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Operating Systems Notes

An Operating System (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources, acting as an intermediary between users and hardware. It performs functions such as process, memory, file, and device management, and comes in various types including batch processing, multi-programmed, time-sharing, real-time, distributed, and parallel OS. The OS also provides key services, manages system calls, and ensures efficient operation through structured interactions between components.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
4 views

Operating Systems Notes

An Operating System (OS) is software that manages computer hardware and software resources, acting as an intermediary between users and hardware. It performs functions such as process, memory, file, and device management, and comes in various types including batch processing, multi-programmed, time-sharing, real-time, distributed, and parallel OS. The OS also provides key services, manages system calls, and ensures efficient operation through structured interactions between components.

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collegelifepiet
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### Introduction to Operating Systems

1. **Definition**:

An Operating System (OS) is software that manages hardware and software resources in a

computer.

It acts as an intermediary between users and hardware.

2. **Functions of Operating Systems**:

- **Process Management**: Scheduling, creating, and terminating processes.

- **Memory Management**: Allocating and deallocating memory space.

- **File Management**: Organizing, storing, and retrieving files.

- **Device Management**: Controlling I/O devices.

- **Security and Protection**: Ensuring data safety and access control.

- **User Interface**: Providing interfaces like CLI (Command-Line Interface) or GUI (Graphical

User Interface).

3. **Types of Operating Systems**:

- **Batch Processing OS**: Executes batches of tasks without user interaction.

- **Multi-Programmed OS**: Runs multiple programs by sharing CPU time.

- **Time-Sharing OS**: Allows multiple users to access the system interactively.

- **Real-Time OS**: Processes tasks immediately, critical for time-sensitive applications.

- **Distributed OS**: Manages multiple systems working together as a network.

- **Parallel OS**: Utilizes multiple processors for simultaneous computation.

---
### System Structure

1. **Computer System Operation**:

The OS ensures efficient operation by managing interactions between hardware and software

components.

It controls processes, memory, and device interactions.

2. **I/O Structure**:

Manages input and output operations. Includes device controllers and drivers for communication

between devices and the system.

3. **Storage Structure**:

- Main memory (RAM): Volatile storage for current tasks.

- Secondary storage (HDD/SSD): Non-volatile for long-term data storage.

4. **Storage Hierarchy**:

Faster and more expensive storage at the top:

- Registers > Cache > Main Memory > Secondary Storage > Tertiary Storage.

5. **Types of Protections**:

Mechanisms to protect system resources:

- Memory protection, file access control, and authentication methods.

6. **Operating System Structures**:

- **Simple Structure**: Minimal and direct (e.g., MS-DOS).

- **Layered Structure**: Organized into layers, each handling specific functionalities.

- **Virtual Machine**: Creates multiple isolated environments on the same hardware.


7. **OS Services**:

Key services provided by an OS include:

- Program execution, I/O operations, file management, error detection, and resource allocation.

8. **System Calls**:

Interface provided by the OS for user-level processes to request services.

Examples:

- File operations (open, read, write).

- Process control (create, terminate).

- Communication (send, receive).

- Memory management (allocate, free).

---

### Expanded Notes: Types of Operating Systems

1. **Batch Processing OS**:

- **Definition**: Executes a series of jobs (tasks) without user interaction during processing.

- **Characteristics**:

- Jobs are collected, grouped, and processed sequentially.

- Users do not interact directly with the system once a job is submitted.

- **Advantages**:

- Efficient resource utilization for repetitive tasks.

- Suitable for large-volume processing.

- **Disadvantages**:

- No real-time interaction.
- Errors in jobs might go unnoticed until execution is complete.

- **Example**: Early IBM systems.

2. **Multi-Programmed OS**:

- **Definition**: Allows multiple programs to reside in memory and share CPU time.

- **Characteristics**:

- When one program waits (e.g., for I/O), another is executed.

- Increases CPU utilization.

- **Advantages**:

- Better resource utilization compared to batch systems.

- **Disadvantages**:

- Complexity in managing processes and memory.

- **Example**: UNIX.

3. **Time-Sharing OS**:

- **Definition**: Enables multiple users to interact with the system simultaneously by sharing CPU

time in quick intervals.

- **Characteristics**:

- Each user gets a time slice (quantum) for execution.

- Rapid switching between users gives the illusion of parallelism.

- **Advantages**:

- Interactive system; users receive quick responses.

- **Disadvantages**:

- May face CPU overloading with many users.

- **Example**: Modern Linux and Windows systems.

4. **Real-Time OS (RTOS)**:
- **Definition**: Processes and responds to inputs immediately, making it suitable for time-critical

tasks.

- **Types**:

- **Hard Real-Time**: Guarantees task completion within strict deadlines (e.g., airbag systems).

- **Soft Real-Time**: Focuses on timely task execution but allows minor delays (e.g., multimedia

systems).

- **Advantages**:

- Ensures timely execution.

- **Disadvantages**:

- Complex to design and implement.

- **Example**: VxWorks, FreeRTOS.

5. **Distributed OS**:

- **Definition**: Manages a collection of independent systems connected via a network, working as

a single cohesive system.

- **Characteristics**:

- Resources (files, devices) are shared across the network.

- Fault tolerance and load distribution.

- **Advantages**:

- Scalability and resource sharing.

- **Disadvantages**:

- Dependency on network connectivity.

- **Example**: Apache Hadoop, Google File System.

6. **Parallel OS**:

- **Definition**: Utilizes multiple processors or cores to perform tasks concurrently.

- **Characteristics**:
- Designed for high-speed computing.

- Tasks are divided into smaller subtasks for simultaneous execution.

- **Advantages**:

- Increased processing power and efficiency.

- **Disadvantages**:

- Requires specialized hardware and software.

- **Example**: Cray Operating System.

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