Name: Nguyễn Văn Tính

Section: Tiết 1-5 ST6

Laboratory Exercise 2
DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS: TIME-DOMAIN REPRESENTATION

2.1 SIMULATION OF DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.1 The Moving Average System

A copy of Program P2_1 is given below:

% Program P2_1
% Simulation of an M-point Moving Average Filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');
axis;

Answers:

1
Q2.1 The output sequence generated by running the above program for M = 2 with
x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] as the input is shown below.

The component of the input x[n] suppressed by the discrete-time system

simulated by this program is – Signal #2

Q2.2 Program P2_1 is modified to simulate the LTI system y[n] = 0.5(x[n]–x[n–
1]) and process the input x[n] = s1[n]+s2[n] resulting in the output
sequence shown below:
% Modification of P2_1 to convert it to a high pass filter
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
s1 = cos(2*pi*0.05*n); % A low-frequency sinusoid
s2 = cos(2*pi*0.47*n); % A high frequency sinusoid
x = s1+s2;
% Implementation of high pass filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = (-1).^[0:M-1];
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,2,1);
plot(n, s1);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #1');
subplot(2,2,2);
plot(n, s2);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Signal #2');
subplot(2,2,3);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

2
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,2,4);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -2, 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');

axis;

The effect of changing the LTI system on the input is – hệ thống là bộ lọc thông cao.
Nó chuyển thành phần đầu vào tần số cao s2 thay vì đầu vào tần số thấp thành phần s1.

Q2.3 Program P2_1 is run for the following values of filter length M and following values
of the frequencies of the sinusoidal signals s1[n] and s2[n]. The output
generated for these different values of M and the frequencies are shown below.
From these plots we make the following observations -

3
 Signal #1 Signal #2
2 2

1 1

Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n
Input Signal Output Signal
2 2

1 1
Amplitude

Amplitude
0 0

-1 -1

-2 -2
0 50 100 0 50 100
Time index n Time index n

Q2.4 The required modifications to Program P2_1 by changing the input sequence to a
swept-frequency sinusoidal signal (length 101, minimum frequency 0, and a
maximum frequency 0.5) as the input signal (see Program P1_7) are listed below :
% Modify P2_1 to use a swept frequency chirp input
% Generate the input signal
n = 0:100;
a = pi/200;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Implementation of the moving average filter
M = input('Desired length of the filter = ');
num = ones(1,M);
y = filter(num,1,x)/M;
% Display the input and output signals
clf;
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n, x);
axis([0, 100, -1.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal');
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n, y);
axis([0, 100, -1.5, 1.5]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Signal');

axis;

The output signal generated by running this program is plotted below .

4
Project 2.2 (Optional) A Simple Nonlinear Discrete-Time System

A copy of Program P2_2 is given below:

% Program P2_2
% Generate a sinusoidal input signal
clf;
n = 0:200;
x = cos(2*pi*0.05*n);
% Compute the output signal
x1 = [x 0 0]; % x1[n] = x[n+1]
x2 = [0 x 0]; % x2[n] = x[n]
x3 = [0 0 x]; % x3[n] = x[n-1]
y = x2.*x2-x1.*x3;
y = y(2:202);
% Plot the input and output signals
subplot(2,1,1)
plot(n, x)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Input Signal')
subplot(2,1,2)
plot(n,y)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output signal');

Answers:

Q2.5 The sinusoidal signals with the following frequencies as the input signals were
used to generate the output signals :

5
 The output signals generated for each of the above input signals are displayed
below:

The output signals depend on the frequencies of the input signal according to the
following rules: Phép tính liên quan đến các số hạng bình phương cho biết tín hiệu
đầu ra phụ thuộc theo phương pháp bậc hai vào tần số của tín hiệu đầu vào. Để
tạo tín hiệu đầu ra, về cơ bản chương trình chạy một phép toán bậc hai trên tín
hiệu đầu vào.

This observation can be explained mathematically as follows : y[n] = x[n]2 − x[n −

1] *x[n + 1] tương đương với cos2(2π*0.5n)

Q2.6 The output signal generated by using sinusoidal signals of the form x[n] =
sin(on) + K as the input signal is shown below for the following values of o
and K-

6
 Input Signal
1.5

Amplitude
0.5

-0.5

-1
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n
Output signal
0.5

0.4
Amplitude

0.3

0.2

0.1

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 200
Time index n

The dependence of the output signal yt[n] on the DC value K can be explained as -

Project 2.3 Linear and Nonlinear Systems

A copy of Program P2_3 is given below:

% Program P2_3
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set zero initial conditions
y1 = filter(num,den,x1,ic); % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = filter(num,den,x2,ic); % Compute the output y2[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic); % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot x_{2}
[n]');
subplot(3,1,2)

7
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

Answers:

Q2.7 The outputs y[n], obtained with weighted input, and yt[n], obtained by
combining the two outputs y1[n] and y2[n] with the same weights, are shown
below along with the difference between the two signals :

The two sequences are – tương tự cho đến làm tròn số

The system is – tuyến tính

Q2.8 Program P2_3 was run for the following three different sets of values of the
weighting constants, a and b, and the following three different sets of input
frequencies:

a=1; b=-1; f1=0.05; f2=0.4;

a=10; b=2; f1=0.10; f2=0.25;
a=2; b=10; f1=0.15; f2=0.20;

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

8
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

20
Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-14 Difference Signal

10
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-15 Difference Signal

2
Amplitude

-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

9
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

10

Amplitude
0
-10
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

10
Amplitude 0
-10
-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with different weights is – tuyến tính

Q2.9 Program 2_3 was run with the following non-zero initial conditions -

The plots generated are shown below -

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

2
Amplitude

-2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y 2 [n]

10
Amplitude

-10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
Amplitude

10

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial conditions is –
phi tuyến

Q2.10 Program P2_3 was run with nonzero initial conditions and for the following three
different sets of values of the weighting constants, a and b, and the following
three different sets of input frequencies :

10
 a=2; b=-2; f1=0.2; f2=0.45
a=3; b=-1; f1=0.1;f2=0.3
a=1; b=-3; f1=0.4;f2=0.6

The plots generated for each of the above three cases are shown below :

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5

-10
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

11
 Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]
4

Amplitude
2
0
-2
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
20
Amplitude

10
0
-10

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Based on these plots we can conclude that the system with nonzero initial
conditions and different weights is – phi tuyến

Project 2.4 Time-invariant and Time-varying Systems

A copy of Program P2_4 is given below:

% Program P2_4
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
ic = [0 0]; % Set initial conditions
% Compute the output y[n]
y = filter(num,den,x,ic);
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = filter(num,den,xd,ic);
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');

12
title(['Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð',
num2str(D),']']); grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;
Answers:

Q2.12 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Ð10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows - y[n-10] = yd[n].

The system is – thời gian bất biến

Q2.13 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-D] generated by running Program P2_4 for
the following values of the delay variable D -

13
are shown below -
Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ4]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ4]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

14
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ6]

20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ8]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y[n-D]= yd

The system is – bất biến

Q2.14 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for the following values of the input frequencies -

are shown below –

f1=0.03; f2=0.3;
f1=0.1; f2=0.35;
f1=0.15; f2=0.5

15
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]
Amplitude 20

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

16
 Output y[n]

20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

In each case, these two sequences are related as follows - y[n-10] = yd[n]

The system is – bất biến

Q2.15 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows – yd không bằng shift y[n]

The system is – bất biến

17
Q2.16 The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running Program P2_4
for non-zero initial conditions and following values of the input frequencies -

are shown below -

f1=0.15; f2=0.3;
f1=0.1; f2=0.35;
f1=0.25; f2=0.5

Output y[n]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

18
 Output y[n]
20

Amplitude
0

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]
Amplitude 20

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The system is – bất biến

Q2.17 The modified Program 2_4 simulating the system

y[n] = n x[n] + x[n-1]

is given below:
% Program Q2_17
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40; D = 10;a = 3.0;b = -2;
x = a*cos(2*pi*0.1*n) + b*cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
xd = [zeros(1,D) x];
nd = 0:length(xd)-1;
% Compute the output y[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)];
% Compute the output yd[n]
yd = (nd .* xd) + [0 xd(1:length(xd)-1)];
% Compute the difference output d[n]
d = y - yd(1+D:41+D);
% Plot the outputs
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output y[n]'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yd(1:41));
ylabel('Amplitude');
title(['Output due to Delayed Input x[n -', num2str(D),']']); grid;
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

19
title('Difference Signal'); grid;

The output sequences y[n] and yd[n-10] generated by running modified

Program P2_4 are shown below -

Output y[n]
20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output due to Delayed Input x[n Đ10]

20
Amplitude

-20
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

These two sequences are related as follows – yd[n] không được dịch chuyển bằng
y[n]

The system is – bất biến

Q2.18 (optional) The modified Program P2_3 to test the linearity of the system of Q2.18 is
shown below:
% Program Q2_18
% Generate the input sequences
clf;
n = 0:40;
a = 2;b = -3;
x1 = cos(2*pi*0.1*n);
x2 = cos(2*pi*0.4*n);
x = a*x1 + b*x2;
y1 = (n .* x1) + [0 x1(1:40)]; % Compute the output y1[n]
y2 = (n .* x2) + [0 x2(1:40)]; % Compute the output y2[n]
y = (n .* x) + [0 x(1:40)]; % Compute the output y[n]
yt = a*y1 + b*y2;
d = y - yt; % Compute the difference output d[n]
% Plot the outputs and the difference signal
subplot(3,1,1)
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Due to Weighted Input: a \cdot x_{1}[n] + b \cdot x_{2}
[n]');

20
subplot(3,1,2)
stem(n,yt);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Weighted Output: a \cdot y_{1}[n] + b \cdot y_{2}[n]');
subplot(3,1,3)
stem(n,d);
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal');

The outputs y[n]and yt[n] obtained by running the modified program P2_3 are
shown below:

Output Due to Weighted Input: a x1 [n] + b x2 [n]

200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Weighted Output: a y1 [n] + b y2 [n]

200
Amplitude

-200
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

-14 Difference Signal

10
Amplitude

2
1
0

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The two sequences are – tương tự cho đến làm tròn số

The system is – tuyến tính

2.2 LINEAR TIME-INVARIANT DISCRETE-TIME SYSTEMS

Project 2.5 Computation of Impulse Responses of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_5 is shown below:

% Program P2_5
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1 -0.4 0.75];
y = impz(num,den,N);

21
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.19 The first 41 samples of the impulse response of the discrete-time system of Project
2.3 generated by running Program P2_5 is given below:

Impulse Response
4

2
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.20 The required modifications to Program P2_5 to generate the impulse response of
the following causal LTI system :

y[n] + 0.71y[n-1] – 0.46y[n-2] – 0.62y[n-3]

= 0.9x[n] – 0.45x[n-1] + 0.35x[n-2] + 0.002x[n-3]

are given below:

% Program P2_5 tuong tu bai ex3 trong programex
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
y = impz(num,den,N); % áp d?ng cho h? th?ng nhân qu?
% Plot the impulse response
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

22
 The first 45 samples of the impulse response of this discrete-time system
generated by running the modified is given below :

Impulse Response
4

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Q2.21 The MATLAB program to generate the impulse response of a causal LTI system of
Q2.20 using the filter command is indicated below:
% Program Q2_21
% Compute the impulse response y
clf;
N = 40;
num = [0.9 -0.45 0.35 0.002];
den = [1.0 0.71 -0.46 -0.62];
% input: unit pulse
x = [1 zeros(1,N-1)];
% output
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the impulse response
% by program P2_5.
stem(y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Impulse Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the impulse response generated by this program are shown
below:

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 Impulse Response
2

1.5

Amplitude
0.5

-0.5

-1

-1.5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Comparing the above response with that obtained in Question Q2.20 we conclude
– giống nhau

Q2.22 The MATLAB program to generate and plot the step response of a causal LTI
system is indicated below:
% Program Q2_22
% Compute the step response s
clf;
N = 40;
n = 0:N-1;
num = [2.2403 2.4908 2.2403];
den = [1.0 -0.4 0.75];
% input: unit step
x = [ones(1,N)];
% output
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Plot the step response
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Step Response'); grid;

The first 40 samples of the step response of the LTI system of Project 2.3 are
shown below:

24
 Step Response
8

Amplitude
4

0
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

Project 2.6 Cascade of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_6 is given below:

% Program P2_6
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num1,den1,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num2,den2,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,2);
stem(n,y2)

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ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of Cascade Realization'); grid;
subplot(3,1,3);
stem(n,d)
xlabel('Time index n');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Difference Signal'); grid;
Answers:

Q2.23 The output sequences y[n], y2[n], and the difference signal d[n] generated
by running Program P2_6 are indicated below:

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] is – gần như giống nhau

Q2.24 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with the input changed to a
sinusoidal sequence are as follows :

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 Output of 4th order Realization

0.2

Amplitude
0

-0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
Amplitude 0.2

-0.2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
-15 Difference Signal
10
2
Amplitude

-2

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – gần như giống nhau và sự khác biệt
rất nhỏ
Q2.25 The sequences generated by running Program P2_6 with non-zero initial condition
vectors are now as given below:

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output of Cascade Realization

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n
>

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – không giống nhau

Q2.26 The modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-order systems in reverse order and
with zero initial conditions is displayed below :
% Program Q2_26
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input

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n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;
% Program Q2_26
% Cascade Realization
clf;
x = [1 zeros(1,40)]; % Generate the input
n = 0:40;
% Coefficients of 4th order system
den = [1 1.6 2.28 1.325 0.68];
num = [0.06 -0.19 0.27 -0.26 0.12];
% Compute the output of 4th order system
y = filter(num,den,x);
% Coefficients of the two 2nd order systems
num1 = [0.3 -0.2 0.4];den1 = [1 0.9 0.8];
num2 = [0.2 -0.5 0.3];den2 = [1 0.7 0.85];
% Output y1[n] of the first stage in the cascade
y1 = filter(num2,den2,x);
% Output y2[n] of the second stage in the cascade
y2 = filter(num1,den1,y1);
% Difference between y[n] and y2[n]
d = y - y2;
% Plot output and difference signals
subplot(3,1,1);
stem(n,y);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of 4th order Realization'); grid;

The sequences generated by running the modified program are sketched below :

28
 Output of 4th order Realization
1

Amplitude
0

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Output of Cascade Realization

1

Amplitude
0

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

10-15 Difference Signal

5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – như nhau cho đến khi làm
tròn số

Q2.27 The sequences generated by running the modified Program P2_6 with the two 2nd-
order systems in reverse order and with non-zero initial conditions are displayed
below:

Output of 4th order Realization

1
Amplitude

-1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Output of Cascade Realization
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Difference Signal
5
Amplitude

-5
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Time index n

The relation between y[n] and y2[n] in this case is – không giống nhau

Project 2.7 Convolution

29
 A copy of Program P2_7 is reproduced below:
% Program P2_7
clf;
h = [3 2 1 -2 1 0 -4 0 3]; % impulse response
x = [1 -2 3 -4 3 2 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:14;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,8)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;
Answers:

Q2.28 The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running Program P2_7 are shown
below:

Output Obtained by Convolution

20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is - giống nhau.

The reason for using x1[n] as the input, obtained by zero-padding x[n], for
generating y1[n] is - Lý do dùng x1[n] làm đầu vào thu được bằng cách đệm 0 x[n] để
tạo y1[n] là với hai chuỗi độ dài N1 và N2, conv trả về kết quả dãy có độ dài N1+N2-1.
Ngược lại, bộ lọc chấp nhận tín hiệu vào và đặc tả hệ thống, kết quả trả về cùng độ dài

30
 tín hiệu vào. Vậy, đẻ có kết quả so sánh trực tiếp từ đối lưu và lọc để cung cấp cho lọc
một đầu vào đệm bằng 0 theo chiều dài: dài(x) + dài(h) -1

Q2.29 The modified Program P2_7 to develop the convolution of a length-15 sequence
h[n] with a length-10 sequence x[n]is indicated below:
% Program Q2_29
clf;
h = [3 1 4 1 5 9 2 6 5 4 -3 -1 -4 -1 -5]; % impulse response
x = [0 1 2 1 0 -1 -2 -1 0 1]; % input sequence
y = conv(h,x);
n = 0:length(h)+length(x)-2;
subplot(2,1,1);
stem(n,y);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Obtained by Convolution'); grid;
x1 = [x zeros(1,length(h)-1)];
y1 = filter(h,1,x1);
subplot(2,1,2);
stem(n,y1);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output Generated by Filtering'); grid;

The sequences y[n] and y1[n] generated by running modified Program P2_7
are shown below:

Output Obtained by Convolution

20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20

-30
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n
Output Generated by Filtering
20

10
Amplitude

-10

-20

-30
0 5 10 15 20 25
Time index n

The difference between y[n] and y1[n] is – giống nhau

31
Project 2.8 Stability of LTI Systems

A copy of Program P2_8 is given below:

% Program P2_8

% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute

% values of the impulse response samples

clf;

num = [1 -0.8]; den = [1 1.5 0.9];

N = 200;

h = impz(num,den,N+1);

parsum = 0;

for k = 1:N+1;

parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));

if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end

end

% Plot the impulse response

n = 0:N;

stem(n,h)

xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');

% Print the value of abs(h(k))

disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

Answers:

Q2.30 The purpose of the for command is – lặp lại các câu lệnh với số lần cụ thể

The purpose of the end command is –chấm dứt phạm vi các câu lệnh FOR, WHILE,

SWITCH, IF, TRY

Q2.31 The purpose of the break command is – chấm dứt vòng lặp while hoặc for

32
Q2.32 The discrete-time system of Program P2_8 is - y[n] + 1.5y[n-1]
+ 0.9y[n-2] = x[n] – 0.8x[n-1]

The impulse response generated by running Program P2_8 is shown below :

1
Amplitude

-1

-2

-3
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n

The value of |h(K)| here is - 1.6761e-005

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is - ổn định

By running Program P2_8 with a larger value of N the new value of | h(K)| is -
9.1752e-007

From this value we can conclude that the system is – khả năng ổn định

Q2.33 The modified Program P2_8 to simulate the discrete-time system of Q2.33 is given
below:
% Program Q2_33
% Stability test based on the sum of the absolute
% values of the impulse response samples
clf;
num = [1 -4 3]; den = [1 -1.7 1.0];
N = 200;
h = impz(num,den,N+1);
parsum = 0;
for k = 1:N+1;
parsum = parsum + abs(h(k));
if abs(h(k)) < 10^(-6), break, end
end
% Plot the impulse response
n = 0:N;

33
stem(n,h)
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
% Print the value of abs(h(k))
disp('Value =');disp(abs(h(k)));

The impulse response generated by running the modified Program P2_8 is shown
below:

2.5

1.5

0.5
Amplitude

-0.5

-1

-1.5

-2

-2.5
0 50 100 150 200
Time index n

The values of |h(K)| here are - 2.0321 với k=200 các giá trị không giảm

From this value and the shape of the impulse response we can conclude that the
system is – không ổn định

Project 2.9 Illustration of the Filtering Concept

A copy of Program P2_9 is given below:

% Program P2_9
% Generate the input sequence
clf;
n = 0:299;
x1 = cos(2*pi*10*n/256);
x2 = cos(2*pi*100*n/256);
x = x1+x2;
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences

34
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

Answers:

Q2.34 The output sequences generated by this program are shown below :
Output of System #1
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Output of System #2
2

1
Amplitude

-1

-2
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Time index n

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency component of
the input signal x[n] is – system 2

Q2.35 The required modifications to Program P2_9 by changing the input sequence to a
swept sinusoidal sequence (length 301, minimum frequency 0, and maximum
frequency 0.5) are listed below along with the output sequences generated by the
modified program:
% Program Q2_35
% Generate the input sequence
clf;
n = 0:300;
a = pi/600;
b = 0;
arg = a*n.*n + b*n;
x = cos(arg);
% Compute the output sequences
num1 = [0.5 0.27 0.77];
y1 = filter(num1,1,x); % Output of System #1
den2 = [1 -0.53 0.46];
num2 = [0.45 0.5 0.45];

35
y2 = filter(num2,den2,x); % Output of System #2
% Plot the output sequences
subplot(2,1,1);
plot(n,y1);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #1'); grid;
subplot(2,1,2);
plot(n,y2);axis([0 300 -2 2]);
xlabel('Time index n'); ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Output of System #2'); grid;

The filter with better characteristics for the suppression of the high frequency
component of the input signal x [n] is – system2

Date: 18/11/2024 Signature: NVT

36