AMERICAN INTERNATIONAL

UNIVERSITY-BANGLADESH
408/1, Kuratoli, Khilkhet, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh

Assignment Title: All math given for practice

Assignment No: 01 Date of Submission: 12.04.2025
Course Title:
Physics 2
Course Code: Section: Q
Semester: Spring 20 24 - 25 Course Teacher: DR. MD. ASHADUZZAMAN

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Group Name/No.: 02

No Name ID Program Signature

1 Ananda Das 24-57782-2 CSE
2 Dibosh Modak Shuvo 24-57868-2 CSE
3 Md. Azraful Alam 24-57476-2 CSE
4 Sabekun Nahar 24-58349-2 CSE
5 Rafiatul Zannat 24-57184-2 CSE
6

10

Faculty use only

FACULTYCOMMENTS

Marks Obtained

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Assignment/Case-Study Cover; © AIUB-2020

Name: Ananda Das ID: 24-57782-2

Lesson-01
Temperature, heat and the first law of thermodynamics

Problem 1: A small electric immersion heater is used to heat 100 g of water

for a cup of instant coffee. The heater is labeled “200 watts” (it converts
electrical energy to thermal energy at this rate). Calculate the time required to
bring all this water from 23° C to 100° C, ignoring any heat losses

Mass, m = 0.100 kg Power (rate of energy transfer)

P = 200 W
Specific Heat capacity, c = 4190 J/kg-K
Initial Temperature, Ti = 23°C = 23+273 = 296 K
Final Temperature, Tf = 100°C = 100 +273 K= 373 K
Change in temperature, ∆T = Tf –Ti = 373 – 296 K=77 K
Required time, t = ?
Now, t = 𝑸 𝑷 = 𝒎𝒄∆T 𝑷
= 𝟎.𝟏𝟎𝟎( 𝟒𝟏𝟗𝟎)(𝟕𝟕) 𝟐𝟎𝟎
= 160 sec (Ans)

Problem 2 :A certain substance has a mass per mole of 50.0 g/mol. When 314 J
is added as heat to a 30.0 g sample, the sample’s temperature rises from 25.0°
C to 45.0° C. What are the (a) specific heat and (b) molar specific heat of this
substance? (c) How many moles are in the sample?
Mass, m = 30 g = 30 × 10 ^-3 kg ;
Initial Temperature, Ti = 25°C ;
Final Temperature, Tf = 45°C ;
Change in Temperature, ∆T = (45 + 273)K – (25+273)K = (45 -25 )K = 20 K
Heat energy,Q = 314 J
(a) Specific Heat (capacity), c = 𝑄/ 𝑚 ∆T = 314 /30 × 10 ^−3 ×20 = 523
J/kg-K (Ans)

(c) The number of moles, n = 𝑚 /𝑀 = 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚/ 𝑀

m = Msam = Mass of the sample = 30 g = 30 × 10 ^-3 kg
M = Molar mass (Mass per mole) = 50 g =50 × 10^ -3 kg
Now, number of mole, n = 𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚 /𝑀 = 30 × 10 ^−3 /50 × 10^ −3 = 0.600
mol (Ans)

(b) Molar specific heat, cm = 𝑄/ 𝑛 ∆T = 314/ 0.600 ×20 = 26.2 J/mol-K

(Ans)

Problem 3 : Calculate the minimum amount of energy, in joules, required

to
completely melt 130 g of silver initially at 15.0° C. Consider melting
temperature of
silver is 1235 K and its specific heat capacity and latent heat of fusion are
236 J/kg-K
and 105 KJ/kg, respectively.
Solution:
Specific heat capacity of silver, c = 236 J/kg-K
Mass, m = 130 g = 0.130 kg ;
Initial Temperature, Ti = 15°C = 288 k ;
Final Temperature, Tf = 1235 k ;
Change in Temperature, ∆T = (1235 – 288) = 947 k

Specific Heat (capacity), c =𝑄/𝑚 ∆T

Q1 = mcΔT = 0.130 × 236 × 947 = 𝟐. 𝟗𝟏 × 𝟏𝟎^𝟒 𝑱
Again, for the state change [ Solid to Liquid]
Latent heat of fusion,
Q2 = mLf = (0.130 × 105 × 10^3) = 1.36×104 J [Lf = 105×10^3 J/kg]
The total heat required,
Q = Q1 +Q2 = (2.91×10^4 + 1.36×10^4) J = 4.27×10^4 J (ans)

Problem 4 : How much water remains unfrozen after 50.2 kJ is transferred

as heat
from 260 g of liquid water initially at its freezing point?

Solution:
Heat energy, Q = 50.2 kJ = 50.2 ×10^3 J
Latent heat of fusion, Lf = 333 kJ/kg = 333 ×10^3 J/kg
Mass of frozen water (ice), m = ?

For the state change [ Solid to Liquid]

Latent heat of fusion,
𝑳𝒇 =𝑸/𝒎
𝒎 =𝑸/𝑳𝒇=𝑸
𝑳𝒇
=𝟓𝟎. 𝟐 × 𝟏𝟎^𝟑/𝟑𝟑𝟑 × 𝟏𝟎^3= 𝟎. 𝟏𝟓𝟏 𝒌

Liquid water, m1 = 260 g = 0.260 kg

The amount of water that remains unfrozen (liquid water) = m1 – m

= (0.260 – 0.151) kg
= 0.109 kg = 109 g (ans)

Problem 5: One way to keep the contents of a garage from becoming

too cold on a night when a severe subfreezing temperature is forecast
is to put a tub of water in the garage. If the mass of the water is 125 kg
and its initial temperature is 20 C, (a) how much energy must the wa
ter transfer to its surroundings in order to freeze completely and
(b) what is the lowest possible temperature of the water and its sur
roundings until that happens

(a) The water (of mass m) releases energy in two steps, first by
lowering its
temperature from 20°C to 0°C, and then by freezing into ice. Thus the total
energy
transferred from the water to the surroundings is

Q= cmT+ Lfm=(4190j/kg. k)(125kg)(20 C)+( 333kJ/kg) (125kg)= 5.2 x

10^7 J.

(b) Before all the water freezes, the lowest temperature possible is 0°C,
below which the
water must have already turned into ice.

Problem 6: A certain diet doctor encourages people to diet by drinking

ice water. His theory is that the body must burn off enough fat to
raise the temperature of the water from 0.00C to the body tem
perature of 37.0C. How many liters of ice water would have to be
consumed to burn off 454 g (about 1 lb) of fat, assuming that burn
ing this much fat requires 3500 Cal be transferred to the ice water?
Why is it not advisable to follow this diet? (One liter =10^3 cm^3
The density of water is 1.00 g/cm3.)

Solution:

We use Q = cmdT. The textbook notes that a nutritionist's “Calorie” is

equivalent to
1000 cal. The mass m of the water that must be consumed is

m=Q/cdt=3500 X10^cal/(1g/cal.C)(37 C-0 C)=94.6 X 10^4 g.

which is equivalent to 9.46 X 10^4 g/(1000 g/liter) = 94.6 liters of water.

This is certainly too much to drink in a single day
Problem 7 : What mass of butter, which has a usable energy content of
6.0 Cal/g ( 6000 cal/g),would be equivalent to the change in gravitational
potential energy of a 73.0 kg man who ascends from sea
level to the top of Mt. Everest, at elevation 8.84 km? Assume that
the average g for the ascent is 9.80 m/s2.

Solution:

The work the man has to do to climb to the top of Mt. Everest is given by

W = mgy = (73.0 kg)(9.80 m/s2)(8840 m) = 6.32 X10^6 J.

Thus, the amount of butter needed is

m=6.32X10^6 J X (1.00 cal/4.186 J)/6000 cal/g =0.25 kg (ans)

 Name: Dibosh Modak Shuvo
Id : 24-57868-2

Lesson - 2: Temperature, heat & the first law of thermodynamics

Problem 1 : a gas sample expands from V0 to 4.0V0 while its pressure

decreases from p0 to p0 /4.0. If V0 = 1.0 m3 and p0 = 40 Pa, how much work
is done by the gas if its pressure changes with volume via (a) path A, (b) path
B, and (c) path C?

Solution1 : The volume increases through the three paths , so the work done
by the gas is always positive.

�𝑉�� = �𝑑� �= W 𝑉𝑓 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = Area under the curve of p-V

(a) WA = WA1 + WA2
WA1 = 40 (4-1) = 120 J (constant pressure)

WA2 = 0 (constant volume)

WA =120+0=120j

b) The work done by the gas is the area under the curve
WB= ½ ×(4 - 1)(40 -10) + (4 -1)(10 - 0)
= 75 J

(c) WC= WC1 + WC2

WC1 = 0 (constant volume)
WC2 = (4-1)(10-0) = 30 J
WC = 0 + 30 = 30 J

Problem 2:Suppose 200 J of work is done on a system and 70.0 cal is

extracted from the
system as heat. In the sense of the first law of thermodynamics, what are the
values
(including algebraic signs) of (a) W, (b) Q, and (c) ΔEint .
Solution 2: a) The work done is negative since work done on the system.
W = - 200 J

(b) Energy is extracted from the system,

Q = - 70 cal = - 294 J [1 cal = 4.2 J

(c) Internal energy change,

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡 = Q – W = - 294 – (- 200) = - 294 + 200 = - 94 J

Problem 3: As a gas is held within a closed chamber, it passes through the

cycle shown in
Fig. Determine the energy transferred by the system as heat during
constantpressure process CA if the energy added as heat QAB during
constant-volume
process AB is 20.0 J, no energy is transferred as heat during adiabatic process
BC,
and the net work done during the cycle is 15.0 J.

Solution 3: First law of thermodynamics,

∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡= Q – W
For a cyclical process, ∆𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑡= 0
0=Q–W
Q=W
QAB + QBC +QCA=W
20 + 0 + QCA = 15
QCA = - 5
Name: Md. Azraful Alam ID: 24-57476-2
Lesson- 3:
Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)
Q. 01) The mass of a sample of hydrogen gas is 50 g and the mass of it’s one
molecule is 3.32 × 10−27 kg. Calculate its
i) Molar mass,
ii) Number of mole,
iii) Total number of molecules.
Solution:
i) Given,
Mass of one molecule, m = 3.32 × 10−27
Avogadro’s number, NA= 6.022×1023
Molar mass = M

M= NA × m = 6.022×1023 × 3.32 × 10−27 = 1.9991 g/mol

ii) Mass of sample, Msam = 50 g

Molar mass, M = 1.9991 g/mol [from (i)]
Number of moles = n

Msam 50
n= = = 25.01 mol
M 1.999

iii) Number of moles, n = 25.01

Avogadro’s number, NA= 6.022×1023
Total Number of Molecules = N

N = n × NA = 25.01 × 6.022×1023 = 1.5069 × 10²⁵ molecules

Q. 04) A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0 0C and 100 kPa occupies a volume of
2.50 m3.

(a) How many moles of the gas are present?

(b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature is raised
to 30.0 0C, how much volume does the gas occupy? Assume no leaks.

Solution:
a) piVi = nRTi ------------------(1)
𝑝𝑖 𝑉𝑖 1×105 ×2.50
𝑛= = = 106.24 mol
𝑅𝑇𝑖 8.31 ×283.15

b) pfVf = nRTf ------------------(2)

Dividing Eq. (1) by Eq. (2), we get,

𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑓 2.50 × 1 × 105 × 303.15

𝑉𝑓 = = 5
= 0.89 𝑚3
𝑃𝑓 𝑇𝑖 3 × 10 × 283.15

Q. 07) Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3.00 m3
to a volume of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30 0C.
(a) How much energy is transferred as heat during the compression,
and
(b) is the transfer to or from the gas?

Solution:

a) The transferred heat energy,

𝑉𝑓 1.5
𝑄 = 𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑙𝑛 = 1.8 × 8.31 × 303 × 𝑙𝑛 = −3140 𝐽
𝑉𝑖 3

b)As we have got negative amount of heat, the heat is transferred from
the gas.
 Problems for Practice
Q. 01)Find the mass in kilograms of 7.50 × 1024 atoms of arsenic, which has
a molar mass of 74.9 g/mol.

Solution:
Given,
Molar mass M = 74.9 g/mol = 74.9 × 10−3 g/mol
Number of atoms N = 7.50 × 1024 atoms
Number of moles = n
Mass = Msam

N 7.50 ×1024
Msam = nM = ×M= × 74.9 × 10−3 = 0.933 kg
N𝐴 6.023×1023

Q. 02)Gold has a molar mass of 197 g/mol.

(a) How many moles of gold are in a 2.50 g sample of pure gold?
(b) How many atoms are in the sample?

Solution:
a) Given,
M = 197 g/mol
Msam = 2.50 g
Number of moles = n
Msam 2.50
n= = = 0.0127 mol
M 197

b) Number of atoms = N
N= n × NA = 0.0127 × 6.023 × 1023 = 7.64 × 1021 atoms
Q. 03) Oxygen gas having a volume of 1000 cm³ at 40.0°C and 1.01 × 105 Pa
expands until its volume is 1500 cm³ and its pressure is 1.06 × 105 Pa.
Find:
(a) Find the number of moles of oxygen present.
(b) Find the final temperature of the sample.
Solution:
a) Initial volume, V1 = 1000 cm³ = 1.0 × 10-3 m3
Initial pressure, P1 = 1.01 × 105 Pa
Initial Temperature, T1 = 40.0°C = 313.15K
Ideal gas constant, R = 8.314 J.M-1K-1
PV 1.01 × 105 ×1.0 × 10−3
n= = = 0.0388 mol
RT 8.314×313.15

b) Final volume, V2 = 1500 cm³ = 1.5 × 10-3 m3

Final pressure, P2 = 1.06 × 105 Pa
Final Temperature = T2

P2 V2 T1 1.06 × 105 × 1.5 × 10−3 × 313.15

T2 = = = 493K
P1 V1 1.01 × 105 × 1.0 × 10−3

Q. 05) The best laboratory vacuum has a pressure of about 1.00 × 10-18 atm,
or 1.01 × 10-13 Pa. How many gas molecules are there per cubic centimeter in
such a vacuum at 293 K?
Solution:
Pressure, P = 1.0 × 10-18 Pa
Volume, V = 1 cm3 = 1.0 × 10-3 L
Temperature, T = 293 K
R = 0.0821 L.atm.K-1.K-2
NA = 6.022×1023
Number of molecules = N
PV 1.0 × 10−18 × 1.0 × 10−3
n= = = 4.157 × 10−23 mol
RT 0.0821 × 293

N= n × NA = 4.157 × 10−23 × 6.023 × 1023 = 25.038 molecules

Q. 08) Compute (a) the number of moles and
(b) the number of molecules in 1.00 cm3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 100
Pa and a temperature of 220 K.

Solution:
a) Pressure, P = 100 Pa
Volume, V = 1.00 cm³ = 1.00 × 10⁻⁶ m³
Temperature, T = 220 K
Gas constant, R = 8.314 J.mol-1·K-1
Avogadro’s number, Nₐ = 6.022 × 10²³ mol⁻¹
Number of moles = n
Number of Molecules = N

PV
n=
RT

100 × 1.0 × 10−6

=
8.314 × 220

= 5.47 × 10−8 mol

N = n × Nₐ
= 5.47 × 10⁻⁸ × 6.023 × 10²³
≈ 3.29 × 10¹⁶ molecules
Name: Sabekun Nahar
ID: 24-58349-2
Lesson :4
Chapter 19:The Kinetic Theory of Gases
18.The temperature and pressure in the Sun’s atmosphere are 2.00x106 K and
0.0300 Pa. Calculate the rms speed of free electrons (mass 9.11x10-31 kg)
there, assuming they are an ideal gas.

Solution:
We know ,

𝟑𝑹𝑻
Vrms = √
𝑴

M = m×𝐴
= 9.11x10-31× (6.023X1023)
= 5.49×10−7 kg

3𝑅𝑇
Vrms = √
𝑀

3×8.31×2×106
=√
5⋅49×10−7

= 9.53 × 106 m/s

Vrms = 95,00000 m/s

25.Determine the average value of the translational kinetic energy of the
molecule of an ideal
gas at temperatures (a) 0.00 0C and (b) 100 0C. What is the translational
kinetic energy per
mole of an ideal gas at (c) 0.00 0C and (d) 100 0C?
Solution:
3 3 𝑅 3 8⋅314
(a) Kavg per molecule = KT = ( ) 𝑇= × (273) = 5.654
2 2 𝑁 2 𝐴 6.022×10^23
×10−21 J

3 3 𝑅 3 8⋅314
(b) Kavg per molecule= KT = ( ) 𝑇= × (373) =
2 2 𝑁 𝐴 2 6.022×10^23
7.724×10−21 J

Molar Mass / mass per

mole, M=NA×m

(c) Kavg per mole = Kavg NA = 5 .654 × 10−21 x 6.022 ×1023 = 3405 J

(d) Kavg per mole = Kavg NA = 7.724 J ×10−21 x 6.022 ×1023 = 4651 J
Name: Rafiatul Zannat ID: 24-57184-2

Lesson- 5:
Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases
(Fundamental of Physics, 10th edition)

Q. 47) The temperature of 2.00 mol of an ideal monatomic gas is raised 15.0 K
at constant volume. What are
(a) the work W done by the gas
(b) the energy transferred as heat Q
(c) the change ΔEint in the internal energy of the gas, and
(d) the change ΔK in the average kinetic energy per atom?
Solution: Here, ΔT= 15 K
n=2.00mol
ΔV = V - V =0
k = 𝑵𝑹 = 𝟔.𝟎𝟐𝟑
𝟖.𝟑𝟏 𝑱/𝒎𝒐𝒍−𝑲
𝒙 𝟏𝟎𝟐𝟑 /𝒎𝒐𝒍
= 𝟏.𝟑𝟖 𝒙 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 𝑱/𝑲
𝑨

[ CV = (𝟑𝟐)𝐑 ]
[𝐑 = 8. 𝟑𝟏 𝐉/𝐦𝐨𝐥 − 𝐊]

(a) W = pΔV = p(0) = 0

(b) Q = nCVΔT = n (𝟑𝟐)𝐑 ΔT = 2.00 (𝟑𝟐)𝟖. 𝟑𝟏 (15) = 373.95 J
(c) ΔEint = Q – W = 373.95 – 0 = 373.95 J
(d) ΔK = (𝟑𝟐)𝒌ΔT = (𝟑𝟐)(𝟏. 𝟑𝟖 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 )15 = 31.05 𝐱 𝟏𝟎−𝟐𝟑 J

Q. 48) When 20.9 J was added as heat to a particular ideal gas, the volume of
the gas changed from 50.0 cm3 to 100 cm3 while the pressure remained at
1.00 atm.
(a) By how much did the internal energy of the gas change?
If the quantity of gas present was 2.00x10-3 mol, find
(b) Cp and
(c) CV.
Solution:
Here, Q = 20.9 J
ΔV = (100 – 50) cm3 = 50 cm3 =50(10-2 m)3 = 50x10-6 m3
p = 1.00 atm = 1x105 Pa
n = 2.00x10-3 mol
(a) ΔEint = Q – W = Q – p ΔV = 20.9 – 1x105(50x10-6) = 20.9 – 5.0 = 15.9 J
(b) Ideal gas law, pV = nRT
Δ Δ
(pV) = (nRT)
Δ𝑇 Δ𝑇
ΔV ΔT
p = nR
Δ𝑇 Δ𝑇
ΔV
p = nR
Δ𝑇

pΔV = nR ΔT
pΔ𝑉
= n ΔT
R

Q = nCpΔT
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄𝑅 20.9(8.31) 173.68
Cp = = pΔ𝑉 = = = = 34.74 J/mol-K
𝑛∆𝑇 𝑝∆𝑉 1×105 (50×10−6 ) 5.0
R

(c) Cp – CV = R,
CV = Cp – R = 34.74 – 8.31 = 26.43 J/mol-K
 Problems for Practice

Q.42) What is the internal energy of 1.0 mol of an ideal monatomic gas at
273 K?

Solution:
Given,
n = 1.0 mol
T = 273k
R = 8.31 J/mol − K

U = 3/2 nRT
= 3/2 . 1.0⋅8.31⋅273
=1.5⋅8.31⋅273
=3401.6J

Q. 43) The temperature of 3.00 mol of an ideal diatomic gas is increased by

40.0∘C without the pressure of the gas changing .The molecules in the gas
rotate but do not oscillate.
(a) How much energy is transferred to the gas as heat?
(b) What is the change in the internal energy of the gas?
(c) How much work is done by the gas?
(d) By how much does the rotational kinetic energy of the gas increase?

Solution: Given,

Number of moles, n=3.00 mol

Temperature increase, ΔT=40.0∘C=40.0 K

Ideal diatomic gas

 Constant pressure process

R = 8.31 J/mol − K

a) Cp=7/2.R

Q=nCpΔT=n(7/2 .R)ΔT
=3.00⋅27⋅8.314⋅40.0=3.00⋅3.5⋅8.314⋅40.0=3.00⋅1163.96=3491.9J

b) Cv= 5/2.R
ΔU=nCvΔT
=3.00⋅5/2⋅8.314⋅40.0=3.00⋅2.5⋅8.314⋅40.0=3.00⋅831.4
=2494.2J

c) Here,
Q =3491.9J
ΔU= 2494.2J

Q=ΔU+W
W=Q−ΔU =3491.9 – 2494.2 = 997.7J

d) Here,
ΔU= 2494.2J

ΔKrot=2/5.ΔU=2/5 ⋅2494 = 997.6J

Name: Sabekun Nahar
ID:24-58349-2
Lesson : 6
Chapter 19:The Kinetic Theory of Gases

55.A certain gas occupies a volume of 4.3 L at a pressure of 1.2 atm and a
temperature of 310 K. It is compressed adiabatically to a volume of 0.76 L.
Determine (a) the final pressure and (b) the final temperature, assuming the
gas to be an ideal gas for which γ = 1.4.
Solution:
Here, Vi = 4.3 L
pi = 1.2 atm = 1.2x105 Pa
Ti = 310 K
Vf = 0.76 L
𝛾 = 1.4
p𝑣 ɣ = constant
𝛾 𝛾
𝑝𝑖 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑝𝑓 𝑣𝑓

𝑝𝑓 =
54. We know that for an adiabatic process p𝑉 𝛾 = a constant. Evaluate “a
constant” for an
adiabatic process involving exactly 2.0 mol of an ideal gas passing through the
state having
exactly p = 1.0 atm and T = 300 K. Assume a diatomic gas whose molecules
rotate but do not oscillate.
Solution:
Diatomic gas whose molecules rotate but do not oscillate,

f=3+2=5