Requirements���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 160
Options�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
Manual Process������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 161
Caching�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 162
Sidecar Pattern�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 163
Ambassador Pattern������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������ 164

viii
Table of Contents

Target Architecture�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 166


Containers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 167
Examples���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 168
Project Structure����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 169
TravelRep.CentralApi����������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 170
TravelRep.App���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 173
TravelRep.Ambassador�������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 174
Containers��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 182
Summary���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 196

Appendix A: Technical Appendix�������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199


C
 hapter 1���������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 199

Index��������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������������� 205

ix
About the Author
Paul Michaels is the Head of Development at musicMagpie.
He started his career as a professional software engineer
in 1997. Paul is a regular speaker, published author, and
Microsoft MVP. He enjoys programming, playing with new
technology, and finding neat solutions to problems. When
he’s not working, you can find him cycling or walking around
the Peak District, playing table tennis, or trying to cook for
his wife and two children. You can follow him on Twitter at
@paul_michaels or find him on LinkedIn. He also writes a
blog at http://pmichaels.net.

xi
About the Technical Reviewer
Kasam Shaikh is an Azure AI enthusiast, published author,
global speaker, community MVP, and Microsoft Docs
contributor. He has more than 14 years of experience in
the IT industry and is a regular speaker at various meetups,
online communities, and international conferences on Azure
and AI. He is currently working as Senior Cloud Architect for
a multinational firm where he leads multiple programs in the
Practice for Microsoft Cloud Platform and Low Code. He is
also a founder of the community named Dear Azure-Azure
INDIA (az-India) and leads the community for learning
Microsoft Azure. He owns a YouTube channel and website
and shares his experiences over his website
(www.kasamshaikh.com).

xiii
Acknowledgments
For this book, I have an absolute phone book of people to thank for their help.
Firstly, I have to thank my daughter, Abi, for all the artwork in the book.
Special thanks to Ash Burgess and Kevin Smith for putting up with impromptu
requests for a discussion or a review of an idea, and for Kev’s painstaking and repeated
explanations of event sourcing.
Thanks to Ian Curtis for reviewing my architectural diagram, and to James Little for
making me think so hard about architecture that a book seemed a good idea.
The travel industry is very complex, and I don’t think I could have landed in a better
place, where I had the expertise and advice of both David Hilton and Jagdip Ajimal.
When it came to containers, I found that what I was trying to do kept throwing up
roadblocks until Rob Richardson generously offered his time and expertise.
The examples in this book are based on my time working across industries and trying
to solve problems. I’ve been fortunate in my career to work with a number of very clever
and talented people. There are probably too many of these to mention, and while they
may not have directly helped with this book, I’d like to acknowledge their contribution.
Finally, I’d like to thank the team at Apress – especially Shrikant for dealing with the
various twists and turns that the book, and my life, has taken during its creation, and
Smriti for bringing me onto Apress in the first place.

xv
Introduction
All the code in this book is available from the following GitHub repo:

https://github.com/Apress/software-­architecture-­by-­example

Should you choose to follow along and create the solution for each chapter, it may be
helpful to have a clone of the code available for reference.

Note As I’ll be working on a Windows machine, what I do will only be tested on


Windows; however, again, this is software architecture, not software architecture
for Windows, so everything should also work on MacOS, Linux, or any other
modern OS: .Net is a cross-platform framework.

T echnology
Let’s quickly discuss the specific technologies that we’re going to choose and why.
Firstly, I will use Visual Studio to write all of the code samples in this book. You can
download the community edition of this here:

https://visualstudio.microsoft.com/vs/community/

You may also wish to use VS Code, which can be found here:

https://code.visualstudio.com/download

All of the applications that we create will be in .Net and written in C#. This choice
I made simply because it’s the language that I’m most familiar with; however, I don’t
believe there’s anything in here that couldn’t be translated to any other modern OO
development language; after all, architecture should be language agnostic. Most of the
principles are broader than a specific language and could apply to any language capable
of making HTTP calls.

xvii
Introduction

S
 etup
In this section, we’ll cover the basic setup that you’ll need to follow along with the code
samples. However, since this is predominantly a book on architecture, you should be
able to translate the concepts to any language.
Let’s cover a basic setup for those readers that wish to follow along.

T erminal
If you choose to use VS Code, you have a terminal built in; however, there are other
options.
Since you’re likely to be using Git, you can easily use git bash for the terminal
commands; you can download git for windows here:

https://gitforwindows.org/

Another possibility if you’re on Windows is the new (at least at the time of writing)
Microsoft Terminal. This can be found here:

https://aka.ms/terminal

Note This is, in fact, an open source product; you can find the source code for
it here:
https://github.com/Microsoft/Terminal

E xamples
The title of this book is Software Architecture by Example, so it will not surprise you to
learn that there are examples in each chapter. The purpose is to propose a problem,
suggest one or more solutions, and provide an example of how that solution might work
in reality.
What this doesn’t mean is that contained within the pages of this book are full,
complete, solutions to each problem. To illustrate my point by example, for the first
chapter, we address the problem of a business that sells tickets for concerts and festivals.

xviii
Introduction

In that chapter, there are code samples that will compile and run, but those samples are
for illustration purposes; there’s no website there, but I’ve made sure that each element
of the system is there by proxy – so the website will be simulated by a console app.

How to Use This Book


There are a number of ways that you may choose to use this book. Each chapter has
an explanation of an architectural principle, driven by the typical requirement that it
satisfies; once this has been explained, there is an example in each chapter.
All of the code for every chapter can be found here:

https://github.com/Apress/software-­architecture-­by-­example

You can choose to follow along and recreate the examples, or you can clone the
repo and simply view the code, or you may decide that you’re not interested in a specific
implementation, in which case, you can simply skip the examples altogether.

xix
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
covering army occupied a strong position, with its right at the Abbey
of St. Denis, and its left at Mamoy St. Pierre. The Prince of Orange
assembled his army, and after advancing several stages, he
encamped near the little river Senne, about seven miles from Mons;
and on the morning of the 14th of August, 1678, his Highness put
the troops in motion to attack the enemy.
The British Brigade, led by the Earl of Ossory, moved from its
camp along a difficult tract of country, until it came in front of a hill
occupied by the enemy's left wing, where it was destined to make its
attack, in conjunction with the Dutch Foot Guards. The signal for the
attack was given, when the British Grenadiers, springing forward
with lighted matches, threw a shower of hand-grenades, which,
bursting amongst the ranks of the enemy, did much execution. The
Musqueteers followed, and opening a sharp fire, were answered by
the volleys of the enemy; their fire was soon succeeded by the
charge of the Pikemen, who went cheering onward to the attack,
while the Musqueteers, drawing their swords, joined in the onset
with admirable spirit and resolution,—and the enemy gave way. One
attack was succeeded by another; the French, driven from field to
field, still rallied and returned to the fight. Pike to pike and sword to
sword, the combatants maintained a fierce conflict, while the hand-
grenades flew in every direction, and the heights of Castehau
presented a varied scene of turmoil and slaughter, in the midst of
which the Prince of Orange and the Duke of Monmouth appeared,
mixed with the combatants, and urging forward the storm of battle.
[5] A French captain levelled his pistol at the Prince, but General
D'Auverquerque killed the captain before he had time to fire, and
thus saved his Highness's life, for which service the States made him
a present of a valuable sword. Night at length put an end to the
fight, and the French afterwards made a precipitate retreat.
The regiment lost in this action Lieutenant-Colonel Archer,
Lieutenant Charlton, and about fifty men killed: also Major Hales,
Captain Charlton, Captain Coleman, Captain Floyd, Captain Dupuy,
Lieutenant Augerne, Lieutenant Marchany, Lieutenant Wilson, Ensign
Barnwell, Ensign Arnesby, and upwards of a hundred men wounded.
The loss in the other regiments of the Brigade was also equally
great.
In the mean time preliminary articles for a treaty of peace had
been agreed upon at Nimeguen; a cessation of hostilities took place
on the day after the battle; and the Brigade, after encamping a few
months in Flanders, marched to Holland, where it received the
thanks of the States-General for its meritorious services.
The restoration of peace was followed by a reduction in the
numbers of the Dutch Army; but the Prince of Orange, and the
States-General of the United Provinces, were so sensible of the
advantages they had derived from the services of the British troops,
that they were desirous of retaining the six regiments in their
service. A new treaty was concluded on this subject, and the States
agreed to send the regiments to England, whenever the King
required them to do so.

1679
1680

Colonel Wisely's regiment was marched to Grave, where it was


employed on garrison duty four years; and in 1680, its Colonel
having been drowned when on his passage to England, the
Colonelcy was conferred on Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Monk, of Sir
Henry Bellasis' regiment (now Sixth Foot).

1684

Upon the prospect of hostilities with France, in 1684, the regiment


marched from Grave, and was encamped for a short time near
Brussels, and afterwards on the banks of the Dender; but no war
breaking out, it proceeded into quarters at Mechlin.

1685

In the succeeding year the death of King Charles II. and the
accession of James II., a professed Papist, being followed by a
rebellion in Scotland, headed by the Earl of Argyle, and another in
England, headed by the Duke of Monmouth, the six British regiments
were applied for by the King, and they were accordingly embarked
for England under the command of the following officers:—
Colonel Thomas Monk,—now Fifth Foot.

{
Three English
Colonel Sir Henry Bellasis,—now Sixth Foot.
Regiments.
Colonel Alexander Cannon,—afterwards disbanded.
Colonel Kirkpatrick.

{
Three Scots
Colonel Sir Alexander Colyear.
Regiments.
Colonel Hugh Mackay.

The three Scots regiments were, in the first instance, ordered for
Scotland, but the rebellion in the North having been suppressed,
they landed at Gravesend on the 30th of June, 1685, and having
been reviewed on Blackheath by the King, marched through London
towards the West.[6] The three English regiments landed a few days
afterwards; but the rebel army having been defeated at Sedgemoor,
on the 6th of July, they encamped on Blackheath, and afterwards on
Hounslow Heath, where the Brigade was assembled and reviewed by
his Majesty, and the efficiency, discipline, and appearance of the
several corps, excited universal admiration.[7] The rebellion having
been suppressed, the six regiments returned to Holland, and were
again employed in garrison duty. The three English regiments were
on the English establishment from the 5th of June, to the 3rd of
August, 1685, and the Scots' regiments a few days longer.

1686
1687

The arbitrary proceedings of King James, with his advances


towards the subversion of the Protestant religion, occasioned much
anxiety to the Prince of Orange, who was married to the
presumptive heiress to the throne; at the same time, the King was
jealous of the attachment of the nation to his son-in-law, and in
1687 his Majesty demanded the return of the British regiments in
the Dutch service. The States-General, in concert with the Prince,
resolved not to part with these favourite corps, for whose services
they expected soon to have urgent occasion; at the same time they
laid no constraint upon the officers, but allowed them either to
remain in Holland or to return to England, at their own free choice.
Out of two hundred and forty officers,[8] only sixty[9] embraced the
latter alternative; the rest bound themselves "to stand by and
defend the Prince of Orange against all persons whatsoever."

1688
1689

The colonelcy of the regiment having become vacant by the death


of Colonel Monk, it was conferred by the Prince of Orange on
Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Tollemache,[10] formerly of the
Coldstream Guards.
The violent proceedings of the British Court at length occasioned
many of the nobility to solicit the Prince of Orange to come with an
armed force to their aid; and as the fate of all the other Protestant
States in Europe appeared to depend on the preservation of Great
Britain from Papal domination, the Prince and the States-General
acquiesced. Thus the six British regiments had the honourable and
glorious privilege of engaging in an enterprise for the deliverance of
their native land from the attempts to establish Popish ascendancy,
and the consequent chances of civil war. On receiving positive advice
of the preparations in Holland, "the King was speechless, and, as it
were, thunderstruck. The airy castle of a dispensing arbitrary power
raised by the magic spells of jesuitical councils vanished away in a
moment, and the deluded monarch, freed from his inchantment by
the approach of the Prince of Orange, found himself on the brink of
a precipice, whilst all his flatterers stood amazed and confounded."
[11] The King at length assembled an army of about 30,000 men,
and sent Lord Dartmouth to sea with the fleet.
FIFTH REGIMENT OF FOOT (NORTHUMBERLAND FUSILIERS) 1688.

The Prince of Orange's army, consisting of about 15,000 men, of


which "the most formidable were the six British regiments,"[12] put
to sea, after some delay from tempestuous weather, on the 1st of
November, 1688; "the trumpets sounding, the hautboys playing, the
soldiers and seamen shouting, and a crowd of spectators on the
shore breathing forth their wishes after them."[13] Sailing in three
divisions, the first, consisting of the English and Scots, commanded
by Major-General Mackay, under a red flag; the second, being the
Prince's Guards and the Brandenburgers, commanded by Count
Solms, under a white flag; and the Dutch with a corps of French
Protestants, commanded by the Count of Nassau, under a blue flag:
they passed triumphantly through the British Channel and landed on
the Devonshire coast on the 5th of November. Colonel Tollemache's
regiment (the Fifth) landed at Brixham key, two miles from
Dartmouth, from whence it marched to Exeter and afterwards to
Honiton, where, on the night of the 13th, it was joined by a number
of men of the Earl of Oxford's and Duke of St. Alban's regiments of
horse, and of the Royal Regiment of Dragoons, who had quitted the
service of King James to espouse the national cause. These
desertions were followed by others of a more important character;
and King James, discovering that his army would not be subservient
to his designs against the kingdom, fled to France, William and Mary,
Prince and Princess of Orange, were solicited to ascend the throne;
and thus the Revolution was happily effected without that sacrifice
of human life which such events usually occasion. Colonel
Tollemache's regiment had, in the mean time, marched to the
vicinity of London, and it afterwards proceeded into quarters in the
western counties. It was now permanently placed on the English
establishment, and taking date from the 5th of June, 1685, the day
on which it first received pay from the British crown, as before
stated, it obtained rank as Fifth Regiment of Foot in the British Line.
Colonel Tollemache having been promoted to the command of the
Coldstream Guards, the Colonelcy of the Fifth was conferred on
Lieutenant-Colonel Edward Lloyd, by commission dated the 1st of
May, 1689; and in the following month the regiment marched from
the west of England for London, and was quartered in Southwark
until October, when it embarked at Deptford and Greenwich for
Plymouth, and in December marched into Cornwall, with detached
companies in Devonshire.

1690

In the mean time Ireland had become the seat of war, and King
James was at the head of the Roman Catholics, and a French
auxiliary force, in that kingdom, while the Duke of Schomberg
commanded the Irish Protestants and English troops; and in the
spring of 1690 the Fifth Foot was ordered thither. The regiment,
accordingly, proceeded to Bristol, where it embarked; and having
landed at Belfast on the 20th of April, marched to Lisburn, and
encamped near the banks of the Lagan until the 9th June, when it
proceeded to Armagh and erected its tents on the undulating
grounds in that neighbourhood, where an encampment was formed
of four regiments of English infantry, with three regiments of Danish
horse and eight of foot.
King William having arrived in Ireland, the regiment marched to
Dundalk, where the army was assembled; and on the 1st of July the
enemy was attacked in his position on the banks of the river Boyne.
The Fifth was in Brigadier-General Trelawny's brigade, and by its
gallant conduct it contributed to the signal victory gained on this
occasion. The enemy evacuated Dublin a few days after the battle,
when the regiment was ordered to proceed thither, and it remained
in garrison in that city during the remainder of the campaign.

1691

The regiment left Dublin in the early part of 1691, and in April it
was stationed at Mountmelick. The troops quartered in that
neighbourhood were frequently disturbed by bands of armed Roman
Catholic peasantry, called Rapparees, who concealed themselves in
the day-time, and at night prowled about the country, committing
every description of depredation: to check these proceedings, a
detachment of 200 men of the Fifth, commanded by Major Rider,
with 100 men of Lord George Hamilton's regiment, and 50 troopers
of Colonel Byerley's Horse,—now 6th Dragoon Guards,—the whole
commanded by Major Wood,[14] marched out of Mountmelick at nine
o'clock on the evening of the 4th of May, and, dividing themselves
into several small parties, they traversed the woods and bogs for
several miles, frequently encountering lurking parties of the enemy,
whom they attacked, killing seventy men and capturing a quantity of
cattle, which Major Wood sent to Mountmelick under a guard of
thirty men. The remainder continued their search until about ten
o'clock on the following day, when Major Wood, with one party of 34
horsemen, and 30 foot, discovered two battalions of the enemy's
regular army of about 400 men each, marching silently between the
wood and mountains, not far from Castle-Cuff; at the same time the
enemy espied Major Wood and his little detachment. The English,
with a noble bearing and audacity, formed up in a ploughed field to
oppose this formidable host, and the Irish instantly sent forward
their grenadiers to commence the attack, but perceiving the
undaunted countenance of the detachment, they halted at a
distance. A sharp firing was at this instant heard beyond the forest,
and Major Wood, apprehending that the party with the cattle was
attacked, proceeded to its assistance; but Lieutenant Ellis and the
thirty foot, behaved like valiant men; and, having repulsed a superior
force, effected their retreat with the booty. The firing had brought a
detachment of 80 men of the Fifth from the opposite side of the
forest, and Major Wood, having now 34 horsemen and 110 foot with
him, resolved, notwithstanding the disparity of numbers, to attack
the enemy's column. He accordingly divided his foot into two parties,
and directed them to attack the enemy in front, while he himself
with the horse made a short compass to gain the enemy's rear. This
gallant little band, advancing boldly against the enemy's masses,
commenced the attack with a fury and resolution which the Irish
could not withstand, and they attempted to retreat; but at that
moment Major Wood with his thirty-four troopers came galloping
from amongst the trees and charged the flank of the column with
admirable courage and resolution; the heavy horse, breaking
through the ranks, trampled down the Irish in a terrible manner. The
column was now become a confused rabble, scattered in wild
disorder, and cut down by the English horsemen on every side; while
the English foot, slinging their muskets and drawing their swords,
joined in the pursuit and chased the enemy a considerable distance.
One hundred and fifty of the Irish were killed on the spot; and 1
major, 5 captains, 9 lieutenants, 2 ensigns, 1 adjutant, 1 surgeon, 6
serjeants, 17 corporals, 3 drummers, and 82 private men, were
made prisoners; 150 muskets were also collected, which the Irish
had thrown away to facilitate their flight. "And all this was done by
110 of our foot and 34 horse. With the foot were Major Rider,
Captain Nenny, Captain Dixey, Lieutenant Barton, and Ensign Russel.
With the horse, were Cornet Jocelyn, Cornet Hasleton, and Adjutant
Robinson, with Quarter-masters Davies and Cadford; who all, both
horse and foot, behaved extremely well, and with the loss only of
one corporal killed, and Adjutant Robinson, with two foot soldiers
and one trooper, wounded[15]."
On the 12th of May, another party of the regiment was out
scouring the woods, when 18 Rapparees were killed and several
made prisoners.
In June, the Fifth advanced with the army to Athlone, and took
part in the siege, which was commenced on the 19th of that month:
on the 30th the Grenadier company formed part of the storming
party commanded by Major-General Mackay. The attack was made
at six in the evening, when the forlorn hope, consisting of Captain
Sandys, with 2 Lieutenants and 60 Grenadiers, all in armour, entered
the Shannon, which was breast high, under a sharp fire, and were
followed by the remainder of the storming party, who passed, some
at the bridge of boats, and others by planks laid across the broken
arches of the stone bridge. The party, having gained the opposite
shore, threw forward a shower of hand-grenades, which put the
Irish in confusion; then gallantly ascending the breaches forced their
way through every obstacle, and in less than half an hour were
masters of the town, with the loss of only 12 men killed, and 5
officers with 30 men wounded; but the enemy had about 500 men
killed. Colonel Lloyd was appointed Governor of Athlone, and when
the army advanced, the Fifth, and Lieutenant-General Douglas's
regiments, were left in garrison; and the battering train was left in
their charge.
After the battle of Aghrim, when the army was about to besiege
Limerick, the Fifth, and a party of Militia, were ordered to advance
with the heavy artillery; they, accordingly, left Athlone on the 12th of
August, and joined the army at Cariganless on the 16th. The siege
was commenced a few days afterwards, and the Fifth was actively
employed until the surrender of the place on the 3rd of October. This
conquest terminated the war in Ireland, and the regiment, being
immediately ordered to embark for England, landed at Highlake,
near Chester, on the 29th of December, from whence it marched to
Nottingham, Derby, and other inland towns, where it commenced
recruiting its numbers.

1692

Three weeks, however, only elapsed before it was ordered to


march to London, where it remained but a few days, and towards
the end of February 1692 embarked for Flanders to join the army of
the Allies, who were engaged in a war with France. The regiment
was scarcely placed in cantonments in West Flanders, when the King
of France assembled about 20,000 men near La Hogue, and ordered
his fleet to prepare to convey them to England, with the view of
replacing King James on the throne; the Second, Fifth, and
Fourteenth regiments of Foot were consequently ordered to return:
and these corps, having landed at Greenwich in the early part of
May, were stationed along the southern coast. In the mean time the
British and Dutch fleets had put to sea, and while England and
France were gazing, in anxious expectation, at these preparations,
the French fleet sustained a decisive defeat off La Hogue, and the
alarm of invasion vanished. The Fifth continued in extensive
cantonments near the coast until October, when it marched to
Portsmouth to perform duty in that garrison.
1693

During the summer of 1693 the regiment was embarked on board


the fleet, and, proceeding with an expedition to Martinico, it effected
a landing, drove the enemy's troops from the coast, and laid waste
several French settlements on that Island. In the autumn it landed at
Portsmouth and marched into cantonments in Berkshire and
Buckinghamshire.
The severe loss sustained this summer by the Allies at the battle
of Landen, occasioned a strong reinforcement to be sent to Flanders
during the winter, and the Fifth was one of the regiments selected
for foreign service. It accordingly embarked at Greenwich and
Deptford in December, and, after landing at Ostend, marched to
Sluys, a fortified town situated on an arm of the sea, where the
regiment remained several months.

1694

After leaving Sluys in the middle of May, 1694, the regiment


pitched its tents on the levels near Ghent, and afterwards at
Tirlemont in South Brabant, forming part of the army commanded by
King William III. in person. On the 15th of June it was detached,
with other corps, to take post near the Abbey of Lenthen. During the
subsequent part of the campaign it was employed in several military
operations, and in the autumn marched into barracks at Bruges. The
death of its Colonel having taken place on the 26th of August, his
Majesty conferred the vacant Colonelcy on Lieutenant-Colonel
Thomas Fairfax, by commission dated the 6th of November, 1694.

1695

After remaining in garrison at Bruges until the 25th of May, 1695,


the Fifth took the field and was encamped a short time on the
verdant plains near the river Lys; and when King William undertook
the siege of the strong fortress of Namur, the regiment formed part
of the covering army commanded by the Prince of Vaudemont.
While the King was carrying on the siege, a French force of
superior numbers, commanded by Marshal Villeroy, advanced to
attack the covering army. On the evening of the 14th of July the
Allies were formed in order of battle; the immense columns of the
enemy were seen in the open grounds in their front, and the hostile
armies passed the night under arms, expecting to engage at the
break of day; at the same time the French had detached a division
under Monsieur de Montal to turn the right flank of the allied army.
This occasioned the Prince to order a retreat, which he masked with
excellent judgment: the cavalry advancing to the front, the dragoons
dismounting and forming on foot; while the artillery, and infantry
with their pikes trailed, quietly withdrew. The enemy, anticipating
success, prepared for the attack; but in a moment, the British
dragoons, retiring a few paces, mounted their horses, and when the
enemy thought to have commenced the battle, the skeleton
squadrons withdrew; presenting to the surprised French the magic
spectacle of what appeared to be an army vanishing out of sight.
The enemy's cavalry galloped forward in pursuit; but the Allies
continued their retreat in good order, and at six o'clock on the
morning of the 16th were in position in front of Ghent.
The Fifth was afterwards engaged in a series of manœuvres for
the preservation of the maritime towns of Flanders, and for the
protection of the troops before Namur. In the early part of August it
was encamped between Genappe and Waterloo, and subsequently
before Namur, which capitulated on the 22nd of August. From
Namur the regiment marched to Nieuport, and encamped on the
sand-hills near that town; and, remaining in the field until late in the
season, when the weather was particularly wet and cold, the men
were ordered to build straw huts; but towards the end of October
they marched to Bruges.

1696

On the 12th of May, 1696, the regiment marched out of the


barracks at Bruges, and encamped behind the banks of the canal
near the town. During the campaign of this year its services were
limited to the protection of Ghent and Bruges from an attack which
the French commanders made several demonstrations of a design of
making on these towns; and it passed the winter in its former
station at Bruges.

1697

From Bruges, the regiment marched, in the spring of 1697, to


Brussels; and on the 12th of April proceeded through the forest of
Soigne and pitched its tents near the village of Waterloo, where an
encampment was formed of twelve regiments of infantry under the
Count de Noyelles. The Fifth was subsequently employed in a series
of defensive operations until September, when the war was
terminated by the treaty of Ryswick; and, being ordered to return to
England immediately afterwards, it landed in December,—eight
companies at Greenwich and two at Dover.

1698

The regiment remained but a short time in England before it was


ordered to proceed to Chester, where it embarked for Ireland, and in
August, 1698, it arrived at Dublin.

1704

On the 5th of February, 1704, Queen Anne appointed Colonel


Thomas Pearce from a newly-raised regiment of foot (afterwards
disbanded) to the Colonelcy of the Fifth in succession to Thomas
Fairfax.

1706
1707

During the early part of the war of the Spanish succession, this
regiment was stationed in Ireland; but the united English, Dutch,
and Portuguese armies having, in 1706, advanced to Madrid, the
enemy cut off their communication with Portugal; the troops retired
from Madrid to Valencia and Catalonia, and from that period their
only communication with Portugal was by sea. At the same time it
was found necessary to have a small army on the frontiers of
Portugal, and the Fifth, Twentieth, Thirty-ninth, and a newly-raised
regiment commanded by Colonel Stanwix, having been selected for
this service, sailed from Cork on the 22nd of May, 1707, and landed
at the capital of Portugal on the 8th of June[16]. This seasonable
reinforcement arriving soon after the defeat of the allied army at
Almanza, in the south-east of Spain, and at the moment when the
enemy, having captured Serpa and Moura in the Alentejo, had seized
on the bridge of Olivenza in Portuguese Estremadura, and menaced
that important place with a siege, its presence revived the drooping
spirits of the Portuguese. The four regiments, being the only British
troops in that part of the country, were disembarked with every
possible expedition, and marched to the frontiers under the
command of the Marquis de Montandre, when the enemy
immediately ceased to act on the offensive and retired[17]. The four
regiments, having halted at Estremos, a strong town of the Alentejo,
situate on an agreeable tract on the Tarra, remained in this pleasant
quarter during the summer heats, and afterwards encamped in the
fruitful valley of the Caya near Elvas, having detached parties on the
flanks to prevent the enemy making incursions into Portugal, in
which service the regiments were engaged until November, when
they went into quarters in the towns on the frontiers of Portugal.

1708

The regiment again took the field in the spring of 1708, and was
encamped at Fuente de Sapatores between Elvas and Campo Mayor.
The British division was soon afterwards increased to six regiments,
by the arrival of the Thirteenth[18] and a newly-raised regiment
(Paston's) from England; and the little army in the Alentejo was
commanded by the Marquis de Fronteira; but the characteristic
inactivity of the Portuguese occasioned the services of the Fifth to
be limited to defensive operations. It was encamped in the autumn
at Campo Mayor, and afterwards proceeded into cantonments.
1709

After moving from its quarters in the spring of 1709, the regiment
was again engaged in active operations. It was first encamped near
Estremos, from whence it proceeded on the 23rd of April to Elvas,
and was subsequently encamped with the army on the banks of the
Caya, where the Earl of Galway, who had been removed from the
army in Catalonia, appeared at the head of the British division.
On the 7th of May the French and Spaniards, commanded by the
Marquis de Bay, marched in the direction of Campo Mayor, when the
Portuguese generals, contrary to the advice of the Earl of Galway,
resolved to pass the Caya and attack the enemy. The Portuguese
cavalry and artillery took the lead, and, having passed the river and
gained the opposite heights, opened a sharp cannonade; but upon
the advance of their adversaries to charge, these squadrons faced
about and galloped out of the field, leaving their cannon behind. The
British division, arriving at the moment, repulsed the enemy; and the
leading brigade, consisting of the Thirteenth, Stanwix's, and
Galway's regiments, commanded by Brigadier-General Thomas
Pearce, charging with great fury, recaptured the Portuguese guns;
but the three regiments, pressing forward too far, were surrounded
and made prisoners, and with them Major-Generals Sankey and the
Earl of Barrymore, and Brigadier-General Thomas Pearce, fell into
the hands of the enemy[19]. At the same time the Fifth, Twentieth,
Thirty-ninth, and Lord Paston's regiments, though deserted by the
whole of the cavalry, made a determined stand, bearing the brunt of
the enemy's reiterated attacks with admirable firmness, until the
Portuguese infantry had retired; then moving to the rear in firm
array—while the balls flew thick on every side, and the Earl of
Galway's horse was shot under him,—the enemy coming on in full
career, threatening the destruction of this little band; yet, with ranks
unbroken and steady tread, these undaunted English calmly retraced
their steps—exhibiting one of the most noble spectacles of war,—and
occasionally punishing the temerity of their pursuers with a cool and
deliberate resolution which laid a thousand Spaniards dead upon the
field[20], and impressed the enemy, and also the Portuguese, with a
sense of British courage and magnanimity. Thus they effected their
retreat, with the loss of only one hundred and fifty men killed and
wounded, and passed that night at Arronches.
The Fifth acquired great honour by its signal gallantry on this
occasion. It was afterwards encamped at Elvas, was subsequently in
position on the banks of the Guadiana, and again passed the winter
in cantonments in the Alentejo.

1710

The casualties of the preceding campaign having been replaced by


recruits from England, the Fifth again took the field in the spring of
1710, and was employed in the Alentejo; but the army was weak
and unequal to any important undertaking, and the French having
had some success in the province of Tras os Montes, occasioned a
detachment to be sent thither. In the autumn the army advanced
across the Guadiana, and on the 4th of October arrived at the rich
plains of Xeres de los Cabaleros on the river Ardilla in Spanish
Estremadura. It was resolved to attack this place by storm on the
following day, and the Fifth, Twentieth, and Thirty-ninth, British
regiments, having been selected to perform this service under the
command of Brigadier-General Stanwix[21], advanced at four in the
afternoon to attack the works near St. Catherine's gate by escalade:
a few minutes after the regiments had commenced the assault, the
governor sent proposals to surrender, which were agreed to, and the
garrison, consisting of 700 men, were made prisoners of war. The
army afterwards retired to Portugal by the mountains of Orlor, and
went into quarters. This summer the army on the other side of Spain
gained two victories, and advanced to Madrid, when the most
pressing instances were made by King Charles III. and General
Stanhope, to induce the army of Portugal to advance upon the
Spanish capital; but the Portuguese generals were unwilling to
engage in so great an undertaking.
1711

During the campaign of 1711, the Fifth formed part of the army
which assembled at Olivenza in May, and, having passed the
Guadiana by a pontoon bridge at Jerumencha, advanced against the
enemy, who took refuge under the cannon of Badajoz. The Fifth was
afterwards engaged in the capture of several small towns, and in
levying contributions in Spanish Estremadura; but the summer
passed without any occurrence of importance, excepting a discovery
made by the Earl of Portmore, who commanded the British troops in
Portugal, of a clandestine treaty in progress between the crown of
Portugal and the enemy, in which the former had agreed to separate
from the Allies; and, to give an excuse for this, a mock battle was to
have been fought, in which the British troops were to have been
sacrificed[22]. This treaty was broken off, but the British Government
soon afterwards entered into negotiations with France.

1712

The Fifth continued in Portugal, and was encamped during the


summer of 1712 on the pleasant plains of the Tarra. In the autumn a
suspension of hostilities was proclaimed at the camp by Major-
General Pearce, and the regiment went into cantonments.

1713

From Portugal, the regiment proceeded to Gibraltar, which fortress


had been captured by an English and Dutch force in 1704, and was
ceded to Great Britain in 1713 by the treaty of Utrecht, when the
Earl of Portmore was appointed Governor; and the protection of the
place was confided to the Fifth, Thirteenth, and Twentieth
regiments. Here the regiment remained in garrison for a period of
fifteen years; its establishment was 500 men, and it became as
celebrated for its excellent conduct in time of peace, as it had been
distinguished for its noble bearing and gallantry in war.

1726
The crown of Spain had relinquished its claim on Gibraltar with
reluctance, and having, towards the end of 1726, resolved to engage
in a war with Great Britain, a Spanish army was assembled in
Andalusia under the command of the Count de la Torres, to
commence hostilities with the siege of this desirable entrepôt to the
Mediterranean. This gave the Fifth another opportunity of signalizing
itself, and of adding to its honours already acquired,—the proud
distinction of a successful defence of this important conquest.

1727

The preparations of the enemy were made upon a most extensive


scale. Their troops were encamped before the place in January,
1727, the bringing up of cannon, mortars, and stores to the camp,
occupied several weeks, and the heavy artillery was removed from
the works at Cadiz and other fortified towns; at the same time the
whole disposable force, including part of the garrison of almost
every town in Spain, was assembled to take part in the siege. The
works having been commenced in February, before any declaration
of war was made, and persisted in against the remonstrance of the
Lieutenant-Governor, Colonel Jasper Clayton, a council of war of the
commanding officers of regiments was assembled, and a determined
opposition was resolved upon. On the 21st of February the garrison
opened its fire on the besiegers, and from that day the storm of war
raged round the rocks of Gibraltar with dreadful violence, increasing
in fury until the roar of a hundred cannon and the fire of small arms
became almost incessant in the day-time, and was partially
continued throughout the night, with the most fatal effects to the
Spaniards, whose loss was particularly great. This contest was
continued with a few partial intermissions until many thousands of
the besiegers had perished in the attempt; while the tremendous fire
of the Spaniards had produced little effect beyond the bursting of
many of their own cannon, and the enlarging of the touchholes of
others so as to render them useless. In the early part of June the
fire slackened, and on the 18th of that month hostilities ceased.
Thus the ostentatious vaunts of Spain terminated in defeat and
confusion.

1728

The Fifth embarked from Gibraltar on the 12th of April, 1728, and
proceeded to Ireland, in which country it remained seven years.

1732

In September 1732, General Thomas Pearce, who had


commanded the regiment for twenty-eight years, was removed to
the Fifth Horse, now Fourth Dragoon Guards, and was succeeded by
Colonel John (afterwards Sir John) Cope from the Thirty-ninth
regiment.

1735
1737

The regiment left Ireland in 1735, and was stationed in England in


that and the following year; but in 1737 it again proceeded to
Ireland. At the same time Colonel Cope was removed to the Ninth
Dragoons, and the Colonelcy of the Fifth was conferred on
Alexander Irwin.

1738

A period of seventeen years was now passed by the regiment in


Ireland, where it continued to retain its high state of discipline and
efficiency, and preserved untarnished the laurels it had previously
won.

1752
1754

After the decease of Colonel Irwin, in 1752, the command of the


regiment was given to Charles Whiteford; who was succeeded on
the 20th of August, 1754, by Lord George Bentinck.
1755

In the spring of 1755, the regiment left Ireland, and was


quartered in England; and in September of that year it had the
honour to receive King George II. at Chelmsford, on his way from
Harwich to London.

1756
1758

The regiment remained in the south of England during the two


succeeding years; and in 1758, another war having broken out, it
formed part of an expedition designed to effect the reduction of the
maritime power of France, and to make a diversion in favour of the
Hanoverians. It accordingly proceeded to the Isle of Wight,—the
general rendezvous,—embarked at Cowes eight hundred and eighty-
eight men strong on the 25th of May, and its grenadier company was
the first to make good its landing on the coast of France on the
evening of the 5th of June, when seven companies of French foot,
and three troops of dragoons, were quickly dispersed. On the 7th
the army advanced in two columns;—the Fifth, taking the main road
to St. Maloes, encamped in the evening about a mile from the town,
and after sunset furnished, in common with the other regiments, a
detachment, which, proceeding to the harbour, set fire to the
shipping, magazines, &c., when a grand yet dreadful scene of
conflagration presented itself. Having destroyed a valuable fleet and
all the stores, the troops re-embarked and returned to England.
In August of the same year, the Fifth was engaged in a second
expedition to the coast of France, when Cherbourg was captured,
and the harbour, forts, magazines, and ordnance, consisting of 173
pieces of iron cannon and 3 mortars, were destroyed: at the same
time 22 pieces of fine brass cannon, and two brass mortars, were
brought off as trophies, and sent to England; and these guns, having
been seen by King George II. in Hyde Park on the 16th of
September, were conducted in procession through the city to the
Tower of London.
The Fifth was also engaged in the descent made on the coast of
Brittany on the 4th of September, when the batteries in the bay of
St. Lunaire were destroyed, and the troops, marching into the
interior, crossed the Drouette and Equernon, and advanced to
Matignon, while the fleet proceeded to the Bay of St. Cas; thus
alarming the country with the view of producing the return of the
French army from Germany. While the Fifth was in France, some
sharp skirmishing occurred, and when the troops re-embarked at St.
Cas, the enemy attacked the rear-guard and occasioned considerable
loss. The loss of the Fifth in these three descents was ninety-five
men. Towards the end of September the regiment landed at Cowes,
and, having encamped a short period near Newport, went into
quarters.

1759

The decease of Lord George Bentinck having occurred in 1759,


Studholme Hodgson was appointed to the Colonelcy of the Fifth,
from the 50th regiment.

1760

In the mean time the war was continued in Hanover and the
neighbouring States, and the Fifth, having been ordered to proceed
to Germany, embarked at Gravesend on the 12th of May, 1760, and
arrived in the Weser on the 22nd of that month. After landing near
Bremen, the regiment marched up the country, and joined the allied
army commanded by Ferdinand Duke of Brunswick, at Fritzlar in
Hesse-Cassel, on the 17th of June; when the grenadier company
was detached to form, with the grenadier companies of the other
regiments, two Battalions, which, being united in Brigade with the
Scots Highlanders, usually formed the advance-guard of the army.
The regiment, after being employed in several manœuvres,
formed part of the corps commanded by the hereditary Prince of
Brunswick, which marched on the 10th of July to take post on the
heights of Corbach; but found the ground occupied by the enemy in
force; when a sharp skirmish occurred in which the Fifth lost five
men.[23]
Towards the end of July the regiment was encamped at Kalle. At
11 o'clock on the night of the 30th of that month it marched with
the main army for Liebenau, and, having crossed the Dymel,
advanced at five on the following morning to attack the enemy in his
position on the heights of Warbourg.
The German corps and British grenadiers in advance having
commenced the action, the French retired before the English infantry
arrived. "No troops could show more eagerness than they showed.
Many of the men, from the heat of the weather, and overstraining
themselves to get on through morasses and difficult ground,
suddenly dropped down on their march.[24]" The grenadier company
of the Fifth, being in the column which commenced the attack,
highly distinguished itself[25], and had four men killed, and Captain
Ross, Lieutenant Baker, and twenty-six men, wounded.
The regiment remained for some time encamped near Warbourg;
and the grenadier company, being encamped on the heights of
Wilda, was engaged, on the night of the 5th of September, in
surprising a French force in the town of Zierenberg, which service
was performed with distinguished gallantry and success. The
grenadiers were afterwards detached to the Lower Rhine, and were
engaged in the attempt to surprise the enemy's camp at Rheinberg
on the morning of the 16th of October, when a sharp action was
fought at the Convent of Campen, in which the company of the Fifth
lost several men. In December the regiment left the camp at
Warbourg, and went into cantonments in the villages on the bank of
the Weser.

1761

In February, 1761, it again advanced, and, having crossed the


Dymel, proceeded through a deep snow into Hesse-Cassel, where it
had great success in several actions with the enemy; but returned to
its former quarters in March.
The regiment again took the field in June, forming part of the
Marquis of Granby's corps, and, after some manœuvring and
skirmishing, it was encamped upon the heights in front of Kirch-
Denkern in the bishopric of Paderborn. This post was attacked on
the 15th of July, and was defended by the British troops with
admirable firmness and resolution, and eventually the enemy was
driven back with great loss. The attack was renewed by the enemy
on the following morning with great fury, when the Fifth displayed
its usual spirit and determination in the defence of its post; and,
after five hours' sharp fighting, some disorder appearing in the
enemy's ranks, the regiment advanced to the charge and routed the
enemy; at the same time the grenadier battalion, of which the
company of the Fifth formed a part, took prisoners the regiment of
Rouge (formerly Belsunce) with its cannon and colours. The Fifth
lost in this action, Lieutenant Lillewood, 2 serjeants, and 9 men
killed; also two officers, 5 serjeants, and 12 men wounded.
The regiment remained at its post near Kirch-Denkern until the
27th of July; it was afterwards employed in manœuvring and
skirmishing in various parts of the bishopric of Paderborn and on the
river Weser, and in September, it was employed in a diversion in the
country of Hesse. It was engaged, on the 5th of November, in
forcing the enemy's post at Capelnhagen, and on the 6th and 7th it
took part in slight skirmishes at Eimbeck in the Electorate of
Hanover. The grenadier company of the Fifth was also engaged in a
skirmish at Foorwohle on the 7th of November, and again on the
10th of that month, when the combatants were knee deep in snow.
On the 12th the regiment encamped on the banks of the Huve near
Eimbeck, from whence it proceeded in the early part of December
into cantonments in the bishopric of Osnaburg.

1762
Having passed the winter amongst the rude peasantry of
Osnaburg, the regiment again took the field, and joined the camp on
the heights near Blumberg on the 4th of June 1762, from whence it
proceeded to Corbeke.
The enemy took post at Groebenstien, and Prince Ferdinand
formed a design of surprising them in their camp. For this purpose
the army was formed into several columns. The Fifth forming part of
the centre column, left its camp before daylight on the morning of
the 24th of June, and crossed the Dymel at Liebenau at four o'clock;
then, advancing a distance of nine miles through a rugged and
woody country, arrived in front of the enemy's camp, and
commenced a sharp fire. The French, surprised and confounded,
abandoned their camp, leaving their tents standing, and commenced
their retreat: at the same time General Stainville threw himself with
his division into the woods of Wilhelmsthal to favour the movement.
Against this division, the right column of the allies, commanded by
the Marquis of Granby, and the centre column under Prince
Ferdinand, immediately advanced.
The Fifth, commanded by Lieutenant-Colonel Thomas Marlay,
taking the lead of the centre column, threw itself into the wood, and
opened its fire with good effect; at the same time the Marquis of
Granby's column attacked the enemy's rear. The French made a
spirited resistance; but the Fifth pressed forward with a conquering
violence which overcame all opposition, while the main body
followed in full career, and the Marquis of Granby intercepting the
enemy's retreat captured many prisoners; when the remainder of
the French division (excepting two battalions that escaped) after one
fire, surrendered to the Fifth[26]. After the French had surrendered,
an officer of the Fifth regiment, who went up to receive their colours
from their standard-bearer, was shot dead upon the spot by a French
serjeant who was standing near. This circumstance might have led to
much bloodshed, but, fortunately, little confusion resulted; the
serjeant was instantly put to death, and the colours were quietly
taken possession of[27]. The loss of the regiment was Lieutenant
Robinson, killed; and 1 serjeant, and 11 men wounded; also six men
taken prisoners in the skirmish at the commencement of the action.
Its conduct on this occasion excited much admiration;—as a mark of
distinction the men were permitted to exchange their hats for the
French grenadier caps; and the regiment for many years afterwards,
wore a fusilier's cap instead of the hat then used by the infantry of
the line. In commemoration of the gallantry displayed by the Fifth
Regiment on this occasion, his Majesty King William IV. was
graciously pleased, in 1836, to authorize the regiment to bear the
word 'Wilhelmsthal' on its Colours and Appointments.
After the action the Fifth encamped on the heights of
Wilhelmsthal; it was subsequently employed in several operations;
and on the 23rd of July, the grenadier company was engaged in a
gallant affair at Lutterberg, when the Saxons under Prince Xavier
were driven from their post and thirteen pieces of ordnance were
captured. On the 24th of the same month one hundred men of the
regiment were engaged with other corps in dislodging a detachment
of the enemy from the heights of Homburg. The regiment was
subsequently employed in operations on the Ohm, and the Lahn,
and in several skirmishes in which it lost many men. It also formed
part of the covering army during the siege of Cassel, which was
terminated by the surrender of the place on the 1st of November.
Shortly afterwards a suspension of hostilities took place; which was
followed by a treaty of peace, concluded at Fontainbleau, and the
regiment was ordered to return to England.

1763

It accordingly marched from Germany, through Holland, to


Williamstadt, where it embarked on the 22nd of February, 1763[28],
and landed in England in the early part of the following month. In
May of the same year it proceeded to Bristol and embarked for
Ireland, where it arrived on the 2nd of June, and landed at Passage
near Waterford.
1764

The regiment passed the next ten years in Ireland, and was so
remarkable for its cleanliness and attention to dress and
appointments, that the men were usually called "The Shiners."

1767

Early in the year 1767 a system of honorary distinctions for long-


continued good behaviour was introduced into this regiment, which
was found to stimulate the indifferent to good conduct, and those
already worthy, to perseverance in well-doing, and it produced such
a body of non-commissioned officers as few corps could boast of.
These distinctions consisted of three classes of medals[29] to be
worn, suspended by a ribbon, at a button-hole of the left lappel; the
first, or lowest class, which was bestowed on such as had served
irreproachably for seven years, was of gilt metal, bearing on one
side the badge of the regiment, St. George and the Dragon[30], with
the motto "Quo fata vocant;" and on the reverse, "Vth Foot, MERIT."
The second was of silver, bearing on one side the badge and motto,
and on the other, "Reward of fourteen years' military merit." The
third was similar to the second, but was inscribed with the name of
the individual whose conduct had earned it: "A. B., for twenty-one
years' good and faithful service as a soldier, had received from his
commanding officers this honourable testimony of his merit." These
medals were bestowed only upon soldiers who, for the respective
periods of seven, fourteen, or twenty-one years, had never incurred
the censure of a court-martial: they were given by the commanding
officer at the head of the assembled battalion; and if, which rarely
happened, the owner of a medal subsequently forfeited his
pretensions to enrolment among the men of merit, his medal was
cut from his breast by the drum-major as publicly as he had been
invested with it. Those who obtained the third, or twenty-one years'
medal, had also an oval badge of the colour of the facings on the
right breast, embroidered round with gold and silver wreaths, and
inscribed in the centre with the word "Merit" in letters of gold.
1768

On the 7th of November, 1768, Lieutenant-General Hodgson was


succeeded in the Colonelcy of the Fifth by Hugh, Earl Percy,
afterwards Duke of Northumberland. Earl Percy, when Colonel, duly
estimating the good effects produced by this Regimental "Order of
Merit," kept it up with all the liberality and dignity it deserved; and
the following order, issued by him on the subject, is referred to in
Adye's Essay on Rewards and Punishments, viz.: "Earl Percy having
perceived, with great pleasure, the happy effects of the regimental
Medals of Merit, influencing the non-commissioned officers and
soldiers of the Fifth to deserve the favour of their officers, and being
anxious, as far as may be in his power, to encourage them to
persevere in such sentiments of honour, is determined, for the
future, to give them out every year, a short time before the review,
instead of the usual day, as it often has happened that the regiment
has been separated, which prevented the men, who were entitled to
that mark of honour, from receiving it in so public a manner as his
Lordship could wish."

1771
1772

During the stay of the Fifth in Ireland it was frequently engaged in


the service of the revenue; and also in suppressing the outrageous
proceedings of bands of armed peasantry called Whiteboys, Hearts
of Steel, and Hearts of Oak, and particularly against the latter in
1772, at and near Guildford in the north, where the house of Richard
Johnson, Esquire, was attacked and reduced to ashes, and a
clergyman, the Rev. Mr. Meroll, was barbarously murdered by these
misguided insurgents.

1774

The regiment remained in Ireland until the unfortunate


misunderstanding between Great Britain and her North American
Colonies assumed an aspect so formidable, that it was deemed
necessary to send additional forces to that country. The Fifth was
one of the corps selected to proceed on this service; and, having
embarked at Monkstown near Cork on the 7th of May, 1774, it
landed in the beginning of July at Boston, the capital of the state of
Massachusetts, which had recently been the scene of violence and
outrage, particularly of the destruction of an immense consignment
of Tea by the provincials. After landing, the regiment was encamped
near the town for some time; a body of troops was assembled at
this place under the Governor of the province, General Gage, and
several fortifications were constructed.

1775

During the winter a determination to proceed to open resistance


became general in the American States; they embodied a militia
force, and in April 1775, a circumstance occurred which occasioned
the display of these hostile designs. The occasion was the collection
of some military stores at Concord, in Middlesex county, about
eighteen miles from Boston; when General Gage sent the grenadiers
and light infantry, including the companies of the Fifth, under the
orders of Colonel Smith, to destroy those stores. This detachment
embarked in boats on the evening of the 18th of April, and, having
proceeded a short distance up Charles river, landed on the marshes
of Cambridge and proceeded to the village of Lexington, where it
arrived at day-break and found a company of the militia formed up
near the entrance of the town. These men were ordered to lay down
their arms, but they did not comply; some desultory firing
immediately occurred, which was followed by a volley from the
troops which laid ten of the militia dead upon the spot, wounded
several others, and dispersed the remainder: thus was the first blood
drawn in this unhappy contest. After this skirmish, the troops
continued their march to Concord, detaching six Light Infantry
companies to take possession of the bridges beyond the town, while
the remainder of the detachment effected the destruction of the
military stores. In the mean time the country had been alarmed by
the firing of guns and the ringing of bells: and a division of provincial
militia was seen advancing towards the bridges, but they avoided
committing any hostile act until the light infantry companies had
killed two men, when the Americans instantly opened a sharp fire,
and by their superior numbers forced the King's troops to retire. The
country now appeared swarming with armed men, who fired on the
troops on all sides, while numbers followed in their rear, and during
the six miles' march from Concord to Lexington, skirmish succeeded
skirmish, and a continued but irregular fire was sustained until the
detachment had expended nearly all its ammunition. Fortunately it
was met at Lexington by Earl Percy (Colonel of the Fifth), who had
been sent forward to support the detachment with his brigade and
two pieces of artillery, and his lordship after a short halt made
dispositions for continuing the march to Boston[31]. But the moment
the troops were in motion the attacks became more frequent and
more violent than before, the Americans hovering in hundreds upon
the rear and keeping up a sharp fire from houses, from behind walls,
trees, and other coverts, on both sides of the road; yet the troops,
displaying a steady and noble bearing, united with a high state of
discipline and undaunted spirit, marched under all these difficulties,
in perfect order, a distance of fifteen miles to Charlestown, where
they arrived at sunset, quite exhausted from a march of about thirty-
five miles, on a hot day, and experiencing the extraordinary fatigues
already mentioned. From Charlestown the troops crossed the river
by the ferry to Boston, under cover of the fire of the men-of-war.
The loss of the Fifth, in this day's skirmishes, was five men killed;
with Lieutenant Thomas Baker, Lieutenant William Cox, Lieutenant
Thomas Hawkshaw, and fifteen men wounded; also one man taken
prisoner[32].
This affair was followed by the appearance of the whole province
in arms;—an immense number of men invested Boston, where the
King's troops were stationed, on the land side; and on the morning
of the 17th of June, it was ascertained that they had constructed
works on Bunker's Hill—a high ground beyond the river. A body of
troops, of which the Fifth formed a part, was ordered to attack the
heights; and this force, having embarked about noon, landed
without opposition and formed up on some high ground near the
shore. The enemy appearing resolved to defend this post, the ships
of war opened their fire upon the works, while the King's troops,
advancing under cover of the guns, went boldly to the attack; and
commenced one of the most sanguinary actions on record. The
Fifth, ever emulous of glory, was seen ascending the hill on the side
next Charlestown with signal intrepidity, and bravely sustaining its
ancient reputation. Captain Harris (afterwards the conqueror of the
Mysore) while leading on the grenadier company, was severely
wounded, and obliged to quit the field, but he had in Lieutenant
Lord Rawdon (afterwards Marquis of Hastings) a successor in
command, who emulated and equalled the intrepidity of his disabled
captain. Eventually the troops were staggered by the resolute
tenacity of the defence, and the superior numbers of the enemy;
yet, recovering, they appeared in a moment fired by a new ardour,
and with fixed bayonets they went cheering forward with determined
bravery and resolution,—encountering the Americans in close
combat and driving them, after a sharp contest, out of the works.
The King's troops were now established on Bunker's Hill, which they
afterwards fortified and occupied in force. The loss of the Fifth was
22 men killed; Captain Harris, Captain Jackson, Captain Downes,
Captain Marsden, Lieutenant M'Clintock, Lieutenant Croker, Ensign
Charleton, Ensign Ballaguire, 10 Serjeants, 2 Drummers, and 116
rank and file wounded[33]. General Burgoyne, in a letter written at
the time to Lord Derby and subsequently published, says, in
reference to Bunker's Hill, "The Fifth has behaved the best, and
suffered the most[34]."
Notwithstanding this success, the army at Boston remained in a
state of blockade, and the troops were eventually so distressed for
fresh provisions and other necessaries, that live cattle, vegetables,
and even fuel, were sent for their use from England. The shipping
with these supplies were, however, many of them wrecked, or fell
into the hands of the Americans, and, the distress of the troops
increasing, much sickness and loss of life occurred.
1776

In the midst of this calamity, the provincial troops, being better


supplied with necessaries, began to act offensively with vigour, and
the appearance of new batteries with the opening of a heavy
cannonade, occasioned the King's troops to evacuate the place.
Accordingly, in the middle of March, 1776, the army embarked from
Boston, and proceeded to Halifax in Nova Scotia, but after their
arrival at that place the greater part of the troops remained on ship
board, the town not being capable of providing quarters, nor of
affording a sufficient supply of provisions.
The Fifth remained at Halifax about two months, and leaving that
place early in June to engage in an extensive plan of operations,
formed part of the force which effected a landing on Staten Island
near New York on the 3rd of July. In the following month a
reinforcement of British and Hessian troops arrived, and on the 22nd
of August a descent was made on the south-west end of Long
Island, when the enemy's detachments along the coast withdrew to
the range of woody hills which intersect the country from east to
west. In the manœuvres by which these hills were passed, and in
the defeat of the provincial corps on the 27th of August, the Fifth
took an active and spirited part, but did not sustain any loss. After
this success, preparations were made to attack the enemy's lines at
Brooklyn; but the Americans, impressed with a sense of the
superiority of the King's troops, quitted their post during the night of
the 28th, and passed the troops in boats across the East River to
New York.
The reduction of Long Island having thus been effected with
trifling loss, the Fifth was again embarked, and a landing was made
on the 15th of September, on New York Island, within a few miles of
the city; which General Washington immediately abandoned, and
retired towards the northern end of the island, designing to remain
on the defensive, and to avoid a general engagement. The Fifth was
subsequently employed in several operations, and on the 28th of
October, being on the march towards the American camp at White
Plains, it was engaged, with the 28th 35th and 49th regiments,
commanded by Brigadier-General Leslie, in forcing the passage of
the Brunx's rivulet under a sharp fire, and having ascended the hill
with admirable intrepidity, attacked and routed a division of
Americans, chasing them from behind walls and other coverts, and
driving them behind their entrenchments at the entrance of White
Plains: from whence they subsequently retreated. The regiment only
lost two men on this occasion, and had its commanding officer,
Lieutenant-Colonel Walcott, wounded.

1777

At length, it being found impossible to bring on a general


engagement, the army retired by the North River, to the heights of
Fordham; and on the 16th of November, the Fifth supported the
storming party in the capture of Fort Washington. A few days
afterwards the regiment was detached across the North River
against Fort Lee, and on the flight of the American troops, it was
stationed a short time at English Neighbourhood: but was soon
called upon to take an active part in the reduction of New Jersey;
and in the early part of January, 1777, it was quartered at
Maidenhead.
The Fifth passed the remainder of the winter in the island of
Jersey. "The weather was particularly severe; the duty unremitting
and hard; the enemy watchful; and provisions and forage were not
obtained without repeated skirmishes. Nevertheless the soldiers
endured these hardships with a fortitude and a perseverance that
acquired them infinite honour[35]." The campaign being opened in
the early part of June, 1777, the regiment took part in several
manœuvres, designed to bring on a general engagement, but the
enemy kept in the mountain fastnesses, by which he succeeded in
defeating the designs of the British commander; and on the 30th of
June the troops embarked from the Jerseys and proceeded to Staten
Island.

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