Scribd
Upload
2 views

Relations_and_Functions

The document discusses properties of relations, including reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity, and anti-symmetry, along with examples to illustrate these concepts. It also defines equivalence relations and functions, explaining domain and range, one-to-one and onto functions, and composite and inverse functions, supported by solved examples. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of relations and functions in mathematics.

Uploaded by

vsingh0614
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
2 views

Relations_and_Functions

The document discusses properties of relations, including reflexivity, symmetry, transitivity, and anti-symmetry, along with examples to illustrate these concepts. It also defines equivalence relations and functions, explaining domain and range, one-to-one and onto functions, and composite and inverse functions, supported by solved examples. Overall, it provides a comprehensive overview of relations and functions in mathematics.

Uploaded by

vsingh0614
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
You are on page 1/ 3

RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS

Properties of Relations
A relation on a set A is a subset of the Cartesian product A × A. Some important
properties are:
1. Reflexivity: A relation R on A is reflexive if (a, a) ∈ R for all a ∈ A.
2. Symmetry: A relation R on A is symmetric if (a, b) ∈ R implies (b, a) ∈ R.
3. Transitivity: A relation R on A is transitive if (a, b) ∈ R and (b, c) ∈ R implies (a, c)
∈ R.
4. Anti-symmetry: If (a, b) ∈ R and (b, a) ∈ R, then a = b.

Solved Example: Properties of Relations


Example: Let A = {1, 2, 3} and R = {(1,1), (2,2), (3,3), (1,2), (2,1)}. Check if R is
reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Solution:
- Reflexive: Since (1,1), (2,2), and (3,3) are present, R is reflexive.
- Symmetric: Since (1,2) and (2,1) are in R, R is symmetric.
- Transitive: (1,2) and (2,1) exist, but (1,1) is already in R, so R is transitive.

Thus, R is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive.

Equivalence Relation
A relation is an equivalence relation if it is reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. Such
a relation partitions the set into equivalence classes.

Solved Example: Equivalence Relation


Example: Define R on set of integers Z as aRb if a ≡ b (mod 3). Prove R is an
equivalence relation.

Solution:
- Reflexive: a ≡ a (mod 3) is always true.
- Symmetric: If a ≡ b (mod 3), then b ≡ a (mod 3).
- Transitive: If a ≡ b (mod 3) and b ≡ c (mod 3), then a ≡ c (mod 3).

Thus, R is an equivalence relation.

Functions: Domain and Range


A function f: A → B assigns each element of A to exactly one element in B.
Domain: The set A (input values).
Range: The set of values that f(x) attains in B.

Solved Example: Domain and Range


Example: Consider f(x) = x² where f: R → R. Find the domain and range.

Solution:
- Domain: All real numbers, R.
- Range: Since x² is always non-negative, Range = [0, ∞).

One-to-One and Onto Functions


A function is one-to-one (injective) if different inputs have different outputs.
A function is onto (surjective) if every element in the codomain is mapped by some
element in the domain.

Solved Example: One-to-One and Onto Functions


Example: Consider f(x) = 2x + 3 where f: R → R. Check injectivity and surjectivity.

Solution:
- Injective: If f(a) = f(b), then 2a + 3 = 2b + 3. Cancelling gives a = b, so f is injective.
- Surjective: Any y in R, solving y = 2x + 3 gives x = (y-3)/2, which is in R. Thus, f is
onto.

Composite and Inverse Functions


The composite of two functions f and g is (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)).
A function f has an inverse f⁻¹ if it is both one-to-one and onto, satisfying f(f⁻¹(x)) =
x.

Solved Example: Composite and Inverse Functions


Example: Let f(x) = 2x + 1 and g(x) = x². Find (f ∘ g)(x) and (g ∘ f)(x).

Solution:
- (f ∘ g)(x) = f(g(x)) = f(x²) = 2x² + 1.
- (g ∘ f)(x) = g(f(x)) = g(2x + 1) = (2x + 1)² = 4x² + 4x + 1.

You might also like