Operating Systems Notes
Operating Systems Notes
1. **Definition**:
An Operating System (OS) is software that manages hardware and software resources in a
computer.
- **User Interface**: Providing interfaces like CLI (Command-Line Interface) or GUI (Graphical
User Interface).
---
### System Structure
The OS ensures efficient operation by managing interactions between hardware and software
components.
2. **I/O Structure**:
Manages input and output operations. Includes device controllers and drivers for communication
3. **Storage Structure**:
4. **Storage Hierarchy**:
- Registers > Cache > Main Memory > Secondary Storage > Tertiary Storage.
5. **Types of Protections**:
- Program execution, I/O operations, file management, error detection, and resource allocation.
8. **System Calls**:
Examples:
---
- **Definition**: Executes a series of jobs (tasks) without user interaction during processing.
- **Characteristics**:
- Users do not interact directly with the system once a job is submitted.
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**:
- No real-time interaction.
- Errors in jobs might go unnoticed until execution is complete.
2. **Multi-Programmed OS**:
- **Definition**: Allows multiple programs to reside in memory and share CPU time.
- **Characteristics**:
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**:
- **Example**: UNIX.
3. **Time-Sharing OS**:
- **Definition**: Enables multiple users to interact with the system simultaneously by sharing CPU
- **Characteristics**:
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**:
4. **Real-Time OS (RTOS)**:
- **Definition**: Processes and responds to inputs immediately, making it suitable for time-critical
tasks.
- **Types**:
- **Hard Real-Time**: Guarantees task completion within strict deadlines (e.g., airbag systems).
- **Soft Real-Time**: Focuses on timely task execution but allows minor delays (e.g., multimedia
systems).
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**:
5. **Distributed OS**:
- **Characteristics**:
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**:
6. **Parallel OS**:
- **Characteristics**:
- Designed for high-speed computing.
- **Advantages**:
- **Disadvantages**: