Unit 1

Introduction
introduction, KDD, data pre-processing,
similarity measurement, data visualization

Rupak Raj Ghimire

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2024 Master’s in Data Science Unit 1: Introduction 1
Objective
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Introduction
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KDD
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Data pre-processing,
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Similarity measurement
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Summary Statistics
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Data visualization

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Data
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Data is a collection of facts, figures, statistics, or any other
type of information that can be recorded and analyzed.
– Forms: text, numbers, images, audio, video
– Source of Data:
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created by people, machines, or sensors, and
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collected from a wide range of sources, such as websites, social media,
databases, and sensors.

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Information
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Information is a collection of data that has been processed, organized,
or structured in a way that makes it meaningful, useful, and relevant to
a particular context or purpose
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Information is created when data is analyzed, interpreted, and
presented in a way that can be easily understood and used by humans
or machines
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Information provides knowledge, insight, and understanding about a
particular topic, situation, or phenomenon
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It can be used to support decision-making, problem-solving, and
communication
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It conveyed in the form of reports, charts, graphs, tables, or other
visual representations
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Example of Data and Information
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Set of Marks = { 2, 5, 7, 9, 11 }
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It is a data
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This dataset is considered to be data because it is a collection of raw,
unorganized numbers that don't necessarily convey any meaning or
context on their own.
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Average of these numbers = 6.8
– It is now information
– Interpreted, presented it in a report or a chart, along with some context
and explanation, such as "the average score on a test for a group of
students", then we have turned the data into information.

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Database
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A database is an organized collection of data that is stored
and managed using specialized software
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A database allows users to store, retrieve, update, and delete
data in an efficient manner (Operations)
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Example
– The data in a relational database is organized into tables, which are
composed of rows and columns.
Each row represents a record, and each column represents a specific
piece of information about that record.
– For example, a table in a customer database might include columns
for the customer's name, address, phone number, and email address.
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Database Management System (DBMS)
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A DBMS is a software system that is designed to manage and
manipulate databases
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It provides a set of tools and services that allow users to store,
access, modify, and maintain data in an organized and secure
way
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A DBMS provides a way to create and manage databases,
define the data structures, and enforce data integrity
– Example: PostgreSQL, Oracle, MySQL etc.

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Type of Databases
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Relational Database
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Object Oriented Database
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NoSQL
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Graph Database
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Network Database etc.

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Retrieving Data from Database
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SQL is a programming language used to communicate with
and manipulate databases.
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Type of SQL
– Data Query Language (DQL) – select
– Data Manipulation Language (DML) – insert, update,delete
– Data Definition Language (DDL) – create
– Data Control Language (DCL) – grant, revoke
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Reference
– https://learnsql.com/blog/sql-basics-cheat-sheet/

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Transactional Database
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An operational database system (also known as a
transnational database system) is a type of database that is
designed to support the day-to-day operations of an
organization.
– It is optimized for transnational processing, which involves capturing,
storing, and updating data in real-time as business transactions occur
– Typically used to support online transaction processing (OLTP), which
involves frequent and rapid database access and updates by multiple
users simultaneously

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Transactional Database
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Operational database systems are designed to ensure data
consistency, reliability, and availability
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ACID
– Atomicity - Transaction
– Consistency - Data Quality
– Isolation - Concurrency
– Durability - Recovery

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Data warehouse
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A data warehouse refers to a data repository that is
maintained separately from an organization’s operational
databases
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A data warehouse is a subject-oriented, integrated, time-
variant, and nonvolatile collection of data in support of
management’s decision making process - William H. Inmon

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Data warehouse
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Subject-oriented
– A data warehouse is organized around major subjects such as
customer, supplier, product, and sales.
– Rather than concentrating on the day-to-day operations and
transaction processing of an organization, a data warehouse focuses
on the modeling and analysis of data for decision makers.
– Data warehouses typically provide a simple and concise view of
particular subject issues by excluding data that are not useful in the
decision support process.

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Data warehouse
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Integrated:
– A data warehouse is usually constructed by integrating multiple
heterogeneous sources, such as relational databases, flat files, and
online transaction records.
– Data cleaning and data integration techniques are applied to ensure
consistency in naming conventions, encoding structures, attribute
measures, and so on
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Time-variant:
– Data are stored to provide information from an historic perspective
(e.g., the past 5–10 years). Every key structure in the data warehouse
contains,either implicitly or explicitly, a time element.

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Data warehouse
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Nonvolatile:
– A data warehouse is always a physically separate store of data
transformed from the application data found in the operational
environment. Due to this separation, a data warehouse does not
require transaction processing, recovery, and concurrency control
mechanisms. It usually requires only two operations in data accessing:
initial loading of data and access of data.

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OLTP
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The major task of online operational database systems is to
perform online transaction and query processing. These
systems are called online transaction processing (OLTP)
systems.
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They cover most of the day-to-day operations of an
organization such as purchasing, inventory, manufacturing,
banking, payroll, registration, and accounting.

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OLAP
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Data warehouse systems, on the other hand, serve users or
knowledge workers in the role of data analysis and decision
making. Such systems can organize and present data in
various formats in order to accommodate the diverse needs of
different users. These systems are known as online
analytical processing (OLAP) systems.

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OLTP vs OLAP

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Data Warehouse Models
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Enterprise Warehouse
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Data Marts
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Virtual Warehouse

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Enterprise Warehouse
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Collects all of the information about subjects spanning the entire
organization
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It provides corporate-wide data integration, usually from one or more
operational systems or external information providers, and is cross-
functional in scope
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It typically contains detailed data as well as summarized data
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Data range in size from a few gigabytes to hundreds of gigabytes,
terabytes, or beyond
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An enterprise data warehouse may be implemented on traditional
mainframes, computer super servers, or parallel architecture platforms
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It requires extensive business modeling and may take years to design and
build
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Data Marts
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A data mart contains a subset of corporate-wide data that is of value to
a specific group of users.
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For example, a marketing data mart may confine its subjects to
customer, item, and sales. The data contained in data marts tend to be
summarized
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Depending on the source of data, data marts can be categorized as
independent or dependent
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Independent data marts are sourced from data captured from one or
more operational systems or external information providers, or from
data generated locally within a particular department or geographic
area
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Dependent data marts are sourced directly from enterprise data
warehouses
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Virtual Warehouse
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Virtual data warehouse (VDW) is a set of views over
operational databases. For efficient query processing, only
some of the possible summary views may be materialized.
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A virtual warehouse is easy to build but requires excess
capacity on operational database servers.
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The VDW acts as a logical view of the data, providing a unified
view of multiple data sources without the need for physically
storing the data in a single location

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What is data mining?
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Data mining is
– Data mining is also called knowledge discovery in Data (KDD)
– Extraction of useful patterns from data sources, e.g., databases, texts,
web, image.
– Patterns must be:
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Valid
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Novel
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Potentially useful
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Understandable

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Knowledge Discovery in Data: Process

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KDD – 7 steps
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Data Cleaning
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Data Integration
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Data Selection
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Data Transformation
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Data Mining
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Pattern Evaluation
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Knowledge Representation

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Data Mining Techniques
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The two "high-level" primary goals of data mining, in practice,
are prediction and description.
– Prediction involves using some variables or fields in the database to
predict unknown or future values of other variables of interest.
– Description focuses on finding human-interpretable patterns
describing the data.
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Clustering
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Classification
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Association

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Data Mining Techniques
Data Mining

Predictive Descriptive

Clustering
Classification
Regression
Summarization
Time Series
Analysis
Association
Prediction
Rules

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Related Fields

Machine Visualizatio
Learning n

Data Mining
/ KDD

Statistics Database
Data Warehouse

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Related Fields
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Statistics
– more theory-based
– more focused on testing hypotheses
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Machine learning
– more heuristic
– focused on improving performance of a learning agent
– also looks at real-time learning and robotics – areas not part of data mining
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Data Mining and Knowledge Discovery
– integrates theory and heuristics
– focus on the entire process of knowledge discovery, including data
cleaning,learning, and integration and visualization of results

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Classification

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Clustering

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Association Rules & Frequent Itemsets

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Types of data
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Relational Data
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Graph Data
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Temporal Data
– Time Series Data
– Sequence Data
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Spatial Data
– – location data , GPS, Coordinates, Map etc.
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Spatial-Temporal Data
– Location with Time components
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Unstructured data
– Text, review, comments etc.
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Semi-Structured Data
– Published data, json, xml, html data etc.
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Data Quality
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We need quality data for increasing the accuracy
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Pre-processing techniques can be used to enhance the data
quality
– Heterogeneous Data
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Inconsistencies
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Data format
– Noise
– Outliers
– Redundancy

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Data pre-processing Steps
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Exploratory Data Analysis
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Deal with Missing
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Deal with Duplicates and Outliers
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Encode Categorical Features
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Split dataset into training and test set
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Deal with Imbalanced Data

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Measuring Similarity
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The data similarity can be computed using distance
– Euclidean
– Manhattan
– Minkowski
– Cosine
– Pearson
– Jaccard
– Levenshtein
– Hamming

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Data Visualization
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Types of data visualization
– Distribution plot
– Box and Whisker Plot
– Line Plot
– Bar Plot
– Scatter Plot
– Histogram
– Pie chart
– Heatmap etc.

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 Thank you

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