EEL7200 :

Data Communication and Networking

Lab Report

Name: ADITYA PRATAP SINGH

Roll Number: M24EEI019
Program: Intelligent Communication System
Chapter 1

Lab-3 and 4

1.1 Objective
Cisco Packet Tracer Simulation

1.2 Network Description

1.2.1 Topology
The network consists of one router, three switches, and seven hosts (A, B, C, D, E, F, G). The
router has two interfaces. Interface 0 connects to Switch 1, which is connected to Hosts A, B, and C.
Interface 1 connects to Switch 2, which is connected to Hosts D and E, as well as Switch 3. Switch
3 is connected to Hosts F and G.

Figure 1.1: Network Topology

2
1.3. IP ADDRESS ALLOCATION 3

1.3 IP Address Allocation

1.3.1 Subnet Configuration
Two subnets are used in this network:

• Subnet 1: 192.168.1.0/24 (connected to Router Interface 0, Switch 1, Hosts A, B, and C)

• Subnet 2: 192.168.2.0/24 (connected to Router Interface 1, Switch 2, Switch 3, Hosts D, E,

F, and G)

1.3.2 Static IP Address Assignment

The following static IP addresses are assigned to the hosts:

• Host A: 192.168.1.2

• Host B: 192.168.1.3

• Host C: 192.168.1.4

• Host D: 192.168.2.2

• Host E: 192.168.2.3

• Host F: 192.168.2.4

• Host G: 192.168.2.5

The router interfaces are configured as follows:

• Router Interface 1 (connected to Switch 1): 192.168.1.1

• Router Interface 2 (connected to Switch 2): 192.168.2.1

1.3.3 Explanation
Static IP addresses were chosen for simplicity and predictability. Each host is assigned a unique IP
address within its subnet. The router interfaces serve as the default gateways for their respective
subnets, enabling inter-subnet communication.

1.4 Ping from Host A to Host B

1.4.1 Process and Packets
1. ARP Request: Host A checks its ARP cache for Host B’s MAC address. If not found, it
sends an ARP broadcast request. The destination MAC address is FF:FF:FF:FF:FF:FF.

2. ARP Reply: Host B receives the ARP request and sends an ARP reply directly to Host A
with its MAC address.

3. ICMP Echo Request: Host A sends an ICMP echo request (ping) to Host B’s IP address,
encapsulated in an Ethernet frame with Host B’s MAC address as the destination.

4. ICMP Echo Reply: Host B receives the ICMP echo request and sends an ICMP echo reply
back to Host A.
4 CHAPTER 1. LAB-3 AND 4

1.4.2 MAC Address Table Analysis

Based on the output figure, the MAC address table of Switch 1 would include entries for Hosts A,
B, and C, mapping their MAC addresses to the corresponding switch ports (Fa0/1, Fa0/2, Fa0/3).

Figure 1.2: MAC address analysis

1.4.3 Path of Packets

The packets travel from Host A to Switch 1, which forwards the packets to Host B based on the
MAC address table.

1.4.4 ARP Process, IP and MAC Headers

ARP: ARP is used to resolve the IP address of Host B to its MAC address.
IP Header:

• Source IP: 192.168.1.2 (Host A)

• Destination IP: 192.168.1.3 (Host B)

• TTL: Decrements by 1 at each hop (initially set by Host A)

MAC Header:

• Source MAC: MAC address of Host A

• Destination MAC: MAC address of Host B (after ARP resolution)

1.5 Ping from Host A to Host G

1.5.1 Process and Packets
1. ARP for Router: Host A checks its ARP cache for the Router’s MAC address (default
gateway). If not found, it sends an ARP request for 192.168.1.1 (Router Interface 1).

2. ARP Reply from Router: The router responds with its MAC address for Interface 1.

3. ICMP Echo Request: Host A sends an ICMP echo request to Host G (192.168.2.5), encap-
sulated in an Ethernet frame with the Router’s MAC address as the destination.
1.5. PING FROM HOST A TO HOST G 5

4. Router Forwarding: The router receives the packet, decrements the TTL, and forwards it
to Interface 2. It encapsulates the packet in a new Ethernet frame with the destination MAC
address of Switch 2.

5. Switch 2 Forwarding: Switch 2 forwards the packet to Switch 3.

6. Switch 3 Forwarding: Switch 3 forwards the packet to Host G.

7. ICMP Echo Reply: Host G sends an ICMP echo reply back to Host A, following the reverse
path.

1.5.2 MAC Address Table Analysis

Based on the output figure, the MAC address table of Switch 1 includes entries for Host A and the
Router’s Interface 1. Switch 2 includes entries for Router Interface 2 and potentially Host D and E.
Switch 3 includes entries for Host F and G.

Figure 1.3: MAC address analysis

1.5.3 Path of Packets

The packets travel from Host A to Switch 1, then to the Router. The Router forwards it to Switch
2, then to Switch 3, and finally to Host G. The return path is the reverse.

1.5.4 ARP Process, IP and MAC Headers

ARP: ARP is used by Host A to find the MAC address of the Router and by the Router to find the
MAC address of Switch 2 or Host D/E (depending on network configuration).
IP Header:
• Source IP: 192.168.1.2 (Host A)

• Destination IP: 192.168.2.5 (Host G)

• TTL: Decrements by 1 at each hop

MAC Header:
• Host A to Router:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Host A

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Router Interface 1
6 CHAPTER 1. LAB-3 AND 4

• Router to Switch 2:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Router Interface 2

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Switch 2

• Switch 3 to Host G:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Switch 3

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Host G

1.6 Traceroute from Host A to Host B

1.6.1 Process and Packets
Traceroute uses ICMP or UDP packets with increasing TTL values to determine the path to a
destination.

1. TTL = 1: Host A sends a packet to Host B with TTL=1. The packet expires at the first hop
(Switch 1 or Host B if directly connected). An ICMP Time Exceeded message is sent back to
Host A.

2. TTL = 2: Host A sends a packet to Host B with TTL=2. The packet reaches the second
hop (Host B). Host B sends either an ICMP Time Exceeded (if it’s not the destination) or an
ICMP Echo Reply (if it is the destination).

1.6.2 MAC Address Table Analysis

Based on the output figure, the MAC address table of Switch 1 would include entries for Hosts A
and B.

Figure 1.4: MAC address analysis

1.6.3 Path of Packets

The packets travel from Host A to Switch 1 and then to Host B.
1.7. TRACEROUTE FROM HOST A TO HOST G 7

1.6.4 ARP Process, IP and MAC Headers

ARP: Used to resolve the IP address of Host B to its MAC address.
IP Header:

• Source IP: 192.168.1.2 (Host A)

• Destination IP: 192.168.1.3 (Host B)

• TTL: Increments with each iteration (1, 2, 3, ...)

MAC Header:

• Source MAC: MAC address of Host A

• Destination MAC: MAC address of Host B (after ARP resolution)

1.7 Traceroute from Host A to Host G

1.7.1 Process and Packets
Traceroute uses ICMP or UDP packets with increasing TTL values to determine the path to a
destination.

1. TTL = 1: Host A sends a packet to Host G with TTL=1. The packet expires at the first hop
(Switch 1). An ICMP Time Exceeded message is sent back to Host A.

2. TTL = 2: Host A sends a packet to Host G with TTL=2. The packet reaches the Router.
The Router sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to Host A.

3. TTL = 3: Host A sends a packet to Host G with TTL=3. The packet reaches Switch 2.
Switch 2 sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to Host A.

4. TTL = 4: Host A sends a packet to Host G with TTL=4. The packet reaches Switch 3.
Switch 3 sends an ICMP Time Exceeded message back to Host A.

5. TTL = 5: Host A sends a packet to Host G with TTL=5. The packet reaches Host G. Host
G sends an ICMP Echo Reply back to Host A.

1.7.2 MAC Address Table Analysis

Based on the output figure, the MAC address tables of Switch 1, Switch 2, and Switch 3 include
entries for the connected hosts and router interfaces.

1.7.3 Path of Packets

The packets travel from Host A to Switch 1, then to the Router, then to Switch 2, then to Switch 3,
and finally to Host G.
8 CHAPTER 1. LAB-3 AND 4

Figure 1.5: MAC address analysis

1.7.4 ARP Process, IP and MAC Headers

ARP: ARP is used at each hop to resolve the next hop’s IP address to its MAC address.
IP Header:

• Source IP: 192.168.1.2 (Host A)

• Destination IP: 192.168.2.5 (Host G)

• TTL: Increments with each iteration (1, 2, 3, ...)

MAC Header:

• Host A to Router:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Host A

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Router Interface 1

• Router to Switch 2:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Router Interface 2

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Switch 2
1.7. TRACEROUTE FROM HOST A TO HOST G 9

• Switch 3 to Host G:

– Source MAC: MAC address of Switch 3

– Destination MAC: MAC address of Host G