There are several types of number systems, each with its own base and set of digits. Here are some common types: 1. **Binary (Base-2)**: Uses only two digits, 0 and 1. It's fundamental in computing and digital electronics. Binary (Base-2) : - Number: 10011010010 2. **Decimal (Base-10)**: The most familiar number system, which uses ten digits: 0 through 9. It's used in everyday arithmetic and mathematics. Decimal (Base-10) : - Number: 1234 3. **Octal (Base-8)**: Uses eight digits: 0 through 7. It's less common in modern computing but was historically used in some systems due to its ease of conversion from binary. Octal (Base-8) : - Number: 2327It employs a combination of segment registers (CS, DS, SS, ES) and the instruction pointer to access memory. 7. Applications: The 8086 microprocessor found widespread use in early personal computers, embedded systems, industrial automation, and scientific instrumentation. Its compatibility with existing software and hardware made it a popular choice for a wide range of applications. Overall, the Intel 8086 microprocessor played a pivotal role in shaping the landscape of computing and remains a significant milestone in the history of technology.tasks due to its compactness and ease of conversion from binary. This is especially useful when dealing with large memory spaces. 4. Arithmetic Operations: While microprocessors primarily perform arithmetic operations using binary numbers internally, they can also perform conversions between different number systems when required. For example, microprocessors can convert binary-coded decimal (BCD) MIC JECT numbers to binary for arithmetic operations and vice versa for data representation. 5. Peripheral Communication: Microprocessors communicate with external devices, such as input/output (I/O) devices and memory modules, using binary-encoded data. Different protocols and interfaces may use specific number systems for data representation and communication, and microprocessors must be able to work with these representations. In summary, number systems are essential in microprocessors for data representation, instruction encoding, memory addressing, arithmetic operations, and communication with external devices. They provide a standardized and efficient way to work with binary data in a variety of computing tasks.REFERENCENumber System + a) ere 4, Hexadecimal (Base-16): Uses sixteen digits: 0 through 9, andA through F (representing 10 through 15). It's widely used in computing, particularly in low-level programming and data representation. Hexadecimal (Base-16) : + Number: 4D2 5. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD):Representation: BCD is a way of representing decimal numbers using binary bits. In BCD, each decimal digitis represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD): - Number: 0001 0010 0011 0100 These number systems vary in their applications, with binary being foundational to digital electronics and computing, decimal being used in everyday arithmetic, and hexadecimal being prevalent in low-level programming and data representation. Other systems like octal have more specialized applications and are less commonly used in mainstream computing.ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF MICROPROCESSOR The Intel 8086 microprocessor, introduced in 1978, had several advantages and disadvantages: Advantages: 1. 16-bit Architecture: The 8086 was one of the earliest microprocessors with a 16-bit architecture, allowing it to process data and instructions in larger chunks, leading to faster processing compared to its predecessors. 2. Backward Compatibility: It retained compatibility with software written for earlier Intel processors like the 8080, making it easier for developers ta transition to the new platform. 3. Segmented Memory Model: While it may seem like a disadvantage now, the segmented memory model of the 8086 was actually an advantage at the time because it allowed addressing of more memary than the 8-bit processors of its era.We Have studied as about — 1, Use of microprocessors 2, Advantages and Disadvantages of microprocessors 3. Number system and their types 4. Conversation of number system 5. Why we use number system in microprocessors0101 1001 5 9 «®,(1011001)BCD = (59)10 2. Convert decimal to hexadecimal (59) 10 = ()16 -® (59) 10 = (38)16 «®.(1011001)8CD = (3B)162. Binary Coded Decimal (BCD): - Representation: BCD is a way of representing decimal numbers using binary bits. In BCD, each decimal digit is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent. - Example: The decimal number 25 is represented as 0010 0101 in BCD. Here, each digit (2 and 5) is represented by its 4-bit binary equivalent (0010 and 0101, respectively). - Advantages: BCD allows easy conversion between binary and decimal without the need for complex arithmetic operations. It's commonly used in applications where decimal arithmetic is required, such as in financial and numeric data processing. - Disadvantages: BCD requires more bits to represent each decimal digit compared to pure binary representation, which can lead to inefficient use of storage space. In summary, hexadecimal is a base-16 number system commonly used in computing for its compact representation of binary data, while Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) is a way of representing decimal numbers using binary bits, often used in applications requiring decimal arithmetic.2 .Clock Speed: The original 8086 operated at a clock speed of 5 MHz, although later versions and derivatives were developed with higher clock speeds. 3. Registers: It features four 16-bit general-purpose registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) and four 16-bit index and pointer registers (SI, Dl, BP, SP). Additionally, it includes the instruction pointer (IP) register and the flags register, which stores the status of the ALU tan none noLD * WDA wae 10 ow ALE win . ow operations. PIN DIAGRAM OF 8086 MICROPROCESSOR 4. Instruction Set: The 8086 instruction set includes a wide range of operations for arithmetic, logic, data transfer, and control flow. It supports various addressing modes, allowing for efficient memory access and manipulation. 5. Memory Management: The 8086 utilizes segmented memory addressing, dividing memory into segments of up to 64 KB each.WHY NUMBER SYSTEM IS USE IN MICROPROCESSORS Number systems are fundamental to microprocessors for several reasons: 1. Data Representation: Microprocessors process and manipulate data in the form of binary digits (bits). Different number systems provide alternative ways to represent this binary data in a human-readable format. For example, hexadecimal is commonly used in programming and debugging to represent binary data in a more compact and readable form. 2. Instruction Encoding: Instructions executed by microprocessors are encoded using binary numbers. Different number systems, such as hexadecimal, are used to represent these instructions in assembly language programming. This simplifies programming and debugging tasks by providing a more concise and human-readable representation of machine instructions. 3, Addressing Memory: Memory addresses in microprocessors are typically represented in binary form. However, hexadecimal is often used to represent memory addresses in programming and debuggingMicroprocessors are used in a wide range of devices, including computers, smartphones, embedded systems, and microcontrollers. They come in different architectures, such as x86, ARM, and MIPS, each tailored for specific applications and performance requirements. Block diagram of 8086 microprocessor The Intel 8086 microprocessor, introduced in 1978, revolutionized the computing industry and laid the foundation for modern x86 architecture. Here's a comprehensive overview of its features and applications: 1. Architecture: The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor with a 20-bit address bus, capable of addressing up to 1 MB of memory. It has 16-bit data bus width, allowing it to process 16 bits of data ata time.SR.NO. INDEX Topic Introduction Information about microprocessor Advantages and disadvantages of microprocessor Information about number system Types of number system Conversation method Why number system Is use in microprocessor Conclusion ReferenceA Microprocessor is an important part of a computer architecture without which you will not be able to perform anything on your computer. It is a programmable device that takes in input performs some arithmetic and logical operations over it and produces the desired output. In simple words, a Microprocessor is a digital device ona chip that can fetch instructions from memory, decode and execute them and give results. Basics of Microprocessor — A Microprocessor takes a bunch of instructions in machine language and executes them, telling the processor what it has to do. Microprocessor performs three basic things while executing the instruction: It performs some basic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and some logical operations using its Arithmetic and Logical Unit (ALU). New Microprocessors also perform operations on floating-point numbers also. It has a Program Counter (PC) register that stores the address of the next instruction based on the value of the PC, Microprocessor jumps from one location to another and takes decisions. INFORMATION ABOUT MICROPROCESSORTo convert a hexadecimal number to Binary Coded Decimal (BCD), you can follow these steps: Convert the hexadecimal number to its binary equivalent. Group the binary digits into sets of 4. If the number of digits is not a multiple of 4, add leading zeros to make itso. Each group of 4 binary digits represents a decimal digit in BCD. For example, if you have the hexadecimal number "3A", you would first convert it to binary (0011 1010) and then group the binary digits into sets of 4 (0011 1010). This would give you the BCD representation of the hexadecimal number "3A". EXAMPLE: To convert (213AFE)H to BCD, first it has to be converted to binary which gives (2177790)D. Now each digit is converted to its BCD code which gives (0010 0001 0111 0111 0111 1001 0000)BCD. Another way is to convert the hex value to binary which gives (0010 0001 0011 1010 1111 1110)8 and then do BCD adjust by adding 6 to each digit greater than 9 as follows:4, Wide Range of Peripheral Support: The 8086 supported a wide range of peripherals, which made it versatile for various applications. Disadvantages: 1. Complex Instruction Set: The 8086 had a complex instruction set architecture (CISC), which made programming more challenging and often resulted in longer code sequences compared to simpler instruction sets. 2. Limited Memory Addressing: Although the 8086 had a segmented memory model, its addressing scheme limited the amount of accessible memory directly to 1 MB, which was a limitation in applications requiring larger memory spaces. 3. High Power Consumption: The 8086 consumed more power compared to later microprocessors, making it less suitable for battery- powered devices or applications where power efficiency was crucial. 4. Higher Cost: At the time of its release, the 8086 was relatively expensive, which could be a barrier for adoption in cost-sensitive applications. Overall, while the 8086 laid the foundation for modern x86 architecture and played a significant role in the development of personal computing, it had both strengths and weaknesses INFORMATION ABOUT NUMBER SYSTEMA microprocessor is a programmable integrated circuit that processes digital data. It serves as the brain of a computer system, executing instructions and performing arithmetic and logic operations. Microprocessors contain an arithmetic logic unit (ALU), contro! unit, and registers, all interconnected by a bus. Key components of a microprocessor include: 1. Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU): The ALU performs arithmetic operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication, division) and logical operations (AND, OR, NOT) on binary data. 2. Control Unit: The contro! unit manages the flow of data and instructions within the microprocessor. It fetches instructions from memory, decodes them, and coordinates the execution of aperations. 3. Registers: Registers are small, high-speed storage units within the microprocessor used to store data temporarily during processing. Common types include accumulator, program counter, and instruction register. 4, Bus: The bus is a communication system that transfers data between various components of the microprocessor, such as the ALU, registers, and memory.0010 0001 0011 1010 1111 1110 + 0110 0110 0110 0010 0001 0100 0001 0110 0100 -> 3509236gD The final result in the processes above are different. To convert BCD (Binary Coded Decimal) to hexadecimal: you can group the BCD digits into groups of four and then convert each group to its corresponding hexadecimal digit. Here is an example:Let's say you have the BCD number 1101 1000 1010. You can group the digits into 1101 1000 and 1010. Then you can Convert each group to its corresponding hexadecimal digit:1101 1000 = Dgin hexadecimal 1010 = Ain hexadecimalSo the BCD number 1101 1000 1010 is equivalent to the hexadecimal number DBA. EXAMPLE: (1011001)BCD=(__?__)16 Solution: (1011001)BCD = (___)16 1, Convert BCD to decimal (1011001)BCD = ( 10Number System is a method of representing numbers on the number line with the help of aset of Symbols and rules, These symbols range from 0-9 and are termed as digits. Let's learn about the number system in detail, including its types, conversion. Number System i Number system is a writing system for expressing numbers. It isa mathematical notation for representing numbers of a given set, using digits or other symbols in a consistent manner. It allows us to perform arithmetic operations Hexadecimal and Binary Coded Decimal (BCD) are two different number systems used in computing and digital electronics. Here's a brief overview of each: 1. Hexadecimal (Base-16): - Base: Hexadecimal is a base-16 number system, meaningit uses 16 symbols to represent numbers. These symbols are 0-9 for values 0 to 9 and A-F for values 10 to 15. + Representation: Hexadecimal is commonly used in computing as a more human-readable representation of binary data. Each hexadecimal digit corresponds to four binary digits (bits), making it easier to represent and work with binary data. -Example: In hexadecimal, the number 15 is represented as F, and the number 30 is represented as 1E.