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Beginning Python Programmer to Programmer 1st
Edition Peter C. Norton Digital Instant Download
Author(s): Peter C. Norton
ISBN(s): 9780764596544, 0764596543
Edition: 1
File Details: PDF, 3.90 MB
Year: 2005
Language: english
 Beginning Python

Peter Norton, Alex Samuel, David Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson,

Leonard Richardson, Jason Diamond,
Aleatha Parker, Michael Roberts
Beginning Python
 Beginning Python

Peter Norton, Alex Samuel, David Aitel, Eric Foster-Johnson,

Leonard Richardson, Jason Diamond,
Aleatha Parker, Michael Roberts
Beginning Python
Published by
Wiley Publishing, Inc.
10475 Crosspoint Boulevard
Indianapolis, IN 46256
www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2005 by Wiley Publishing, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada
ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3
ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4
Manufactured in the United States of America
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
1B/SQ/QX/QV/IN
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Beginning Python / Peter Norton.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN-13: 978-0-7645-9654-4 (paper/website)
ISBN-10: 0-7645-9654-3 (paper/website)
1. Python (Computer program language) I. Norton, Peter, 1974-
QA76.73.P98B45 2005
005.13’3--dc22
2005013968
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning or otherwise, except as permitted under Sections 107 or 108 of
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About the Authors
Peter Norton (NY, NY) has been working with Unix and Linux for over a decade at companies large and
small solving problems with Linux. An officer of the NY Linux Users Group, he can be found on the
nylug-talk mailing list. Peter coauthored Professional RHEL3. He works for a very large financial com-
pany in NYC, plying his Python and open-source skills.

Alex Samuel (San Diego, CA) has developed software for biology researchers and now studies high-
energy physics at Caltech. Alex has worked on many GNU/Linux development tools, including GCC,
and co-founded CodeSourcery LLC, a consulting firm specializing in GNU/Linux development tools.

David Aitel (NY, NY) is the CEO of Immunity and a coauthor of Shellcoder’s Handbook.

Eric Foster-Johnson (Minneapolis, MN) uses Python extensively with Java, and is a veteran author,
most recently completing Beginning Shell Scripting.

Leonard Richardson (San Francisco, CA) writes useful Python packages with silly names.

Jason Diamond (CA) Jason Diamond is a software development instructor for DevelopMentor and a
consultant specializing in C++, .NET, Python, and XML. He spends most of his spare time contributing
to open-source projects using his favorite language, Python.

Aleathea Parker (San Francisco CA) is a programmer working as a publication engineer for a major
software company, coding primarily in Python and XSLT. She has a background in web applications and
content management.

Michael Roberts (Puerto Rico) has been programming professionally in C, Perl, and Python for long
enough that Python didn’t actually exist when he started. He is the chief perpetrator of the wftk
open-source workflow toolkit, and he swears that it will someday be finished, for certain values of
“finished”.
 Credits
Acquisitions Editor Graphics and Production Specialists
Debra Williams Cauley Sean Decker
Carrie Foster
Development Editor Lauren Goddard
Kelly D. Henthorne Denny Hager
Jennifer Heleine
Production Editor Amanda Spagnuolo
William A. Barton
Quality Control Technicians
Copy Editor Leann Harney
Luann Rouff Joe Niesen
Carl William Pierce
Production Manager
Tim Tate Media Development Specialists
Angela Denny
Editorial Manager Kit Malone
Mary Beth Wakefield Travis Silvers

Vice President & Executive Group Publisher Proofreading and Indexing

Richard Swadley TECHBOOKS Production Services

Vice President and Publisher

Joseph B. Wikert

Project Coordinator
Kristie Rees
To my Claudia, for keeping me thinking straight through a crazy time.
To my mom, Eunice, for bringing me food and asking if I was okay throughout.
To Debra, for roping me into this. And to all of the authors,
I want to thank you for making it to the finish line.
Whoa! I didn’t know what I was getting you all into! —P. N.

To my dad, Clarence A. Johnson, 1922–2005. —E. F-J.

For my mother. —L. R.

For Jilly: 1 = 2. —J. D.

To Aaron, for putting up with me. —A. P.

To my wife, Agnes, in revenge for her doctoral thesis. —M. R.

 Contents

Acknowledgments xxix
Introduction xxxi

Chapter 1: Programming Basics and Strings 1

How Programming Is Different from Using a Computer 1
Programming Is Consistency 2
Programming Is Control 2
Programming Copes with Change 2
What All That Means Together 3
The First Steps 3
Starting codeEditor 3
Using codeEditor’s Python Shell 4
Try It Out: Starting the Python Shell 4
Beginning to Use Python — Strings 5
What Is a String? 5
Why the Quotes? 6
Try It Out: Entering Strings with Different Quotes 6
Understanding Different Quotes 6
Putting Two Strings Together 8
Try It Out: Using + to Combine Strings 8
Putting Strings Together in Different Ways 9
Try It Out: Using a Format Specifier to Populate a String 9
Try It Out: More String Formatting 9
Displaying Strings with Print 10
Try It Out: Printing Text with Print 10
Summary 10
Exercises 11

Chapter 2: Numbers and Operators 13

Different Kinds of Numbers 13
Numbers in Python 14
Try It Out: Using Type with Different Numbers 14
Try It Out: Creating an Imaginary Number 15
Contents
Program Files 15
Try It Out: Using the Shell with the Editor 16
Using the Different Types 17
Try It Out Including Different Numbers in Strings 18
Try It Out: Escaping the % Sign in Strings 18
Basic Math 19
Try It Out Doing Basic Math 19
Try It Out: Using the Modulus Operation 20
Some Surprises 20
Try It Out: Printing the Results 21
Using Numbers 21
Order of Evaluation 21
Try It Out: Using Math Operations 21
Number Formats 22
Try It Out: Using Number Formats 22
Mistakes Will Happen 23
Try It Out: Making Mistakes 23
Some Unusual Cases 24
Try It Out: Formatting Numbers as Octal and Hexadecimal 24
Summary 24
Exercises 25

Chapter 3: Variables — Names for Values 27

Referring to Data – Using Names for Data 27
Try It Out: Assigning Values to Names 28
Changing Data Through Names 28
Try It Out: Altering Named Values 29
Copying Data 29
Names You Can’t Use and Some Rules 29
Using More Built-in Types 30
Tuples — Unchanging Sequences of Data 30
Try It Out: Creating and Using a Tuple 30
Try It Out: Accessing a Tuple Through Another Tuple 31
Lists — Changeable Sequences of Data 33
Try It Out Viewing the Elements of a List 33
Dictionaries — Groupings of Data Indexed by Name 34
Try It Out: Making a Dictionary 34
Try It Out: Getting the Keys from a Dictionary 35
Treating a String Like a List 36
Special Types 38

xii
 Contents
Other Common Sequence Properties 38
Referencing the Last Elements 38
Ranges of Sequences 39
Try It Out: Slicing Sequences 39
Growing Lists by Appending Sequences 40
Using Lists to Temporarily Store Data 40
Try It Out: Popping Elements from a List 40
Summary 41
Exercises 42

Chapter 4: Making Decisions 43

Comparing Values — Are They the Same? 43
Try It Out: Comparing Values for Sameness 43
Doing the Opposite — Not Equal 45
Try It Out: Comparing Values for Difference 45
Comparing Values — Which One Is More? 45
Try It Out: Comparing Greater Than and Less Than 45
More Than or Equal, Less Than or Equal 47
Reversing True and False 47
Try It Out: Reversing the Outcome of a Test 47
Looking for the Results of More Than One Comparison 48
How to Get Decisions Made 48
Try It Out: Placing Tests within Tests 49
Repetition 51
How to Do Something — Again and Again 51
Try It Out: Using a while Loop 51
Stopping the Repetition 52
Try It Out: Using else While Repeating 54
Try It Out: Using continue to Keep Repeating 54
Handling Errors 55
Trying Things Out 55
Try It Out: Creating an Exception with Its Explanation 56
Summary 57
Exercises 58

Chapter 5: Functions 59
Putting Your Program into Its Own File 59
Try It Out: Run a Program with Python -i 61

xiii
Contents
Functions: Grouping Code under a Name 61
Try It Out: Defining a Function 61
Choosing a Name 62
Describing a Function in the Function 63
Try It Out: Displaying __doc__ 63
The Same Name in Two Different Places 64
Making Notes to Yourself 65
Try It Out: Experimenting with Comments 65
Asking a Function to Use a Value You Provide 66
Try It Out Invoking a Function with Parameters 67
Checking Your Parameters 68
Try It Out: Determining More Types with the type Function 69
Try It Out: Using Strings to Compare Types 69
Setting a Default Value for a Parameter — Just in Case 70
Try It Out: Setting a Default Parameter 70
Calling Functions from within Other Functions 71
Try It Out: Invoking the Completed Function 72
Functions Inside of Functions 72
Flagging an Error on Your Own Terms 73
Layers of Functions 74
How to Read Deeper Errors 74
Summary 75
Exercises 76

Chapter 6: Classes and Objects 79

Thinking About Programming 79
Objects You Already Know 79
Looking Ahead: How You Want to Use Objects 81
Defining a Class 81
How Code Can Be Made into an Object 81
Try It Out: Defining a Class 82
Try It Out: Creating an Object from Your Class 82
Try It Out: Writing an Internal Method 84
Try It Out: Writing Interface Methods 85
Try It Out: Using More Methods 87
Objects and Their Scope 89
Try It Out: Creating Another Class 89
Summary 92
Exercises 93

xiv
 Contents

Chapter 7: Organizing Programs 95

Modules 96
Importing a Module So That You Can Use It 96
Making a Module from Pre-existing Code 97
Try It Out: Creating a Module 97
Try It Out: Exploring Your New Module 98
Using Modules — Starting With the Command Line 99
Try It Out: Printing sys.argv 100
Changing How Import Works — Bringing in More 101
Packages 101
Try It Out: Making the Files in the Kitchen Class 102
Modules and Packages 103
Bringing Everything into the Current Scope 103
Try It Out: Exporting Modules from a Package 104
Re-importing Modules and Packages 104
Try It Out: Examining sys.modules 105
Basics of Testing Your Modules and Packages 106
Summary 106
Exercises 107

Chapter 8: Files and Directories 109

File Objects 109
Writing Text Files 110
Reading Text Files 111
Try It Out: Printing the Lengths of Lines in the Sample File 112
File Exceptions 113
Paths and Directories 113
Paths 114
Directory Contents 116
Try It Out: Getting the Contents of a Directory 116
Try It Out: Listing the Contents of Your Desktop or Home Directory 118
Obtaining Information about Files 118
Recursive Directory Listings 118
Renaming, Moving, Copying, and Removing Files 119
Example: Rotating Files 120
Creating and Removing Directories 121
Globbing 122

xv
Contents
Pickles 123
Try It Out: Creating a Pickle File 123
Pickling Tips 124
Efficient Pickling 125
Summary 125
Exercises 125

Chapter 9: Other Features of the Language 127

Lambda and Filter: Short Anonymous Functions 127
Reduce 128
Try It Out: Working with Reduce 128
Map: Short-Circuiting Loops 129
Try It Out: Use Map 129
Decisions within Lists — List Comprehension 130
Generating Lists for Loops 131
Try It Out: Examining an xrange Object 132
Special String Substitution Using Dictionaries 133
Try It Out: String Formatting with Dictionaries 133
Featured Modules 134
Getopt — Getting Options from the Command Line 134
Using More Than One Process 137
Threads — Doing Many Things in the Same Process 139
Storing Passwords 140
Summary 141
Exercises 142

Chapter 10: Building a Module 143

Exploring Modules 143
Importing Modules 145
Finding Modules 145
Digging through Modules 146
Creating Modules and Packages 150
Try It Out: Creating a Module with Functions 150
Working with Classes 151
Defining Object-Oriented Programming 151
Creating Classes 151
Try It Out: Creating a Meal Class 152
Extending Existing Classes 153

xvi
 Contents
Finishing Your Modules 154
Defining Module-Specific Errors 154
Choosing What to Export 155
Documenting Your Modules 156
Try It Out: Viewing Module Documentation 157
Testing Your Module 162
Running a Module as a Program 164
Try It Out: Running a Module 164
Creating a Whole Module 165
Try It Out: Finishing a Module 165
Try It Out: Smashing Imports 169
Installing Your Modules 170
Try It Out: Creating an Installable Package 171
Summary 174
Exercises 174

Chapter 11: Text Processing 175

Why Text Processing Is So Useful 175
Searching for Files 176
Clipping Logs 177
Sifting through Mail 178
Navigating the File System with the os Module 178
Try It Out: Listing Files and Playing with Paths 180
Try It Out: Searching for Files of a Particular Type 181
Try It Out: Refining a Search 183
Working with Regular Expressions and the re Module 184
Try It Out: Fun with Regular Expressions 186
Try It Out: Adding Tests 187
Summary 189
Exercises 189

Chapter 12: Testing 191

Assertions 191
Try It Out: Using Assert 192
Test Cases and Test Suites 193
Try It Out: Testing Addition 194
Try It Out: Testing Faulty Addition 195
Test Fixtures 196
Try It Out: Working with Test Fixtures 197

xvii
Discovering Diverse Content Through
Random Scribd Documents
chapter may not forestall one single scientific discovery. It may not
tally with one axiom or dogma of geology. Nevertheless, it remains a
unique, undeniable, and glorious monument of revelation, second
only in worth and splendour to the record of God's incarnation of His
whole heart and being in the person of Jesus Christ, our Lord and
Redeemer. Consider what this chapter has actually accomplished in
the world, and set that against all theories of what it ought to be
doing. For our knowledge of the true God and the realisation of
mankind's higher life it has done a work beside which any question
of correspondence or non-correspondence with science sinks into
unmentionable insignificance. Place side by side with it the chiefest
and best of the Pagan cosmogonies, and appreciate its sweetness,
purity, and elevation over against their grotesqueness, their
shallowness, and their degradation alike of the human and the
Divine. Realise the world whose darkness they re-echo, the world
into which emerged this radiant picture of God's glory and man's
dignity, and think what it has done for that poor world. It found
heaven filled with a horde of gods, monstrous, impure, and horrible,
gigantic embodiments of brute force and lust, or at best cold
abstractions of cosmical principles, whom men could fear, but not
love, honour, or revere. It found man in a world dark and
unhomelike, bowing down in abject worship to beasts and birds, and
stocks and stones, trembling with craven cowardice before the
elements and forces of Nature, enslaved in a degrading bondage of
physical superstition, fetishism, and polytheism. With one sweep of
inspired might the truth enshrined in this chapter has changed all
that, wherever it has come. It has cleansed the heaven of those foul
gods and monstrous worships, and leaves men on bended knees in
the presence of the one true God, their Father in heaven, who made
the world for their use, and them for Himself, and whose tender
mercies are over all His works. From moral and mental slavery it has
emancipated man, for it has taken the physical objects of his fear
and worship, and dashing them down from their usurped pre-
eminence, has put them all under his feet, to be his ministers and
servants in working out on earth his eternal destiny. These
conceptions of God, Man, and Nature have been the regeneration of
humanity; the springs of progress in science, invention, and
civilisation; the charter of the dignity of human life, and the
foundation of liberty, virtue, and religion. The man who, in view of
such a record, can ask with anxious concern whether a revelation
carrying in its bosom such a wealth of heavenly truth does not also
have concealed in its shoe a bird's-eye view of geology must surely
be a man blind to all literary likelihood, destitute of any sense of
congruity and the general fitness of things, and cannot but seem to
us as one that mocks. The chapter's title to be reckoned a revelation
rests on no such magical and recondite quality, but is stamped four-
square on the face of its essential character and contents. Whence
could this absolutely unique conception of God, in His relation to the
world and man, have been derived, except from God Himself?
Whence into a world so dark, and void, and formless did it emerge
fair and radiant? There is no answer but one. God said, "Let there be
light; and there was light."
The specific revelation of the 1st chapter of Genesis must be
sought in its moral and spiritual contents. But may there not be, in
addition, worked into its material framework, some anticipation of
scientific truths that have since come to light? What were the good
of it, when the Divine message could be wholly and better expressed
by the sole use of popular language, intelligible in every age and by
all classes? Is it dignified to depict the Spirit of Inspiration standing
on tiptoe, and straining to speak, across the long millenniums and
over the head of the world's childhood, to the wise and learned
scientists of the nineteenth century? It is never the manner of
Scripture to anticipate natural research or to forestall human
industry. God means men to discover physical truth from the great
book of Nature. What truth of science, what mechanical invention,
what beneficent discovery in medicine, agriculture, navigation, or
any other art or industry, has ever been gleaned from study of the
Bible? Not one. These things lie outside the scope of revelation, and
God is the God of order. Moreover, in Scripture itself the framework
of the chapter is not counted dogmatic nor uniformly adhered to. In
the 2nd chapter of Genesis, in Job, in the Psalms, and in Proverbs
there are manifold deviations and variations. The material setting is
handled with the freedom applicable to the pictorial dress of a
parable, wherein things transcendental are depicted in earthly
symbols. In truth, this is essentially the character of the composition.
We have seen that the delineation, classification, and arrangement
are not scientific and not philosophical, but popular, practical, and
religious. It is everywhere manifest that the interest is not in the
process of creation, but in the fact of its origination in God. While
science lingers on the physical operation, Genesis designedly
overleaps it, for the same reason that the Gospels do not deign to
suggest the material substratum of Christ's miracles. Creation is a
composite process. It begins in the spiritual world, and terminates in
the material. It is in its first stage supernatural, in its second natural.
It originates in God desiring, decreeing, issuing formative force; it
proceeds in matter moving, cohering, moulding, and shaping.
Revelation and science regard it from opposite ends. The one looks
at it from its beginning, the other from its termination. The Bible
shows us God creating; geology shows us the world being created.
Scripture deals solely with the first stage, science solely with the
second. Where Scripture stops, there science first begins.
Contradiction, conflict, collision are impossible. In the words of the
Duke of Argyll, "The 1st chapter of Genesis stands alone among the
traditions of mankind in the wonderful simplicity and grandeur of its
words. Specially remarkable—miraculous, it really seems to me—is
that character of reserve which leaves open to reason all that reason
may be able to attain. The meaning of these words seems always to
be a meaning ahead of science, not because it anticipates the results
of science, but because it is independent of them, and runs, as it
were, round the outer margin of all possible discovery."
May we not safely extend this finding to the entire Bible, and on
these lines define its relation to modern thought? Its supernatural
revelation is purely and absolutely ethical and spiritual. In questions
physical and metaphysical it has no concern and utters no voice.
With the achievements of science it never competes, nor can it be
contradicted by them. It encourages its researches, ennobles its
aspirations, crowns and completes its discoveries. Into the dead
body of physical truth it puts the living soul of faith in the Divine
Author. Like the blue heaven surrounding and spanning over the
green earth, revelation over-arches and encircles science. Within
that infinite embrace, beneath that spacious dome, drawing from its
azure depths light, and life, and fructifying warmth, science,
unhampered and unhindered, works out its majestic mission of
blessing to men and glory to God. Collision there can be none till the
earth strike the sky. The message of the Bible is a message from
God's heart to ours. It cannot be proved by reason, nor can it be
disproved. It appeals, not to sight, but to faith, and belongs to the
realm of spirit, and not to that of sense. Science may have much to
alter in our notions of its earthly embodiment, but its essential
contents it cannot touch.
That is not theory, but reality. It is not philosophy, but life; not
flesh, but spirit. It is the living, breathing, feeling love of God
become articulate. It needs no evidence of sense. In the immutable
instincts of the human heart it has its attestation, and in a life of
responsive love it finds an unfailing verification. It rests on a basis
no sane criticism can undermine nor solid science shake. Happy the
man whose faith has found this fixed foundation, and whose heart
possesses this adamantine certainty: he shall be likened "unto a
wise man, which built his house upon a rock: and the rain
descended, and the floods came, and the winds blew, and beat upon
that house; and it fell not: for it was founded upon a rock."
Printed by Hazell, Watson, & Viney, Ld., London and Aylesbury.

In 8vo, with Etched Portrait by Manesse. Price 12s.

 JAMES MACDONELL,
JOURNALIST.
By W. ROBERTSON NICOLL, M.A., LL.D.

Daily Telegraph.
"Sincere, sympathetic, loyal, and artistic.... This masterly
monograph."

Graphic.
"James Macdonell was one of the most accomplished and
brilliant journalists of the day.... We have a full record of
Macdonell's life, and it forms one of the most interesting of
recent books of biography."

Academy.
"An admirable portrait, ... so carefully and so judiciously
written that the example it sets is likely to be followed."

Scotsman.
"An admirably written life."

Star.
"The story is told by Mr. Nicoll with admirable perfection and a
real sense of the value of such a record."

Church Times.
"The biographer has performed his task with eminent
success."

Pall Mall Gazette.

"In many ways an attractive biography."

Spectator.
 "Interesting and valuable."

Guardian.
"We are likely to have, for some time to come, no more light
thrown upon the mysteries of the 'leading journal' than there is
given in this account of James Macdonell.... The life of him
which Mr. Nicoll has given to the world is full of interest, and we
lay it down with sincere regret for the brilliant career which was
cut short midway."

London: HODDER & STOUGHTON, 27, Paternoster Row.

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