Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE

--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
History of Java
• James Gosling, Mike Sheridan and Patrick Naughton initiated the
Java language project in June 1991.
• Java was originally developed by James Gosling at Sun
Microsystems and released in 1995.
• The language was initially called Oak after an oak tree that
stood outside Gosling's office.
• Later the project went by the name Green and was finally renamed
Java, from Java coffee, a type of coffee from Indonesia.
• Gosling and his team did a brainstorm session and after the
session, they came up with several names such as JAVA, DNA, SILK,
RUBY, etc.
• Sun Microsystems released the first public implementation as Java
1.0 in 1996.

Version History:-

Java Platforms
1. Java SE
 Java Platform Standard Edition.
 It is also called as Core Java.
 For general purpose use on Desktop PC’s, servers and
similar devices.
2. Java EE
 Java Platform Enterprise Edition.
page. 1
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 It is also called as advanced Java / enterprise java /
web java.
 Java SE plus various API’s which are useful client-server
applications.
3. Java ME
 Java Platform Micro Edition.
 Specifies several different sets of libraries for devices
with limited storage, display, and power capacities.
 It is often used to develop applications for mobile
devices, PDAs, TV set-top boxes and printers.
4. Java Card
 A technology that allows small Java-based applications
(applets) to be run securely on smart cards and similar
small-memory devices.
Components Of Java Platform:-
• SDK = Development Tools + Documentation + Libraries + Runtime
Environment.
• JDK = Java Development Tools + Java Docs + rt.jar + JVM.
 JDK : Java Development Kit.
 It is a software, that need to be install on developers
machine.
 We can download it from oracle official website.
• JDK = Java Development Tools + Java Docs + JRE[ rt.jar + JVM ].
• JRE : Java Runtime Environment.
 rt.jar and JVM are integrated part of JRE.
 JRE is a software which comes with JDK. We can also download it
separately.
 To deploy application, we should install it on client’s
machine.
• rt.jar file contains core Java API in compiled form.
• JVM : An engine, which manages execution of Java application.

JDK installation Directory Structure:-

1.bin :- it contains java lang tools Ex. javac ,javah java etc
2.include :-JNI stands for java native interface.
3.lib :it contain library file which is required use java lang tool
4.src :-if we extract src.zip then src directory gets creaated
5.docs :-it contains documentation of java API
6.jre :-it contains JVM and rt.jar file
7.db :-it contains database specific files(driver ,sample,database)
page. 2
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Java terminologies:-
C++ terminologies Java terminologies
Class Class
Data member Field
Member function Method
Object Instance
Pointer Reference
Access specifier Access Modifier
Base class Super class
Derived class Sub class
Derived from Extended from
Runtime Polymorphism Dynamic method dispatch

Note:-
1.Jis class ka object create kr sakte hai use hum concrete class
bolte hai.
2.jis class ka object create nhi kr sakte hai use hum abstract
class bolte hai.
3.jis method ko body hoti hai use hum concreate method bolte hai
4.jis method ko body nhi hoti hai use hum abstract method bolte
hai.
page. 3
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
5.jis class ka child class nhi bana sakte use final class bolte hai
6.jis method ko hum override nhi kr sakte aise method ko final
method bolte hai.
1.A class from which, we can create object is called concrete
class.
2.A class from which, we can not create object is called abstract
class.
3.A method of class, which is having body is called concreate
method
4.A method of class, which do not have body is called abstract
method.
5.A class, that we can not extend is called final class
6.A method that we can not redefine/override it inside sub class
is called final method.

class Program_1 {
//Entry point method
public static void main(String args[])
{
//Printf("Hello world"); in C
//Std::cout<<"Hello world"<<std::endl; in C++
System.out.println("Hello world"); //in Java

//system is final class declared in java.lang package

//out is public static final field of system class.Data type of
out is java.io.printstream.
//Println ka return type void hai
//public void println() is a non static method of
java.io.printstream class.
//in java the return type of main is must be void.
//rm *class is used to remove the class file
//By using Java D compiler you can convert .class file into java
file.
}
}

Compliation:- javac program_1.java

Execution:- java Program_1

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 4
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Flow of Execution program:-

Component of JVM
1.ClassLoader Subsystem
a. Bootstrap class loader
b. Extension class loader
c. Application class loader
d. User defined class loader

2.Runtime Data Area

a. Method Area
b. Heap
c. Java stack
d. Pc register
e. Native method stack

3.Execution Engine
a. Interpreter
b. Just in time compiler
c. garbage collector

The Bytecode is object oriented assembly lang code design for JVM
If we create blank java file then it wont give me compile time
error. But runtime error gave me Error: could not find or load main
class program. calling main method is job of JVM not complier.

public is access modifier in java.

class Program_2 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}

page. 5
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
It give me Error: Main method not found in class Program_2, please
define the main method as:
class Program_2 {
private static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}//Error

class Program_2 {
protected static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}//Error

main method mai access modifier compulsory public hi hona chahiye.

main method compulsory static hi hona chahiye.
class Program_2 {
public void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}//Error

 main method se compulsory return type void hi hona chahiye.

class Program_2 {
public static main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
}//Error

main ka naam lower case mai hi hona chahiye.

class Program_2 {
public static void MAIN(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
} //Error

only one type in main method i.e String but args name you can
give anything.
class Program_2 {
public static void MAIN(int args, String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
} //Error
page. 6
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program_2 {
public static void main(String[] Ashok) {
System.out.println("Hello world");
}
} //No error

Program:-
class A{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("A.main");
}
}
class B{
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("B.main");
}
}
class Program_3 {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Program.main");
}
}
-->yaha pr three class likhe hai aur three main hai .class file pr
particular class execute kr skte hai isame.

Q1. Can we defined two main method in class?

Ans:- no we can not defined more than one main method ,but we can
overload main method
class Program_4 {
//Main method overloading
public static void main() {
System.out.println("Program.main");

}
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Program.main(args)");
Program_4.main();
}
}
java mai two type ke thread hai first is for to invoke/call main
method
Aur dusra thread to deallocate memory of unused objects.

page. 7
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Syntax:
1. public static void main( String[] args )
2. public static void main( String... args )
• Java compiler do not check/invoke main method. JVM invoke main
method.
• When we start execution of Java application then JVM starts
execution of two threads:
1. Main thread : responsible for invoking main method.
2. Garbage Collector : responsible for deallocating memory of
unused object.
• We can overload main method in Java.
• We can define main method per class. But only one main can be
considered as entry point method.

Comments
• Comments should be used to give overviews of code and provide
additional information that is not readily available in the code
itself. Comments should contain only information that is relevant
to reading and understanding the program.
• Types of Comments:
• Implementation Comment:- Implementation comments are those found
in C++, which are delimited by /*...*/, and //.
1. Single-Line Comment
2. Block Comment( also called as multiline comment )
• Documentation Comment :- Documentation comments (known as "doc
comments") are Java-only, and are delimited by /**...*/.
• Doc comments can be extracted to HTML files using the javadoc
tool.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 8
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Data Types:-
• Data type of any variable decide following things:
1. Memory: How much memory is required to store the data.
2. Nature: Which kind of data is allowed to store inside memory.
3. Operation: Which operations are allowed to perform on the data
stored in memory.
4. Range: Set of values that we can store inside memory.
• The Java programming language is a statically typed language,
which means that every variable and every expression has a type
that is known at compile time.
o Types of data type:
1. Primitive type(also called as value type )
 boolean type
 Numeric type
1. Integral types(byte, char, short, int, long)
2. Floating point types(float, double
2. Non primitive type(also called as reference type)
 Interface, Class, Type variable, Array
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Wrapper Class
• In Java, primitive types are not classes. But for every primitive
type, Java has defined a class. It is called wrapper class.
• All wrapper classes are final.
• All wrapper classes are declared in java.lang package.
• Uses of Wrapper class
1. To parse string(i.e. to convert state of string into numeric
type).
2. To store value of primitive type into instance of generic class,
type argument must be wrapper class.
 Stack stk = new Stack( ); //Not OK
 Stack stk = new Stack( ); //OK
string convert into interger then used wrapper class
integer.parseInt();

int number1=Integer.parseInt("123");
float number2=Float.parseFloat("123.45f");
Double number3=Double.parseDouble("123.45f");

page. 9
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//Java is statically type checked language
int num1 = 10;
System.out.println( num1 );
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int num1 = 10;
//printf( "Num1 %d\n",num1); //in C
//std::cout << "Num1 : " << num1 <<std::endl; in C++
System.out.println("Num1 : "+num1);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//int num1;
//System.out.println( num1 ); //error: variable num1 might
not have been initialized

page. 10
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//int num1 = 10; //Initialization
//System.out.println( num1 ); //OK

int num1;
num1 = 10; //Assignment
System.out.println( num1 ); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program{

public static void main1(String[] args) {

//int num1; //declaration of Num1
//During declaration, process of storing values inside variable is
called initialization
int num1 = 10; //Initialization
int num2 = num1; //Initialization data type hai tho Initialization
// num2=num1 this is assignment
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2);
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Widening
• Process of converting value of variable of narrower type into
wider type is called widening.
• In case of widening, explicit type casting is optional.
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num1 = 10; //Initialization
//double num2 = (double)num1; //Widening //OK:10.0 typecasting
double num2 = num1; //Widening //OK:10.0
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2);
}
}

page. 11
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Narrowing
• Process of converting value of variable of wider type into
narrower type is called narrowing.
• In case of narrowing, explicit type casting is mandatory.

class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
double num1 = 10.5; //Initialization
double num2 = num1; //Initialization
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
double num1 = 10.5; //Initialization
//int num2 = num1; //error: incompatible types: possible lossy
conversion from double to int
int num2 = (int)num1; //Narrowing //OK : 10
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2);
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Note:-
//Static methods are designed to call on classname
//Example : ClassName.staticMethod( );
//Non static methods are designed to call on instance/object
//Example : objectRef.nonStaticMethod( );

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 12
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Unboxing :-
• Process of converting value of variable of non primitive type
into primitive type is called unboxing.
• If string does not contain parseable numeric value then parseXXX(
) method throws NumberFormatException.

class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
/*
Employee emp; //Static memory allocation
Employee *ptr = new Employee(); //Dynamic memory allocation
*/
//String is a class declared in java.lang package.

String s1 = new String("SunBeam"); //OK

System.out.println(s1);

String s2 = "Pune"; //OK

System.out.println(s2);
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

String str = "123"; //String => Non primitive / Reference type
//int number = (int)str; //Not OK
int number = Integer.parseInt(str); //UnBoxing
System.out.println("Number : "+number);
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String str = "123.45f";
float number = Float.parseFloat(str); //UnBoxing
System.out.println("Number : "+number);
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
String str = "123.45d";
double number = Double.parseDouble(str); //UnBoxing
System.out.println("Number : "+number);
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
String str = "A1B2C3"; //it give error
int number = Integer.parseInt(str);
//UnBoxing : java.lang.NumberFormatException
System.out.println("Number : "+number);

page. 13
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//NumberFormatException - if the string does not contain a
parsable integer.
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "A";
char ch = str.charAt(0);
System.out.println("Char : "+ch);
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Boxing
• Process of converting value of variable of primitive type into
not primitive type is called boxing
class Program{
//string is non-primitive & int is primitive
public static void main(String[] args) {
int number = 10; //primitive to non-primitive is know as boxing
String str = Integer.toString(number); //Boxing
System.out.println("Number : "+str);
}
page. 14
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main2(String[] args) {
float number = 10.5f;
String str = Float.toString(number); //Boxing
System.out.println("Number : "+str);
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
double number = 20.5d;
String str = Double.toString(number); //Boxing
System.out.println("Number : "+str);
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
String str;

int num1 = 10;

str = String.valueOf(num1); //Boxing
System.out.println("Num1 : "+str);

float num2 = 20.5f;

str = String.valueOf(num2); //Boxing
System.out.println("Num2 : "+str);

double num3 = 30.5d;

str = String.valueOf(num3); //Boxing
System.out.println("Num3 : "+str);
}
}
//Is program mai hum primitive to non primitive convert kar rahe
isliye Integer.tostring,Float.tostring etc kar skte hai par sabke
liye ek hi method chahiye tho fir valueof method use kr sakte hai.

page. 15
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program{
public static void sum( int a, int b ){ //a, b => Method Parameters
/ Parameters
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) { //args => Method
Parameter / Parameter
Program.sum( 10, 20 ); //10, 20 => Method Arguments /
Assignments

int x = 10, y = 20;

Program.sum( x, y ); //x, y => Method Arguments / Assignments
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Command line arguments:-

class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
String message = args[ 0 ];
System.out.println(message);
page. 16
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//int num1 = args[ 0 ]; //NOT Ok //error: incompatible types:
String cannot be converted to int
int num1 = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

//int num2 = args[ 1 ]; //NOT OK //error: incompatible types:

String cannot be converted to int
int num2 = Integer.parseInt(args[1]);

int result = num1 + num2;

System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int num1 = Integer.parseInt(args[0]);

float num2 = Float.parseFloat(args[1]);

double num3 = Double.parseDouble(args[2]);

double result = num1 + num2 + num3;

System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
}
//args ka type non primitive hai.so parsing karna padenga.
/*
argc: contains argument count passed from terminal
argv: array of string,contains address of arguments passed from cmd line
*/
//=> javac program.java //program classs
//=>java program //Arrayindexoutofboundexception
//if you do not passed the argument then this error occurs
------------------------------------------------------------------
Println & Print & Printf method:-

//println is non static overloaded method of java.io.printstream class

//and the return type is void
//print is non static overloaded method of java.io.printstream class
//and the return type is void
//printf is non static overloaded method of java.io.printstream class
//return type is printstream.

page. 17
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Hello"); //Helloworld!! ->all print in one
line
System.out.print("World");
System.out.print("!!");
System.out.print("\n");
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Hello"); //Hello
System.out.println("World"); //World
System.out.println("!!"); //!!
System.out.println("\n"); //print in different line
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String name1 = "Amit Pol";
int empid1 = 1122;
float salary1 = 125345.50f;
//System.out.println(name1+" "+empid1+" "+salary1);
System.out.printf("%-20s%-5d%-10.2f\n", name1, empid1, salary1);

String name2 = "Mukesh Salunkhe";

int empid2 = 714;
float salary2 = 37500.45f;
//System.out.println(name2+" "+empid2+" "+salary2);
System.out.printf("%-20s%-5d%-10.2f\n", name2, empid2, salary2);
}
}

page. 18
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------
Console class:-
import java.io.Console;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//java.io.Console console = System.console();
Console console = System.console();
System.out.print("Enter name : ");
String name = console.readLine();
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
int empid = Integer.parseInt(console.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
float salary = Float.parseFloat(console.readLine());

System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}
//console is class declare in console.io is pacakage
//this code does not work in Eclipse.
page. 19
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------
Scanner class:-
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
//System.in => Keyboard
//System.out => Monitor
//System.err => Error Stream => Monitor
public static void main(String[] args) {
//java.util.Scanner sc = new java.util.Scanner( System.in );

Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in);

System.out.print("Enter name : ");
String name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
int empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
float salary = sc.nextFloat();

System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}

page. 20
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Stream is an abstraction(object) which either produce (write) /
consume (read) information from source to destination.
• Standard stream objects of Java which is associated with console:
1. System.in
 It represents keyboard.
2. System.out
 It represents Monitor.
3. System.err
 Error stream which represents Monitor.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
jOptionPane :-
//jOptionPane is class include in jvac.swing pacakge
//mostly used for GUI
import javax.swing.JOptionPane;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
String name = JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter name.");
int empid = Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
empid."));
float salary = Float.parseFloat(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Enter
salary."));

System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}

-----------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 21
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
BufferedReader:-

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args)throws Exception {
BufferedReader reader = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(
System.in));

System.out.print("Enter Name : ");

String name = reader.readLine( );
System.out.print("Enter Empid : ");
int empid = Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
float salary = Float.parseFloat(reader.readLine());

System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}
/*error: unreported exception IOException; must be caught or declared to
be thrown
int empid = Integer.parseInt(reader.readLine());

-->to avoid this error give throws Exception after args.

*/

-----------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 22
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Class:-
• Consider following examples:
1. day, month, year - related to – Date
2. hour, minute, second - related to – Time
3. red, green, blue - related to Color
4. real, imag - related to – Complex
5. xPosition, yPosition - related to Point
6. number, type, balance - related to Account
7. name, id, salary - related to Employee
• If we want to group related data elements together then we should
use/define class in Java.
• class is a non primitive/reference type in Java.
• If we want create object/instance of a class then it is mandatory
to use new operator.
• If we create instance using new operator then it gets space on
heap section.
• Only fields of the get space once per instance according to order
of their declaration inside class.

//day, month, year are realated to Date

class Date{
//Variable declared inside class is called field
//int day, month, year; //OK
int day; //range 1 to 31
int month; // Range 1 to 12
int year; // Range greater than 1900
}

//red, green, blue are related to Color

class Color{
int red;
int green;
int blue;
}
//xPosition, yPosition related to Point
class Point{
int xPosition;
int yPosition;
}
//real, imag related to Complex
class Complex{
int real;
int imag;

page. 23
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
//name, rollNumber, marks are realated to Student
class Student{
String name;
int rollNumber;
float marks;
}
//name, empid, salary are realated to Employee
class Employee{
String name;
int empid;
float salary;
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );

System.out.print("Name : ");
String name = sc.nextLine( );
System.out.print("Empid : ");
int empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
float salary = sc.nextFloat( );

System.out.println(name+" "+empid+" "+salary);

}
}
//only one employee record accepted .this is problem
//i want more employee record together
//thats why we used class in next program.
-----------------------------------------------------------------------
Referance/Instance:-
• Field
 A variable declared inside class / class scope is called a
field.
 Field is also called as attribute or property.
• Method
 A function implemented inside class/class scope is called as
method.
 Method is also called as operation, behavior or message.
• Class

page. 24
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Class is a collection of fields and methods.
 Class can contain
1. Nested Type 2. Field 3. Constructor 4. Method
• Instance
 In Java, Object is also called as instance.
 Process of creating instance/object from a class is called as
instantiation.
 • Every instance on heap section is anonymous.

import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );

class Employee{
String name; //Field => Default value null
int empid; //Field => Default value 0
float salary; //Field => Default value 0.0f
}

// If we want to create instance( in C++ instance is nothing but

object ) of a class then
// we must must use new operator.

//Employee emp; //In Java, emp is not a object/instance. "emp"

is object reference / reference.
//new Employee( ); //Anonymous Instance in Java

//If we create instance using new operator then it gets space on

Heap.
//In C/C++/Java, if we allocate memory on Heap then it is
considered as anonymous.
// If we create instance of a class then:
//1. Method parameter and method local variable do not get
space inside it.
//2. Methods(static/non static) /constructor defined inside
class do not get space inside instance
//3. Nested type( Interface/class/enum ) do not get space
inside instance.
//4. Static field do not get space instance instance.
//5. Only non static field get space once per instance.
// Since non static field get space once per instance, it is also
called as instance variable.

page. 25
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

/* Employee emp; //Object reference / reference

emp = new Employee( ); //OK */
//Employee emp = new Employee( ); //OK
}
}

page. 26
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
class Employee{
String name; //Field => Default value null
int empid; //Field => Default value 0
float salary; //Field => Default value 0.0f
}
//Employee emp = new Employee();
Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();
emp.name = "Sandeep";
emp.empid = 33;
emp.salary = 12345.50f;

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary);
}
page. 27
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
class Employee{
String name; //Field => Default value null
int empid; //Field => Default value 0
float salary; //Field => Default value 0.0f
}
//Employee emp = new Employee();

// Employee emp;//error: variable emp might not have been

initialized emp.name = "Sandeep";

Employee emp;
emp = new Employee();

emp.name = "Sandeep";
emp.empid = 33;
emp.salary = 12345.50f;

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary);
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------
This is not suitable method:-
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
class Employee{
//Field / Attribute / Property
String name; //Field => Default value null
int empid; //Field => Default value 0
float salary; //Field => Default value 0.0f
}

Employee emp = new Employee();

page. 28
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//If we want to perform operation on instance then we should
define method inside class.
//Function implemented inside class is called method.

/* System.out.print("Name : ");
emp.name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
emp.empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
emp.salary = sc.nextFloat(); */

//process of calling method on instance is called as message

passing

/* System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary); */

}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Suitable method for above program:-
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
class Employee{
//Field / Attribute / Property
String name; //Field => Default value null
int empid; //Field => Default value 0
float salary; //Field => Default value 0.0f

//Method / Operation / Behavior / Message

void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
salary = sc.nextFloat();
}

page. 29
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}

Employee emp = new Employee();

//If we want to perform operation on instance then we should
define method inside class.
//Function implemented inside class is called method.
//process of calling method on instance is called as message
passing

emp.acceptRecord( ); //Message Passing

//Here acceptRecord method is called on emp
emp.printRecord( ); //Message Passing
//Here printRecord method is called on emp.
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Local Class:-
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{ //Program.class
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Class is collection of fields and methods.
/*
In Java class can contain:
1. Nested type( Interface/ Class / Enum )
2. Fields( Static / non static )
3. Methods( Static / non static/ final / abstract /
Synchronized )
4. Constructor
*/
//if we define class inside method then it is called method local
class
class Employee{ //Program$1Employee.class
String name;
int empid;
float salary;

void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );

page. 30
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Name : ");
name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
salary = sc.nextFloat();
}
void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}//End of class Employee
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.acceptRecord( );
emp.printRecord( );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 31
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
NullPointerException :-
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{ //Program.class
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Non static field(s) declared inside class is called instance
variable
//A metod of a class which is designed to call on instance is
called instance method.
class Employee{ //Concrete class
String name; //instance variable
int empid; //instance variable
float salary; //instance variabl

//A method of a class which is having body is called concrete

method
//Concrete Method
void acceptRecord( ){ //instance method
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
salary = sc.nextFloat();
}
//Concrete Method
void printRecord( ){ //instance method
System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}//End of class Employee

//Employee emp = new Employee();

Employee emp = null; //emp is null object
//Instance methods are called on null object
emp.acceptRecord( ); //java.lang.NullPointerException
emp.printRecord( );

/*
page. 32
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.NullPointerException
at Program.main(Program.java:33)
*/
//Using null object, if we try to access any member of the class
then JVM throws NullPointerException
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
To avoid NullPointerException Program :-

import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{ //Program.class
//Employee e1; //Error
//Employee e2 = new Employee(); // Error
public static void main(String[] args) {
//We can not use reference or instance of local class outside
method.
class Employee{ //Concrete class
String name; //instance variable
int empid; //instance variable
float salary; //instance variable

void acceptRecord( ){ //instance method

Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
empid = sc.nextInt();
page. 33
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Salary : ");
salary = sc.nextFloat();
}
//Concrete Method
void printRecord( ){ //instance method
System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
}
}//End of class Employee

/* Employee emp = null; //emp is null object

emp = new Employee( ); */

Employee emp = new Employee();

emp.acceptRecord( );
emp.printRecord( );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
This reference:-
• If we call non static method on instance( actually object
reference ) then compiler implicitly pass, reference of
current/calling instance as a argument to the method implicitly. To
store reference of current/calling instance, compiler implicitly
declare one reference as a parameter inside method. It is called
this reference. • this is a keyword in Java which is designed to
store reference of current/calling instance.
• Using this reference, non static fields and non static methods
are communicating with each other. Hence this reference is
considered as a link/connection between them.
• Definition
 “this" is implicit reference variable that is available in
every non static method of class which is used to store
reference of current/calling instance.
• Inside method, to access members of same class, use this keyword
is optional

page. 34
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Import java.util.Scanner;

class Program{ //Program.class

public static void main(String[] args) {

class Employee{
String name;
int empid;
float salary;

page. 35
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//this is implicit reference variable which is available in
every non static method
//of a class which is used to store reference of
current/calling instance.
//this is keyword in Java.
//this is method parameter hence it doesnt get space inside
inside.
//It gets space once per method call.

void acceptRecord( /* Employee this */ ){

Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
//name = sc.nextLine();
this.name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
//empid = sc.nextInt();
this.empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
//salary = sc.nextFloat();
this.salary = sc.nextFloat();
}

void printRecord( /* Employee this */ ){

//System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
//System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
//System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}

Employee emp = new Employee();

emp.acceptRecord( ); //emp.acceptRecord( emp );

emp.printRecord( ); //emp.printRecord( emp );

}
}

page. 36
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Getters & Setters:-

Object ke ander ki salary asani se read kr pa rahe hai aur modify bhi
kar pa rahe the upar wale program mai.pr object oriented dekhe tho aisa
nhi hona chahiye is liye solution hai instance variable ko private kr do.
 ab value directly print nhi honi chahiye method through hi hona
chahiye.
sirf read krna hai change nhi krana tho getsalary method banayege.
 SOP statement print on console but now we used getters they provide
flixiblity if you want print only name, only empid,only salary also then
can print on console.
ab muje kuch change karna honga tho mai setter method use kr sakta hu.
setter method likhenge clas mai jakar.

import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{ //Program.class
public static void main(String[] args) {

class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary; //Data hiding

public String getName() {

return this.name;
}

public void setName(String name) {

this.name = name;
}

public int getEmpid() {

return this.empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}

public float getSalary( ){

return this.salary;
}
page. 37
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}

void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
this.name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
this.empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
this.salary = sc.nextFloat();
}

void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}

Employee emp = new Employee();

emp.acceptRecord( ); //Sandeep K 33. 35000.50
//emp.printRecord( ); //Sandeep K 33. 35000.50

emp.setName( "Sandeep Kulange" );

emp.setEmpid( 33 );
emp.setSalary( 25000.50f );

//String name = emp.getName();

//System.out.println("Name : "+name);
System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
//ek line se kam ho raha tho two line kyu likhani

//int empid = emp.getEmpid();

//System.out.println("Empid : "+empid);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());

//float salary = emp.getSalary();

//System.out.println("Salary : "+salary);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
}

page. 38
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ab iss program mai user input lenge.
import java.util.Scanner;
class Program{ //Program.class
public static void main(String[] args) {
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary; //Data hiding

public String getName() {

return this.name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return this.empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary( ){
return this.salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
Employee emp = new Employee();
System.out.print("Name : ");
emp.setName( sc.nextLine() );
System.out.print("Empid : ");
emp.setEmpid( sc.nextInt() );
System.out.print("Salary : ");
emp.setSalary( sc.nextFloat() );

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
}
page. 39
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Global Class :-

Ab muje iss program mai date program outside main used karna hai par
local se kaam nhi chalenga isliye date class ko global mai likhana
padenga.


import java.util.Scanner;
class Date{
private int day;
private int month;
private int year;
public int getDay() {
return this.day;
}
public void setDay(int day) {
this.day = day;
}
public int getMonth() {
return this.month;
}
public void setMonth(int month) {
this.month = month;
}
public int getYear() {
return this.year;
}
public void setYear(int year) {
this.year = year;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date date = new Date( );
date.setDay(25);
date.setMonth(03);
date.setYear(2022);
System.out.println(date.getDay()+" / "+date.getMonth()+" /
"+date.getYear());
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 40
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Constructor:-

import java.util.Scanner;
class Date{
private int day;
private int month;
private int year;
public void initDate( ){ //Constructor
this.day = 11;
this.month = 8;
this.year = 2021;
}
public void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Day : ");
this.day = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Month : ");
this.month = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Year : ");
this.year = sc.nextInt();
}
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println(this.day+" / "+this.month+" / "+this.year);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
date = new Date( ); //0 / 0/ 0
date.intiDate(); // 25/03/2022
date.acceptRecord(); // 28/10/2022
date.intiDate(); // 25/03/2022
date.printRecord(); // 25/03/2022

}
}
//Logically yaha galat ho raha hai initdate humne intialization ke likhe
hai
//aur intilization one time hota hai aur intilization ek bar hona chahiye
aur call bhi ek hi bar hona chahiye
//so this is not intialization
//now we change in next program then the intialization happend only once

-------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 41
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

//the change are class name is same as method name

//no return type
//when we crate instance implicitaly call ho rahi hai.

import java.util.Scanner;
class Date{
private int day;
private int month;
private int year;
public Date( ){ //Constructor
this.day = 11;
this.month = 8;
this.year = 2021;
}
public void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Day : ");
this.day = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Month : ");
this.month = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Year : ");
this.year = sc.nextInt();
}
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println(this.day+" / "+this.month+" / "+this.year);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date date = null;
date = new Date( );
date.acceptRecord();
}
}

• If we want to initialize instance then we should define

constructor inside class.
• Constructor look like method but it is not considered as method.
• It is special because:
1. Its name is same as class name.
2. It doesn't have any return type.
3. It is designed to call implicitly.

page. 42
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. It gets called once per instance.
• We can not call constructor on instance explicitly Employee emp =
new Employee(); emp.Employee( ); //Not Ok
• Types of constructor:
1. Parameterless constructor
2. Parameterized constructor
3. Default constructor.
class Employee{
private String name; //Fields
private int empid;
private float salary;
//parameterless constructor /zero argument constructor/user defined
default constructor
public Employee( ){
this.name = "";
this.empid = 0;
this.salary = 0;
}
//parameterized constructor
public Employee( String name, int empid, float salary){
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee();
//Here on instance parameterless constructor will call.
emp1.printRecord();
System.out.println("----------------------------------");

Employee emp2 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 12345.50f);

//Here on instance parameterized constructor will call.
emp2.printRecord( );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 43
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Default Constructor:-

class Employee{
private String name; //null
private int empid; //0
private float salary; //0.0
/*
If we do not define any constructor inside class then compiler
generates one constructor
for the class by default. It is default constructor.
//Compiler generated default constructor
public Employee( ){ //Parameterless constructor
//Empty body
} */
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee( ); //OK
//Here on instance default constructor will call.
emp1.printRecord( );

Employee emp2 = new Employee( "Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f ); //NOT

OK
//error: constructor Employee in class Employee cannot be applied
to given types
//Compiler do not generate default parameterized constructor
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------

class Employee{
private String name; //null
private int empid; //0
private float salary; //0.0

public Employee( String name, int empid, float salary ) {

this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;

page. 44
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this.salary = salary;
}
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee( ); //NOT OK : Compiler error
emp1.printRecord( );

Employee emp2 = new Employee( "Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f ); // OK

emp2.printRecord( );
//Here on instance parameterized constructor will call.
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Constructor Chaining:-

class Employee{
private String name; //null
private int empid; //0
private float salary; //0.0
public Employee( ) {
this( "Empty", -1, 85000.0f); //Constructor Chaining
}
/*
--> To achieve reusability, we can call constructor from another
constructor.
--> This process of calling constructor from another constructor is
called constructor chaining.
--> For constructor chaining,we should use this statement.
--> this statement must be first statment inside constructor body.
*/
/*
Advanatages of reusability:
1. We can reduce development time
2. We can reduce development cost
3. We can reduce develpers effort.
*/

page. 45
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public Employee( String name, int empid, float salary ) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void printRecord( ){
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee( ); //OK
emp.printRecord( );
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coding and Naming convension:-

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 46
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Coding Convension For Package Name & Final(const)variable & Enum:-

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Integer Class Constructor :-
class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//public Integer(int value)
Integer i1 = new Integer( 10 );
System.out.println(i1.toString());

int value = 20;

Integer i2 = new Integer( value );
System.out.println(i2.toString());
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//public Integer(String s)throws NumberFormatException
Integer i1 = new Integer("123");
System.out.println(i1.toString());

String s = "456";
Integer i2 = new Integer( s );
System.out.println(i2.toString());
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String s = "1a2b3c";
Integer i1 = new Integer( s ); //NumberFormatException
page. 47
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(i1.toString());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Object objl;
Integer i1 = new Integer( );//error: no suitable constructor
found for Integer(no arguments)
System.out.println(i1.toString());
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Object Class:-
• It is a non final and concrete class declared in java.lang
package. • In java all the classes( not interfaces )are directly or
indirectly extended from java.lang.Object class.
• In other words, java.lang.Object class is ultimate base
class/super cosmic base class/root of Java class hierarchy.
page. 48
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Object class do not extend any class or implement any interface.
• It doesn’t contain nested type as well as field.
• It contains default constructor.
 Object o = new Object(“Hello”); //Not OK
 Object o = new Object( ); //OK
• Object class contains 11 methods.
• Consider the following code:
• In above code, java.lang.Object is direct super class of class
Person.

• In case class Employee, class Person is direct super class and

class Object is indirect super class.

page. 49
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 50
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Difference between primitive and non primitive type?

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Initialization & Assignment:-
class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//During declaration, process of stroing value inside variable is
called initialization.
int num1 = 10; //Initialization

//int num1 = 20; //Compiler error

//we can intialize any variable only once.

int num2 = num1; //Initialization

System.out.println("Num1 : "+num1); //10
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2); //10
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//After declaration, process of stroing value inside variable is
called assignment.
int num1 = 10; //Initialization
num1 = 20; //Assignment
num1 = 30; //Assignment
//We can do assignment multiple times.
page. 51
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System.out.println("Num1 : "+num1); //30

}
}
-Constructor ek hi bar kyu call hota hai bcoz initialization only
once hi hota hai.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Keyword:- (Use in Local)
import java.util.Scanner;

class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int number = 10;
number = number + 5;
System.out.println("Number : "+number);//15
}

//ab muze initilization ke bad value modify nhi krna hai

//tho use final keyword used krnege.
public static void main2(String[] args) {
final int number = 10; //Initialization
//number = number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+number);//10
}
//final variable mai ek bar assignment kiya ya initilization
//kiya uske bad modify nhi kar sakte
//final variable ko initilization dena necessury nhi hai.
public static void main3(String[] args) {
final int number; //Ok
number = 10; //Assignment //OK
//number = number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+number);//15
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
final int number = 10; //Intialization //OK
//number = 20; //Assignment //NOT OK
//number = number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+number);//15
}
//
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
page. 52
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Number : ");
final int number = sc.nextInt();
//number = number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+number);
}
}
• In java we do not get const keyword. But we can use final
keyword. • After storing value, if we don’t want to modify it then
we should declare variable final.
• We can provide value to the final variable either at compile time
or run time.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Keyword:- (Use In Global)
//agar field ka value class ke kisi bhi method mai modify
//nhi karna hai bas read krna hai use case mai field ko final declare
karna chahiye.

class Test{
/* private final int number;
public Test( ){
this.number = 10;
//this.number = 20; //Not OK
}*/

private final int number = 10; //OK

public Test( ){
//this.number = 10; //Not OK
//this.number = 20; //Not OK
}
public void showRecord( ){
//this.number = this.number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+this.number);
}
public void printRecord( ){
//this.number = this.number + 5; //Not OK
System.out.println("Number : "+this.number);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = new Test( );
t.showRecord( );

page. 53
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("------------");
t.printRecord( );
}
}
• Once initialized, if we don't want to modify state of any field
inside any method of the class( including constructor body ) then
we should declare field final.
• If we want to declare any field final then we should declare it
static also.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Final Keyword :- (use in object/reference)

class Complex{
private int real;
private int imag;
public Complex(int real, int imag ){
this.real = real;
this.imag = imag;
}
public void setReal(int real) {
this.real = real;
}
public void setImag(int imag) {
this.imag = imag;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.real + " " +this.imag;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex( 10, 20 );
c1 = new Complex( 50, 60 );
System.out.println(c1.toString());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Object/referance is final
//Instance is not final.
final Complex c1 = new Complex( 10, 20 ); //Instance is not final
c1.setReal(11);
c1.setImag(22);
//c1 = new Complex( 50, 60 ); //Not OK
page. 54
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(c1.toString()); //11, 22
}
}
• In Java, we can declare reference final but we can not declare
instance final.
• We can declare method final. It is not allowed to override final
method in sub class.
• We can declare class final. It is not allowed to extend final
class.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
References Memory allocation:-
class Date{
//TODO
}
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
private Date joinDate; //joinDate is non static field of the class.
// Non static field get space inside instance and instance get space on
heap.
public Employee(){
this.joinDate = new Date( );
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date joinDate = new Date( );
//Date joinDate => joinDate is a method local variable. It will
get space on Java Stack.
page. 55
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//new Date( ) => It is Date instance.It will get space on Heap.
}
}
• Local reference variable get space on Java Stack.
• In above code joinDate is method local reference variable hence
it gets space on Java Stack.
• Class scope reference variable get space on heap.
• In above code, emp is method local reference variable hence it
gets space on Java Stack. But joinDate is field of Employee class
hence it will get space inside instance on Heap.

-------------------------------------------------------------------------
Access Modifier:-
• If we want to control visibility of members of class then we
should use access modifier.
import java.util.Scanner;
/*
- Access modifiers in Java
1. private
2. package level private / default
3. protected
4. public

page. 56
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- In Java, members of a class are by default considered as package
level private i.e default.
*/
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
//Parameterless constructor / zero argument constructor / user
defined default constructor
//We can use any access modifier on constructor including the
private

public Employee( ){
}

//Parameterized constructor
//If name of method parameter / Method local variable and name
of field is same then preference is always is given to the local
variable/parameter
//In this case we should use this before members of class.
public Employee( String name, int empid, float salary){
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void acceptRecord( ){
Scanner sc = new Scanner( System.in );
System.out.print("Name : ");
this.name = sc.nextLine();
System.out.print("Empid : ");
this.empid = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Salary : ");
this.salary =sc.nextFloat();
}

public void printRecord( /* Employee this */){

System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
class Program{
public static void main1(String[] args) {

page. 57
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employee emp1 = new Employee( "Sandeep", 33, 23000.50f );
//here on instance, parameterized constructor will call
emp1.printRecord( );
//this is looking for parameter less constructor.if you not
written then error give.
Employee emp2 = new Employee( );//Error:here on instance,
parameterized constructor will call
emp1.acceptRecord( );
emp1.printRecord( );
}
//Only Fields of the class gets space once per instance,
according to their order of declaration inside class.
//Method do not get space inside instance. Rather all the
instances of same class share single copy of it.
//By passing reference, all the instances of same class share
methods defined inside class.
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee e1 = new Employee( "Digvijay", 11, 25000.50f );
Employee e2 = new Employee( "Rahul", 12, 27000.50f );
Employee e3 = new Employee( "Sandeep", 13, 28000.50f );

e1.printRecord( ); //e1.printRecord( e1 );
e2.printRecord( ); //e2.printRecord( e2 );
e3.printRecord( ); //e3.printRecord( e3 );
}
}

Only Fields of the class gets space once per instance, according to
their order of declaration inside class.
Method do not get space inside instance. Rather all the instances of
same class share single copy of it.
By passing reference, all the instances of same class share methods
defined inside class.

page. 58
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 59
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Static Field:-
import java.util.Scanner;
/*
- A field of a class which get space inside instance is called
instance variable.
- In other words, non static field declared inside class gets
space inside instance. Hence it is called instance variable.
- Instance variable get space after instantiation( i.e after
creating instance ).
- To access instance variable we must use object reference.

- We can not call non static method on class name. Non static
method is designed to call on instance.
- A method, which is designed to call on instance is called
instance method.
- Since non static method is designed to call on instance, it
is also called as instance method.

- In general to access instance members( instance variable,

instance method ) we must use instance.
*/
class Test{
//Instance variables
private int num1; //Non static field / Instance variable
private int num2; //Non static field / Instance variable
private int num3; //Non static field / Instance variable
public Test( int num1, int num2){
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
this.num3 = 500;
}
//Concrete method
public void printRecord( ){ //Non static method
System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3);
System.out.println("-------------------------");
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t1 = new Test( 10, 20 );
Test t2 = new Test( 30, 40 );
page. 60
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test t3 = new Test( 40, 60 );

t1.printRecord( );
t2.printRecord( );
t3.printRecord( );

//Test.printRecord( ); //error: non-static method

printRecord() cannot be referenced from a static context
}
}

• If we want to share value of any field inside all the instances

of same class then we should declare that field static.
• Static field do not get space inside instance rather all the
instances of same class share single copy of it. Hence size of
static field is not considered inside size of instance.
• Non static Field is also called as instance variable. It gets
space once per instance.
• Static Field is also called as class variable. It gets space once
per class.
• Static Field gets space once per class during class loading on
method area.
• Instance variables are designed to access using object reference.
• Class level variable can be accessed using object reference but
it is designed to access using class name and dot operator.

page. 61
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------

Static Initialization Block :-

import java.util.Scanner;
/*
- To intialize non static field / instance variable we should
use constructor.
- To intialize static field / class level variable we should
use static initializer block.
- JVM execute static initializer block during class loading.
*/
class Test{
private int num1; //Non static field / Instance
variable
private int num2; //Non static field / Instance
variable
private static int num3; //static field / Class level
variable

//Static Initializer Block

static{
Test.num3 = 500;
page. 62
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}

//Constructor
public Test( int num1, int num2){
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
//Test.num3 = 500; // OK: But not recommended
//this.num3 = 500; //OK : Warning The static field
Test.num3 should be accessed in a static way
}
//Concrete method
public void printRecord( ){ //Non static method
System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
System.out.println("Num3 : "+Test.num3);
//System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3);//OK :
Warning The static field Test.num3 should be accessed in a static
way
System.out.println("-------------------------");
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t1 = new Test( 10, 20 );
Test t2 = new Test( 30, 40 );
Test t3 = new Test( 50, 60 );

t1.printRecord( );
t2.printRecord( );
t3.printRecord( );
}
}

• A static initialization block is a normal block of code enclosed

in braces, { }, and preceded by the static keyword.
Here is an example: static{
Test.num3 = 500;
}
• A class can have any number of static initialization blocks, and
they can appear anywhere in the class body.
• The runtime system guarantees that static initialization blocks
are called in the order that they appear in the source code.

page. 63
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• There is an alternative to static blocks — you can write a
private static method:

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Some modification for understanding purpose:-

import java.util.Scanner;
/*
- To intialize non static field / instance variable we should
use constructor.
- To intialize static field / class level variable we should
use static initializer block.
- JVM execute static initializer block during class loading.
*/
class Test{
private int num1; //Non static field / Instance variable
private int num2; //Non static field / Instance variable
private static int num3;//static field / Class level variable
private static int num4;//static field / Class level variable
private static int num5;//static field / Class level variable
private static int num6;//static field / Class level variable
private static int num7;//static field / Class level variable
private static int num8;//static field / Class level variable

page. 64
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Static Initializer Block
static{
System.out.println("Static initlizer block#1");
Test.num3 = 500;
Test.num4 = 600;
Test.num5 = 700;
}
static{
System.out.println("Static initlizer block#2");
Test.num6 = 800;

}
static{
System.out.println("Static initlizer block#3");
Test.num7 = 900;
}
static{
System.out.println("Static initlizer block#4");
Test.num8 = 1000;
}

//Constructor
public Test( int num1, int num2){
System.out.println("constructor block#1");
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
// Test.num3 = 500; // OK: But not recommended
// this.num3 = 500; //OK : Warning The static field
Test.num3 should be accessed in a static way
}
//Concrete method
public void printRecord( ){ //Non static method

System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
System.out.println("Num3 : "+Test.num3);
System.out.println("Num4 : "+Test.num4);
System.out.println("Num5 : "+Test.num5);
System.out.println("Num6 : "+Test.num6);
System.out.println("Num7 : "+Test.num7);
System.out.println("Num8 : "+Test.num8);

page. 65
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3);//OK :
Warning The static field Test.num3 should be accessed in a static
way
System.out.println("-------------------------");
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t1 = new Test( 10, 20 );
Test t2 = new Test( 30, 40 );
Test t3 = new Test( 50, 60 );

t1.printRecord( );
t2.printRecord( );
t3.printRecord( );
}
}

/*Output:-

Static initlizer block#1

Static initlizer block#2
Static initlizer block#3
Static initlizer block#4
constructor block#1
constructor block#1
constructor block#1
Num1 : 10 | 30 | 50
Num2 : 20 | 40 | 60
Num3 : 500 | 500 | 500
Num4 : 600 | 600 | 600
Num5 : 700 | 700 | 700
Num6 : 800 | 800 | 800
Num7 : 900 | 900 | 900
Num8 : 1000 | 1000 | 1000
------------------------- */

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 66
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Sequence of execution observe the output:-
import java.util.Scanner;
/*
- To intialize non static field / instance variable we should
use constructor.
- To intialize static field / class level variable we should
use static initializer block.
- JVM execute static initializer block during class loading.
*/
class Test{
private int num1; //Non static field / Instance
variable
private int num2; //Non static field / Instance
variable
private static int num3; //static field / Class level
variable

//Static Initializer Block

static{
System.out.println("Inside static initialization block of
class Test");
Test.num3 = 500;
}

//Constructor
public Test( int num1, int num2){
System.out.println("Inside constructor of class Test");
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
}
//Concrete method
public void printRecord( ){ //Non static method
System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
System.out.println("Num3 : "+Test.num3);
System.out.println("-------------------------");
}
}
class Program{
static{
System.out.println("Inside static initialization block of
class Program"); 1
}
page. 67
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public Program() {
System.out.println("Inside constructor of class Program");
}
public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception {
System.out.println("Inside main method"); 2

System.out.print("Press any key to continue...");

System.in.read();

Test t1 = new Test( 10, 20 );

Test t2 = new Test( 30, 40 );
Test t3 = new Test( 50, 60 );

t1.printRecord( );
t2.printRecord( );
t3.printRecord( );
}
}
/*Output:-

Inside static initialization block of class Program

Inside main method
Press any key to continue...Inside static initialization block of
class Test
Inside constructor of class Test
Inside constructor of class Test
Inside constructor of class Test
Num1 : 10
Num2 : 20
Num3 : 500
-------------------------
Num1 : 30
Num2 : 40
Num3 : 500
-------------------------
Num1 : 50
Num2 : 60
Num3 : 500
-------------------------*/

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 68
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program{
static{
System.out.println("Inside static initialization block of
class Program");
Program.myMain();
}
public static void myMain( ){
System.out.println("Hello from my main");
}
}
/*Error:- main method hona chahiye
static{
System.out.println("Inside static initialization block of class
Program");
Program.myMain();
}
*/
-------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
- Non static methods are designed to call on instance. Hence it
is also called as instance method.
- Static methods are designed to call on class name. Hence it
is called as class level method.
- In General conclusion:
1. To access non static members, method should be non
static.
2. To access static members method should be static.
- Static method do not get this reference. Why?
1. If we call, non static method on instance then method
get this reference.
2. Static methods are designed to call on class name.
3. Static method is not designed to call on instance hence
static method do not get this reference.
- Since static method do not get this reference, we can not
access non static members inside static method.
- In other words, inside static method, we can access only
static members;
- Inside non static method, we can access static as well as non
static members
- Static method do not get this reference but we can create
instance inside static method.
- Using instance, we can access non static members inside
static method.

page. 69
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
class Test{
private int num1; //Non static field / instance
variable
private int num2; //Non static field / instance
variable
private static int num3; //static field / class level
variable
public Test() {
}
public void setNum1( /* Test this, */ int num1 ){ //Non static
/ Instance method
this.num1 = num1;
}
public void setNum2( /* Test this, */ int num2 ){ //Non static
/ Instance method
this.num2 = num2;
}
public static void setNum3( /* this reference is not required*/
int num3 ){ //Static Method / Class level method
Test.num3 = num3;
}
public void printRecord( /* Test this */){
System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
System.out.println("Num3 : "+Test.num3);
}
public static void displayRecord( ){
Test t1 = new Test();
t1.setNum1(10); //t1.setNum1(t1, 10);
t1.setNum2(20); //t1.setNum2(t1, 20);
Test.setNum3(30);
t1.printRecord( );
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test.displayRecord( );
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Test t1 = new Test();
t1.setNum1(10); //t1.setNum1(t1, 10);
t1.setNum2(20); //t1.setNum2(t1, 20);

page. 70
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Test.setNum3(30);//static method design to call on class
name.
t1.printRecord( );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
class Program{
//- Using instance, we can access non static members inside static
method.
public int num1 = 10;
public static int num2 = 20;
public static void main(String[] args) {
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+num1); //error: non-
static variable num1 cannot be referenced from a static context
Program p = new Program();
System.out.println("Num1 : "+p.num1); //Ok : 10
System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2); //OK : 20
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
class B{
public static void f2( ){
System.out.println("B.f2()");
}
public static void f3( ){
f2(); //OK : B.f2()
B.f2(); //OK : B.f2()
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//f3( ); // error: cannot find symbol
B.f3(); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
InstanceCounter:-

class InstanceCounter{
private static int count;
public InstanceCounter( ){
++ InstanceCounter.count;
}
page. 71
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static int getCount( ){
return InstanceCounter.count;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
InstanceCounter c1 = new InstanceCounter( );
InstanceCounter c2 = new InstanceCounter( );
InstanceCounter c3 = new InstanceCounter( );
System.out.println("Instance
Count : "+InstanceCounter.getCount());
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
- If constructor is public then we can create instance of a
class inside method of same class
as well as different class
*/
class Complex{
public Complex( ){
System.out.println("Inside constructor");
}
public static void test( ){
Complex c2 = new Complex( ); //OK
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex( ); //OK
Complex.test( );
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
- We can declare constructor private.
- If constructor is private then we can create instance of a
class inside method of same class only.
*/
class Complex{
private Complex( ){
System.out.println("Inside constructor");
}
public static void test( ){

page. 72
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Complex c2 = new Complex( ); //OK
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Complex c1 = new Complex( ); //error: Complex() has
private access in Complex
Complex.test( );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
- Inside method, if there is need to use this reference then
method should be non static.
- Otherwise method should be static.
*/
class Calculator{
public static int pow( int base, int index ){
int result = 1;
for( int count = 1; count <= index; ++ count )
result = result * base;
return result;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = Calculator.pow(10, 2);
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
}
//jis method mai this reference use krne ki jarurat hai use hi non
static karo agar nhi jarurat tho static kr do method ko.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
//If we declare method static then local variable is not consodered
static.
//Non static method local variable get space once per method call.
Hence it doesn't retain last updated value.
class Program{
public static void print( ){
int count = 0; //Non static method local variables
count = count + 1;
System.out.println("Count : "+count); //1
}

page. 73
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.print(); //1
Program.print(); //1
Program.print(); //1
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
//In Java, we can not declare method local variable static.
// Static field and static method is also called as class level
members.
//According to oops, class level members must in class scope. Hence
we can not declare local variable static.
//In Java we can declare field, method, nested type static.
//We can not delcare local variable, constructor and top level
class static.

class Program{
public static void print( ){
static int count = 0; // error: illegal start of expression
count = count + 1;
System.out.println("Count : "+count); //1
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.print();
Program.print();
Program.print();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Singleton class
• A class from which, we can create only one instance is called
singleton class.
• Steps to define singleton class:
1. Define class and declare constructor private.
2. Define factory method and return reference of instance from it.
3. Use getter and setter to access members.

//1.Define clas
class Singleton{
private int number;

//2. Make constructor private

private Singleton() {

page. 74
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

}
//4. Declare static field inside class
private static Singleton reference; //null

//3. Define a static method to create instance of a class

public static Singleton getReference( ){
if( reference == null )
reference = new Singleton( );
return reference;
}

public int getNumber() {

return this.number;
}
public void setNumber(int number) {
this.number = number;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Singleton s1 = Singleton.getReference( );
s1.setNumber(123);
System.out.println("Number : "+s1.getNumber());
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Singleton s1 = Singleton.getReference( );
Singleton s2 = Singleton.getReference( );
System.out.println(s1 == s2 ); //true
}
}

----------
----------

page. 75
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-----------------------------------------------

class Singleton{
private static Singleton reference;
static{
reference = new Singleton();
}
private Singleton() {
}
public static Singleton getReference() {
return reference;
}
}
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Singleton s1 = Singleton.getReference( );
Singleton s2 = Singleton.getReference( );
System.out.println(s1 == s2 ); //true
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Now my requirement is I want to create dot java file in one folder
and there dot class file in another folder and by this exicute.

page. 76
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Package:-
 Package is java Language feature which helps developer to
1.To group functionally equivalent or related types together.
2.To avoid naming clashing/collision/conflict/ambiguity in source
code.
3.To control the access to types.
4.To make types easier to find (from the perspective of java docs).
 consider following class:
 java.lang.object
Here java is main package,lang is sub package and object is
type name.

page. 77
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Not necessarily but as shown below,package can contain some or
types.
1.Sub package 2.Interface 3.class 4.Enum 5.Exception 6.Error
7.Annotation Type.
 package is a keyword in Java.
 To define type inside package, it is mandatory write package
declaration statement inside .java file.
 Package declaration statement must be first statement
inside.java file
 If we define any type inside package then it is called as
packaged type otherwise it will be unpackaged type.
 Any type can be member of single package only.

Un-named Package
 If we define any type without package then it is considered as
member of unnamed/default package.
 Unnamed packages are provided by the Java SE platform
principally for convenience when developing small or temporary
applications or when just beginning development.
 An unnamed package cannot have sub packages.
 In following code, class Program is a part of unnamed package.
Naming Conversion:-
 For small programs and casual development, a package can be
unnamed or have a simple name, but if code is to be widely
distributed, unique package names should be chosen using
qualified names.

 Generally Package names are written in all lower case to avoid

conflict with the names of classes or interfaces.

page. 78
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Companies use their reserved internet domain name to begin
their package names. For example: com.example.mypackage
 Following examples will help you in deciding name of package:
 java.lang.reflect.Proxy
 oracle.jdbc.driver.OracleDriver
 com.mysql.jdbc.cj.Driver
 org.cdac.sunbeam.dbda.utils.Date

How to use package members in different package?

 If we want to use types declared inside package anywhere

outside the package then
1. Either we should use fully qualified type name or
2. import statement.
 If we are going to use any type infrequently then we should use
fully qualified name.

 Let us see how to use type using package name.

class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
java.util.Scanner sc = new java.util.Scanner(System.in);

 If we are going to use any type frequently then we should use

import statement.
 Let us see how to import Scanner
import java.util.Scanner;
Class Program{
Public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc= new Scanner(System.in);
}
}
 There can be any number of import statements after
packagedeclaration statement.
 With the help of(*) we can import entire package.

page. 79
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

import java.util.*;
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args)
{
Scanner sc=new Scanner(System.in);
}
}

 Another, less common form of import allows us to import the

public nested classes of an enclosing class. Consider following
code.
import java.lang.Thread.state;
class Program{
public static void main(String[] args) {
Thread thread=Thread.currentThread();
State state = thread.getState();
}
}

• Note: java.lang package contains fundamental types of core java.

This package is by default imported in every .java file hence to
use type declared in java.lang package, import statement is
optional.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 80
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[ javac -d./bin ./src/Complex.java
set classpath=./bin
javac -d ./bin ./src/Program.java
java Program ]

package p1;
public class Complex{
//Packaged class agar yaha public nhi likha honga tho by default
access modifier is package level private/default. Package ke baher
used nhi kar sakte isliye usko public declare karte hai.

//name of the public file and dot java file must be same.
@Override
public String toString() {
return "TComplex.toString()";
}
}

import p1.Complex;
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//p1.Complex c1 = new p1.Complex(); //Solution 1
Complex c1 = new Complex(); //Solution 2
System.out.println( c1.toString() );
}
}
 Package name is physically mapped to the folder.
 Point to Remember: default access modifier of any type is
package level private which is also called as default.
 If we want to use any type inside same package as well as in
different package then access modifier of type must be public.
 Access modifier of type (class/interface) can be either package
level private/public only. In other words, type can not be
private or protected.

page. 81
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Member of default package
public class Complex{ //Unpackaged class
@Override
public String toString() {
return "TComplex.toString()";
}
}
package p1;
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex(); //Can not access here
System.out.println( c1.toString() );
}
}
This cannot run error gives.

----------------------------------------------------------------------
package p1;
public class Complex{
@Override
public String toString() {
return "TComplex.toString()";
}
}

package p2;
import p1.Complex;
class Program {
page. 82
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex();
System.out.println( c1.toString() );
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
package p1;
public class Complex{
public String toString(){
return "Complex.toString";
}
}

package p1;
//import p1.Complex; //Optional
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex( );
System.out.println( c1.toString() );
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 83
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package p1.p2;
public class Complex{
public String toString(){
return "Complex.toString";
}
}

package p1.p3;
import p1.p2.Complex;
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Complex c1 = new Complex( );
System.out.println( c1.toString() );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
//import java.lang.*; //Optional-By default imported.
class Program {
public static final double PI = 3.142;
public static float pow( float base, int index ){
float result = 1;
for( int count = 1; count <= index; count++ )
result = result * base;
return result;
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {//hardcore value
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = ( float )( 3.142 * radius * radius );
System.out.println("Area : "+area);
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {//class name pr call
kiya
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = ( float )( Program.PI * Program.pow(radius, 2)
);
System.out.println("Area : "+area);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {//sab static hai tho
directly call kr sakte
page. 84
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = ( float )(PI * pow(radius, 2) );
System.out.println("Area : "+area);
}
}
Its present in the dot lang package and in Math class.
To access we can used Math.PI then for pow Math.Pow

-------------------------------------------------------------------
//Use Static import for PI and pow

/* import static java.lang.Math.PI;

import static java.lang.Math.pow; */

import static java.lang.System.*;

import static java.lang.Math.*;
class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = ( float )( PI * pow(radius, 2) );
out.println("Area : "+area);
}
page. 85
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main1(String[] args) {
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = ( float )( Math.PI * Math.pow(radius, 2) );
System.out.println("Area : "+area);
}
}
// If we want to access any public type(interface/class/enum etc)
outside package the we should use import statement.
// Without type name, if we want to use any static member of type
outside class then we should use static member.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Eclipse basic Program practise and short cut :-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
private static final double PI = 3.142;
private static double pow(float base, int index) {
float result = 1;
for( int count = 1; count <= index; ++ count )
result = result * base;
return result;

}
public static void main(String[] args) {
float radius = 10.5f;
float area = (float) (PI * pow(radius, 2));
System.out.println("Area : "+area);
}
}
//Eclipse shortcut
//Ctrl+ space for suggestion
//ctrl+ 1 for error soln typecast
//click on PI create constant PI
//ctrl + 1 pow and create method
-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 86
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This written in Employee java file

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model;
public class Employee {
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}

public String getName() {

return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}

@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [name=" + name + ", empid=" + empid + ",
salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}

//Emp type and ctrl + space and generate constructor

//right click then source then generate constructor using fields
page. 87
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//member initialized then access modifier choose and hit enter your
contructor may get created
//now i want getter and setters right click source and then
generate getter and setters.
//now to override right click source and then click generate
toString.

This written in Program file

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model.Employee;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
System.out.println(emp); //Employee [name=null, empid=0,
salary=0.0]
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.setName("Sandeep");
emp.setEmpid(33);
emp.setSalary(35000.50f);

// System.out.println(emp.toString());
System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 35000.50f );
System.out.println(emp); //Employee [name=Sandeep,
empid=33, salary=35000.5]
}
}

//ctrl +1 and import will be add

//or you can do partial coding Emp Ctrl +space hint enter
//Sysout ctrl+space and SOP statement gave.
//for tostring --> emp. Ctrl+space hit ent tostring()

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 88
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Scanner used kiya bas.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model;

public class Employee {

private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [name=" + name + ", empid=" + empid + ",
salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
page. 89
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model.Employee;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

Employee emp = new Employee();

System.out.print("Enter name : ");
emp.setName( sc.nextLine() );
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
emp.setEmpid( sc.nextInt() );
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
emp.setSalary( sc.nextFloat() );

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
}
//Sca ctrl+space hit enter.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
AcceptRecord PrintRecord method use kiye bas:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model;

public class Employee {

private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
page. 90
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [name=" + name + ", empid=" + empid + ",
salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
public class Program {
public static void acceptRecord( Employee emp ) {
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter name : ");
emp.setName( sc.nextLine() );
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
emp.setEmpid( sc.nextInt() );
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
emp.setSalary( sc.nextFloat() );
}
public static void printRecord( Employee emp ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
Program.acceptRecord(emp);
Program.printRecord(emp);
}
}
//this used nhi kiya tho static karna method.
page. 91
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Menu driven program make in this:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model;

public class Employee {

private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
// TODO Auto-generated constructor stub
}
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Employee [name=" + name + ", empid=" + empid + ",
salary=" + salary + "]";
}
}

page. 92
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model.Employee

/*
Stream is abstraction which produces(write) or consume(read)
information to & from source & destnation.
// Following are standard stream object of Java associated with
console:
1. System.in => Keyborad
2. System.out => Monitor
3. System.err => Monitor ( It is error stream. It should be
used to display errors)
*/

public class Program {

//private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
private static Scanner sc;
static {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
}
public static void acceptRecord( Employee emp ) {
System.out.print("Enter name : ");
sc.nextLine();//To clear the buffer
emp.setName( sc.nextLine() );
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
emp.setEmpid( sc.nextInt() );
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
emp.setSalary( sc.nextFloat() );
}
public static void printRecord( Employee emp ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit.");
System.out.println("1.Accept Record.");
System.out.println("2.Print Record.");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
page. 93
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employee emp = new Employee();
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
Program.acceptRecord(emp);
break;
case 2:
Program.printRecord(emp);
break;
}
}
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Correct way to write a OOPS program.
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
EmployeeTest test = new EmployeeTest();
while( ( choice = EmployeeTest.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
test.acceptRecord();
break;
case 2:
test.printRecord();
break;
}
}
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model.Employee;

public class EmployeeTest {

/* private Employee emp;
public EmployeeTest( ) {
this.emp = new Employee();

page. 94
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
} */

private Employee emp = new Employee();

static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public void acceptRecord( ) {
System.out.print("Enter name : ");
sc.nextLine();//To clear the buffer
this.emp.setName( sc.nextLine() );
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
this.emp.setEmpid( sc.nextInt() );
System.out.print("Enter salary : ");
this.emp.setSalary( sc.nextFloat() );
}
public void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.emp.getName());
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.emp.getSalary());
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit.");
System.out.println("1.Accept Record.");
System.out.println("2.Print Record.");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Instead of writing code you can used lambok plugins also

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor //Annotation
@AllArgsConstructor //Annotation
@Getter @Setter //Annotation
@ToString //Annotation

page. 95
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Employee {
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Array

Static vs Dynamic memory allocation in C/C++

page. 96
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Array Declaration and Initialization In C

• int arr[ 3 ]; //OK : Declaration
• int arr[ 3 ] = { 10, 20, 30 }; //OK : Initialization
• int arr[ ] = { 10, 20, 30 }; //OK
• int arr[ 3 ] = { 10, 20 }; //OK : Partial Initialization
• int arr[ 3 ] = { }; //OK : Partial Initialization
• int arr[ 3 ] = { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 }; //Not recommended

Accessing Elements Of Array in C

• If we want to access elements of array then we should use integer
index.
• Array index always begins with 0.

• Advantage Of Array
1. We can access elements of array randomly.
• Disadvantage Of Array
1. We can not resize array at runtime.
2. It requires continuous memory.
3. Insertion and removal of element from array is a time consuming
job.
4. Using assignment operator, we can not copy array into another
array.
5. Compiler do not check array bounds( min and max index ).

Array In Java

page. 97
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Array is a reference type in Java. In other words, to create

instance of array, new operator is required. It means that array
instance get space on heap.

• There are 3 types of array in Java:

1. Single dimensional array
2. Multi dimensional array
3. Ragged array

• Types of loop in Java:

1. do-while loop
2. while loop
3. for loop
4. for-each loop

• To perform operations on array we can use following classes:

1. java.util.Arrays
2. org.apache.commons.lang
3.ArrayUtils( download .jar file )

Methods of java.util.Arrays Class

-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
page. 98
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
//int arr[ 3 ]; //Static memory allocation in C/C++

//int arr[ 3 ]; //Not OK : In Java

int arr1[ ] = null; //OK : Reference

//int [ arr2 ] = null; //NOT OK

int[ ] arr3 = null; //OK : Reference

}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int arr1[ ] = null; //OK
arr1 = new int[ 3 ]; //OK

int[] arr2 = null; //OK

arr2 = new int[ 3 ]; //OK

int[] arr3 = new int[ 3 ]; //OK

}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int size = -3;
int[] arr = new int[ size ]; //NegativeArraySizeException
//Thrown if an application tries to create an array with
negative size.
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
page. 99
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/*
If this class object represents a class of arrays, then the
internal form of the name consists of the name of the element type
preceded by one or more '[' characters representing the depth of
the array nesting. The encoding of element type names is as
follows:
Element Type Encoding
boolean Z
byte B
char C
class or interface Lclassname;
double D
float F
int I
long J
short S

*/
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ]; //OK
System.out.println( arr[ 0 ] ); //0
System.out.println( arr[ 1 ] ); //0
System.out.println( arr[ 2 ] ); //0
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ]; //OK
for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index )
System.out.println( arr[ index ] ); //0
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean[] arr1 = new boolean[ 3 ];
System.out.println(arr1.toString()); //[Z@6d06d69c
@means hash code

byte[] arr2 = new byte[ 3 ];

System.out.println(arr2.toString()); //[B@7852e922

char[] arr3 = new char[ 3 ];

System.out.println(arr3.toString()); //[C@4e25154f

short[] arr4 = new short[ 3 ];

System.out.println(arr4.toString()); //[S@70dea4e

page. 100
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int[] arr5 = new int[ 3 ]; //OK
System.out.println(arr5.toString()); //[I@5c647e05

int[][] arr6 = new int[ 3 ][ 3 ]; //OK

System.out.println(arr6.toString()); //[[I@33909752

int[][][] arr = new int[ 3 ][ 3 ][ 3 ]; //OK

System.out.println(arr.toString()); //[[[I@55f96302

float[] arr7 = new float[ 3 ]; //OK

System.out.println(arr7.toString()); //[F@55f96302

double[] arr8 = new double[ 3 ]; //OK

System.out.println(arr8.toString()); //[D@3d4eac69

long[] arr9 = new long[ 3 ]; //OK

System.out.println(arr9.toString()); //[J@42a57993
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 101
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
/* private static void acceptRecord(int[] arr) {
if( arr != null ) {
for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ index ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}
}
private static void printRecord(int[] arr) {
if( arr != null ) {
for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index )
System.out.println(arr[ index ]);
}
} */ //isse comment nhi kiya tho code run hi nhi hota kyuki
humne null kiya hai so solution niche hai iska
private static void acceptRecord(int[] arr) {
//in java 7 the new feature objects naam ka class hai usme
requireNonNull ki method hai
//ye khudse check krengi ki null hai ya nhi.
//ye line nhi likhi tho program run honga aur element dalne
ke baad error ayenga.
arr = Objects.requireNonNull(arr, "inside acceptRecord
method, arr must not be null");
for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ index ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}
private static void printRecord(int[] arr) {
arr = Objects.requireNonNull(arr, "inside printRecord
method, arr must not be null");
for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index )
page. 102
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(arr[ index ]);
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {//default value
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ];
String str = Arrays.toString(arr);
System.out.println(str); //[0, 0, 0]
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ];
arr[ 0 ] = 10; //hardcore value
arr[ 1 ] = 20;
arr[ 2 ] = 30;

System.out.println( Arrays.toString(arr));

/* for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index )

System.out.println(arr[ index ]); */

/* System.out.println(arr[ 0 ]);
System.out.println(arr[ 1 ]);
System.out.println(arr[ 2 ]); */

}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ]; //user input value

for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index ) {

System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ index ] = sc.nextInt();
}

for( int index = 0; index < 3; ++ index )

System.out.println(arr[ index ]);
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {//two method writeen
and just called them
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ];
Program.acceptRecord( arr );
Program.printRecord( arr );
}
page. 103
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = null;
Program.acceptRecord( arr );
Program.printRecord( arr );
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Mavan used in eclipse like lambok jar file.
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Using toString()Method :-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
//int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 }; //OK

int[] arr = { 10, 20, 30 }; //OK

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//int[] arr = new int[ 3 ] { 10, 20, 30 }; //Not OK

page. 104
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//"{ 10, 20, 30 }" is called as initializer

int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 }; //OK

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr));
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ]; //OK
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); //[0, 0, 0]
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException :-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args){
int[ ] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
System.out.println(arr.length); //5

int element = arr[ 0 ];

System.out.println( element ); //10

element = arr[ 2 ];
System.out.println( element ); //30

element = arr[ 4 ];
System.out.println( element ); //50
}
public static void main(String[] args){
int[ ] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 };
System.out.println(arr.length); //5

//int element = arr[ -1 ]; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

//System.out.println( element );

//int element = arr[ 5 ]; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

//System.out.println( element );

int element = arr[ arr.length ]; //ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException

System.out.println( element );

page. 105
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Thrown to indicate that an array has been accessed with an
illegal index.
//The index is either negative or greater than or equal to the
size of the array.
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Referance Copy and Instance copy:-

page. 106
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {

int[] arr1 = new int[] { 11, 22, 33, 44, 55 };

int[] arr2 = Arrays.copyOf(arr1, arr1.length);

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));

arr2 = Arrays.copyOf(arr1, arr1.length + 2);

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr1 = new int[] { 11, 22, 33, 44, 55, 66, 77, 88, 99 };
int[] arr2 = Arrays.copyOfRange(arr1, 2, 5);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2));
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Sorting Arrays Elements:-
page. 107
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Arrays;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[] { 5, 1, 4, 2, 3 };
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); //[5, 1, 4, 2, 3]
Arrays.sort(arr); //DualPivotQuicksort
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); //[1, 2, 3, 4, 5]
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
For each Loop:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 };
int index = 0;
do {
System.out.println(arr[ index ] );
page. 108
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
++ index;
}while( index < arr.length );
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 };
int index = 0;
while( index < arr.length ){
System.out.println(arr[ index ] );
++ index;
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 };
for( int index = 0; index < arr.length; ++ index )
System.out.println(arr[ index ] );
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ ] { 10, 20, 30 };

//foreach element in arr

for( int element : arr ) { //For each loop
System.out.println(element);
}
//for each loop is also called as iterator
//for each loop is read-only and forward-only
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Arrays Of Primitive Values:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
boolean[] arr1 = new boolean[ 3 ];
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr1)); //[false,
false, false]

page. 109
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int[] arr2 = new int[ 3 ];
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr2)); //[0, 0, 0]

double[] arr3 = new double[ 3 ];

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr3)); //[0.0, 0.0,
0.0]
}
}
//if we create arr to store value of primitive type then their
default value
//depends on default type of data type.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Array Of References and Instances :-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;

class Date{
private int day, month, year;
public void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println(this.day+" / "+this.month+" / "+this.year);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Date dt1 = null;
page. 110
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Date dt2 = null;
Date dt3 = null;

Date[] arr = new Date[ 3 ]; //Array of references

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); //[null, null,
null]
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

Date[] arr = new Date[ 3 ]; //Array of references
for( int index = 0; index < arr.length; ++ index )
arr[ index ].printRecord(); //NullPointerException
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Date[] arr = new Date[ 3 ]; //Array of references
arr[ 0 ] = new Date( );
arr[ 1 ] = new Date( );
arr[ 2 ] = new Date( );

for( int index = 0; index < arr.length; ++ index )

arr[ index ].printRecord(); //OK
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Array of instances

Date[] arr = new Date[ 3 ]; //Array of references

for( int index = 0; index < arr.length; ++ index )
arr[ index ] = new Date( );

for( int index = 0; index < arr.length; ++ index )

arr[ index ].printRecord(); //OK
}
}

page. 111
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Arrays Of references

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 112
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 1:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Data;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
public class Employee {
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%-30s%-5d%-10.2f", this.name,
this.empid, this.salary);
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.model.Employee;

public class Program {

private static Employee[] getEmployees() {
Employee[] arr = new Employee[ 5 ];
arr[ 0 ] = new Employee("Rahul Kale",11, 45000);
arr[ 1 ] = new Employee("Sandeep Kulange",12,47000);
arr[ 2 ] = new Employee("Nilesh Ghule",13,48000);
arr[ 3 ] = new Employee("Amit Kulkarni",14,50000);
arr[ 4 ] = new Employee("Sachin Pawar",15,46000);
return arr;
page. 113
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
private static void printRecord(Employee[] arr) {
if( arr != null )
for (Employee emp : arr) {
System.out.println(emp.toString());
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee[] arr = Program.getEmployees( );
Program.printRecord( arr );
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Multi Dimensional Array :-

• Array of elements where each element is array of same column size

is called as multi dimensional array.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Scanner;

page. 114
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Program {

static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

private static void acceptRecord(int[][] arr) {
arr = Objects.requireNonNull(arr, "arr must not be null");
for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {
for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ row ][ col ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}
}
private static void printRecord(int[][] arr) {
arr = Objects.requireNonNull(arr, "arr must not be null");
for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {
for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print(arr[ row ][ col ]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int arr1[][] = null; //OK

int[] arr2[] = null; //OK

int[][] arr3 = null; //OK : Recommended

}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int[][] arr1 = null;
arr1 = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ]; //OK

int[][] arr2 = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ];

}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ];

for( int row = 0; row < 4; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < 3; ++ col ) {
System.out.print(arr[ row ][ col ]+" ");
page. 115
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
System.out.println();
}
}

public static void main4(String[] args) {

int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ];

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ row ][ col ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print(arr[ row ][ col ]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ];
Program.acceptRecord( arr );
Program.printRecord( arr );

}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 116
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
//int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ]; //OK
//int[][] arr = new int[ ][ ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //OK
//int[][] arr = { {1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //OK
//int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ 3 ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //Not OK
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

int[][] arr = new int[ ][ ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //OK

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print(arr[ row ][ col ]+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[ ][ ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //OK
for( int[] row : arr ) {
for( int col : row ) {
System.out.print(col+" ");
}
System.out.println();
}
}

public static void main4(String[] args) {

page. 117
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int[][] arr = new int[ ][ ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5,6},{7,8,9},{10,11,12}}; //OK
//System.out.println(arr.toString()); //[[I@6d06d69c

//System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr)); //[[I@6d06d69c,
[I@7852e922, [I@4e25154f, [I@70dea4e]

/* for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row )

System.out.println(Arrays.toString(arr[ row ] ) ); */

//System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(arr)); //This method

is designed for converting multidimensional arrays to strings.

for( int[] row : arr ) {

System.out.println(Arrays.toString( row ));
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] arr = new int[ 3 ];
System.out.println(arr.getClass().getSuperclass().getName());
//java.lang.Object
}
}
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---------------------------------

page. 118
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Ragged Array :-

• A multidimensional array where column size of every array is

different.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static int[][] getArrayInstance( ) {
int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ ]; //Array of references
arr[ 0 ] = new int[ 3 ];
arr[ 1 ] = new int[ 2 ];
arr[ 2 ] = new int[ 4 ];
arr[ 3 ] = new int[ 3 ];
return arr;
}
private static void acceptRecord(int[][] arr) {
for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {
for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ row ][ col ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}
}
private static void printRecord(int[][] arr) {
for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {
for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.printf("%-5d",arr[ row ][ col ]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int arr1[][] = null; //OK

int []arr2[] = null; //OK

int[][]arr3 = null; //OK

page. 119
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ ]; //Array of references
arr[ 0 ] = new int[ 3 ];
arr[ 1 ] = new int[ 2 ];
arr[ 2 ] = new int[ 4 ];
arr[ 3 ] = new int[ 3 ];
}

public static void main3(String[] args) {

int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ ]; //Array of references
arr[ 0 ] = new int[ 3 ];
arr[ 1 ] = new int[ 2 ];
arr[ 2 ] = new int[ 4 ];
arr[ 3 ] = new int[ 3 ];

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.printf("%-5d",arr[ row ][ col ]);
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[ 4 ][ ]; //Array of references
arr[ 0 ] = new int[ 3 ];
arr[ 1 ] = new int[ 2 ];
arr[ 2 ] = new int[ 4 ];
arr[ 3 ] = new int[ 3 ];

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
arr[ row ][ col ] = sc.nextInt();
}
}

for( int row = 0; row < arr.length; ++ row ) {

for( int col = 0; col < arr[ row ].length; ++ col ) {
System.out.printf("%-5d",arr[ row ][ col ]);
page. 120
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
System.out.println();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {

int[][] arr = Program.getArrayInstance();

Program.acceptRecord( arr );

Program.printRecord( arr );
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
int[][] arr = new int[4][ ];
arr[ 0 ] = new int[ ] { 1,2,3};
arr[ 1 ] = new int[ ] { 4,5};
arr[ 2 ] = new int[ ] {6,7,8,9};
arr[ 3 ] = new int[ ] {10,11,12};

page. 121
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(arr));
}

public static void main(String[] args) {

//int[][] arr = new int[ ][ ] {
{1,2,3},{4,5},{6,7,8,9},{10,11,12}};
int[][] arr = { {1,2,3},{4,5},{6,7,8,9},{10,11,12}};
System.out.println(Arrays.deepToString(arr));
}
}

--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
--
---------------------------------
Argument Passing Methods :-

• In C programming language, we can pass argument to the function

using 2 ways:
1. By value.
2. By address

• In C++ programming language, we can pass argument to the function

using 3 ways:
1. By value.
2. By address
3. By reference

page. 122
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• In Java programming language, we can pass argument to the method
using a way:
1. By value.
 In other word, every variable of primitive type/non
primitive type is pass to the method by value only.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void swap( int a, int b ) { //a & b are method
parameters / parameters
int temp = a;
a = b;
b = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
int y = 20;

Program.swap(x, y); //x & y are method arguments / arguments

System.out.println("x : "+x); //10

System.out.println("y : "+y); //20
}
}
//In this no swapping done only by using array we can swap Pass by
reference code is below.

Simulation Of Pass By Reference in Java:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void swap( int[] arr ) { //a & b are method
parameters / parameters
int temp = arr[ 0 ];
arr[ 0 ] = arr[ 1 ];
arr[ 1 ] = temp;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int x = 10;
int y = 20;

int[] arr = new int[ ] { x, y };

page. 123
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Program.swap(arr);
x = arr[ 0 ]; y = arr[ 1 ];

System.out.println("x : "+x); //20

System.out.println("y : "+y); //10
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void acceptRecord( int[] number ) {
System.out.print("Enter number : ");
number[ 0 ] = sc.nextInt();
}
public static void printRecord( int[] number ) {
System.out.println("Number : "+number[ 0 ]);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int[] number = new int[1];
Program.acceptRecord( number );
Program.printRecord( number ); //123
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 124
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/*
- C Programming language is procedure oriented programming language.
- In C, we can not give same name to the methods.
- According to oops theory, if implementation of methods are
logically same / equivalent
then we should give same name to the method.
*/
public class Program {
private static void add(int num1, int num2) {
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
private static void sum(double num1, double num2) {
double result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
add( 10, 20 );

sum( 10.2, 20.5);

}
}
//Solution of above problem is next concept
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Method Overloading:-
Type 1:
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/*
- If we want to give same name to the method and if type of all
the parameters are same
then number of parameters passed to the method must be
different.
*/
public class Program {
//Type of all the params are same( here int )
private static void sum(int num1, int num2) { // 2 params
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
page. 125
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private static void sum(int num1, int num2, int num3) { // 3
params
int result = num1 + num2 + num3;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.sum( 10, 20 ); //OK
Program.sum( 10, 20, 30 ); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Type 2:
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/*
- If we want to give same name to the method and if number of
parameters are same
then type of at least one parameter must be different.
*/
public class Program {
//Type of all at least one parameter must be different
private static void sum(int num1, int num2) { //2 params
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
private static void sum(int num1, double num2) { //2 params
double result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.sum( 10, 20 ); //OK
Program.sum( 10, 20.5 ); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Type 3:
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/*
- If we want to give same name to the method and if number of
parameters are same
then order of type of parameters must be different.
page. 126
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
*/
public class Program {
//Order of type of params is different
private static void sum(int num1, float num2) { //2 params
float result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
private static void sum(float num1, int num2) { //2 params
float result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.sum( 10, 20.2f ); //OK
Program.sum( 10.1f, 20 ); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Error if we don’t follow 3 type rule :-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/* Only one the basis of different return type we can not give same
name to the methods,
*/
public class Program {
//Only return type is different
private static int sum(int num1, int num2) { //2 params
int result = num1 + num2;
return result;
}
private static void sum(int num1, int num2) { //2 params
int result = num1 + num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int result = Program.sum(10, 20);
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
Program.sum(50, 60);
//catching value from method is optional
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 127
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Variable Arity/Argument Method:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
//Variable argument method / variable arity method
public static void sum( int... args ) {
int result = 0;
for( int element : args )
result = result + element;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.sum( );
Program.sum( 10, 20 );
Program.sum( 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
Program.sum( 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70 );
Program.sum( 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100 );
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 128
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Debugging:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
/*
- Logical error is called as bug.
- In other words, syntactically valid but logically invalid
statement represents bug.
- Technique of finding bug is called as debugging.
- If we want to debug code then perspective should be Debug.
- To debug the code it is mandatory to use breakpoint( also
called as stop point )
- If we debug code without breakpoint then it is same as run.

- To start debugging press - F11 key

- For line by line debugging / step over, press F6 key
- To stop debugging press - F8 key.
- If we want to jump on called method / step into - press F5
key.
- To return from called method / step return - press F7 key
*/
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Debugging is started");
int x = 10;
Program.printRecord();
x = ++ x + x ++ - ++ x + x ++;
if( x > 55 )
System.out.println("Valid");
else
System.out.println("Invalid");
System.out.println("Debugging is about to finish");
}
public static void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Inside printRecord");
int y = 8;
y = ++ y + ++ y + y ++ + y ++;
System.out.println("Result : "+y);
System.out.println("About to leave printRecord");
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 129
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enum In C/C++ Programming Language.:-

• According ANSI C standard, if we want to assign name to the

integer constant then we should use enum.
• Enum helps developer to improve readability of source code.
• enum is keyword in C. Let us consider syntax of enum:

• By default, the first enumeration-constant is associated with the

value 0. The next enumeration-constant in the list is associated
with the value of ( constant-expression + 1 ), unless you
explicitly associate it with another value.
• constant-expression must have int type and can be negative.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Enum In Java Programming language:-
• An enum is a special class that represents a group of constants.
• Enum keyword is used to create an enum. The constants declared
inside are separated by a comma and should be in upper case.

page. 130
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Enum Class Hierarchy:-

Enum API:-

• Enum class is introduced in JDK 1.5.

• Following are the methods declared in java.lang.Enum class:
1. public final String name( )
2. public final int ordinal( )
3. public final Class getDeclaringClass()
4. public static > T valueOf(Class enumType, String name)

• Sole constructor: o Programmers cannot invoke this constructor.

It is for use by code emitted by the compiler in response to enum
type declarations.

page. 131
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Properties of enum:-

1. Similar to a class, an enum can have objects and methods. The

only difference is that enum constants are public, static and final
by default. Since it is final, we can’t extend enums
2. It cannot extend other classes since it already extends the
java.lang.Enum class.
3. It can implement interfaces.
4. The enum objects cannot be created explicitly and hence the enum
constructor cannot be invoked directly.
5. It can only contain concrete methods and no abstract methods.

Application of enum 1. enum is used for values that are not going
to change e.g. names of days, colors in a rainbow, number of cards
in a deck etc. 2. enum is commonly used in switch statements and
below is an example of it:

page. 132
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 1:-
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Arrays;

enum Color{
RED, GREEN, BLUE
//RED=0, GREEN=1, BLUE=2
}
/*
final class Color extends Enum<Color> {
public static final Color RED;

public static final Color GREEN;

public static final Color BLUE;

public static Color[] values();

public static Color valueOf(String str );

}
*/
public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {

System.out.println("Name : "+Color.RED.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+Color.RED.ordinal());

page. 133
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

System.out.println("Name : "+Color.GREEN.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+Color.GREEN.ordinal());

System.out.println("Name : "+Color.BLUE.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+Color.BLUE.ordinal());
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

Color color = Color.RED;
System.out.println("Name : "+color.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+color.ordinal());

color = Color.GREEN;
System.out.println("Name : "+color.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+color.ordinal());

color = Color.BLUE;
System.out.println("Name : "+color.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+color.ordinal());
}

public static void main3(String[] args) {

Color[] colors = Color.values();
for (Color color : colors) {
System.out.println("Name : "+color.name());
System.out.println("Ordinal : "+color.ordinal());
}
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
Color[] colors = Color.values();
for (Color color : colors)
System.out.println(color.name()+" "+color.ordinal());
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
Color[] colors = Color.values();
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(colors));
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 134
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 2:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

enum Color{
RED, GREEN, BLUE
//RED=0, GREEN=1, BLUE=2
}
public class Program {
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.print("Enter color name(RED/GREEN/BLUE): ");
String colorName = sc.nextLine();
Color color = Color.valueOf(colorName.toUpperCase());
System.out.println(color.name()+" "+color.ordinal());
}
}
/*
Enter color name(RED/GREEN/BLUE): PURPLE
Exception in thread "main" java.lang.IllegalArgumentException: No enum
constant com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test.Color.PURPLE
at java.lang.Enum.valueOf(Enum.java:238)
at com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test.Color.valueOf(Program.java:1)
at com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test.Program.main(Program.java:16)
*/
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 3:-
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

enum Day{
//MON=1,TUES=2,WED=3 //In C/C++
MON(1),TUES(2),WED(3);//It must be first statement inside enum
//if you assign name means 1 you have to write construction in
class
private int dayNumber;
page. 135
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private Day(int dayNumber) {
this.dayNumber = dayNumber;
}
public int getDayNumber() {
return dayNumber;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return String.valueOf(dayNumber);
}
}

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Day day = Day.MON;
System.out.println(day.name()); //MON
System.out.println(day.ordinal()); //0
System.out.println(day.getDayNumber()); //1
System.out.println(day.toString()); //1
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 4:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

enum Day{
MON("MonDay"),TUES("TuesDay"),WED("WednesDay");
private String dayName;
private Day(String dayName) {
this.dayName = dayName;
}
public String getDayName() {
return dayName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
page. 136
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
return this.dayName;
}
}

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
Day day = Day.MON;
System.out.println(day.name()); //MON
System.out.println(day.ordinal()); //0
System.out.println(day.getDayName()); //MonDay
System.out.println(day.toString()); //MonDay
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 5:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

enum Day{
MON(1, "MonDay"),TUES(2, "TuesDay"),WED(3, "WednesDay");
private int dayNumber;
private String dayName;
private Day(int dayNumber, String dayName) {
this.dayNumber = dayNumber;
this.dayName = dayName;
}
public int getDayNumber() {
return dayNumber;
}
public String getDayName() {
return dayName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.dayNumber+" "+this.dayName;
}
}

page. 137
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Day day = Day.MON;
System.out.println(day.name()); //MON
System.out.println(day.ordinal()); //0

System.out.println(day.getDayName()); //MonDay
System.out.println(day.getDayNumber()); //1

System.out.println(day.toString());

}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 6:-
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Scanner;

enum Day{
MON(1, "MonDay"),TUES("TuesDay"),WED(3);
private int dayNumber;
private String dayName;
private Day(int dayNumber) {
this(dayNumber, null );
}
private Day(String dayName) {
this( 0, dayName );
}
private Day(int dayNumber, String dayName) {
this.dayNumber = dayNumber;
this.dayName = dayName;
}

public int getDayNumber() {

return dayNumber;
}

page. 138
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public String getDayName() {
return dayName;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return this.dayNumber+" "+this.dayName;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Day[] days = Day.values();
for (Day day : days) {
System.out.println(day.name()+"
"+day.ordinal()+" "+day.getDayName()+" "+day.getDayNumber());
}

}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

OOPS

Major and Minor pillars of oops :-

• 4 Major pillars
1. Abstraction
2. Encapsulation
3. Modularity
4. Hierarchy

• 3 Minor Pillars
1. Typing
2. Concurrency
3. Persistence

page. 139
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Advantages of OOPS
1. To achieve simplicity
2. To achieve data hiding and data security.
3. To minimize the module dependency so that failure in single part
should not stop complete system.
4. To achieve reusability so that we can reduce development
time/cost/efforts.
5. To reduce maintenance of the system.
6. To fully utilize hardware resources.
7. To maintain state of object on secondary storage so that failure
in system should not impact on data.

Abstraction
• It is a major pillar of oops.
• It is a process of getting essential things from object.
• It describes outer behaviour of the object.
• Abstraction focuses on some essential characteristics of object
relative to the perspective of viewer. In other words, abstraction
changes from user to user.
• Using abstraction, we can achieve simplicity.
• Abstraction in Java Complex c1 = new Complex( );
c1.acceptRecord( ); c1.printRecord( );

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 140
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

class Complex{ //class

//Data
private int real; //Field
private int imag; //Field
public Complex( ) {
this.real = 0;
this.imag = 0;
}
//Code
public void acceptRecord( ) { //Method
Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Enter real number : ");
this.real = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Enter imag number : ");
this.imag = sc.nextInt();
}
public void printRecord( ) { //Method
System.out.println("Real Number : "+this.real);
System.out.println("Imag Number : "+this.imag);
}
} //This are the encapsulation
// To achieve abstraction, we should provide some implementation. It
is called encapsulation.
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Abstraction
Complex c1 = new Complex( );
c1.acceptRecord( );
c1.printRecord( );
}
}

------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 141
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Encapsulation
• It is a major pillar of oops.
• Definition:
1. Binding of data and code together is called
encapsulation.
2. To achieve abstraction, we should provide some
implementation. It is called encapsulation.
• Encapsulation represents, internal behaviour of the object.
• Using encapsulation we can achieve data hiding.
• Abstraction and encapsulation are complementary concepts:
Abstraction focuses on the observable behaviour of an object,
whereas encapsulation focuses on the implementation that gives rise
to this behaviour.

Modularity
• It is a major pillar of oops.
• It is the process of developing complex system using small parts.
• Using modularity, we can reduce module dependency.
• We can implement modularity by creating library files.
 .lib/.a, .dll / .so files
 .jar/.war/.ear in java

Hierarchy
• It is a major pillar of oops.
• Level / order / ranking of abstraction is called hierarchy.
• Main purpose of hierarchy is to achieve reusability.
• Advantages of code reusability
1. We can reduce development time.
page. 142
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. We can reduce development cost.
3. We can reduce developers effort.
• Types of hierarchy:
1. Has-a / Part-of => Association
2. Is-a / Kind-of => Inheritance / Generalization
3. Use-a => Dependency
4. Creates-a => Instantiation

Typing
• It is a minor pillar of oops.
• Typing is also called as polymorphism.
• Polymorphism is a Greek word. Polymorphism = Poly( many ) +
morphism( forms ).
• An ability of object to take multiple forms is called
polymorphism. • Using polymorphism, we can reduce maintenance of
the system.
• Types of polymorphism:
1. Compile time polymorphism
 It is also calling static polymorphism / Early binding / Weak
Typing / False polymorphism.
 We can achieve it using:
1. Method Overloading

2.Run time polymorphism

 It is also calling dynamic polymorphism / Late binding / Strong
Typing / True polymorphism.
 We can achieve it using:
1. Method Overriding.

Concurrency

• It is a minor pillar of oops.

• In context of operating system, it is called as multitasking. •
It is the process of executing multiple task simultaneously.
• Main purpose of concurrency is to utilise CPU efficiently. • In
Java, we can achieve concurrency using thread.

page. 143
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Persistence
• It is a minor pillar of oops.
• It is process of maintaining state of object on secondary
storage. • In Java, we can achieve Persistence using file and
database.
--------------------------------------------------------------

Association:-

• If has-a relationship is exist between the types then we should

use association.
• Example 1. Car has a engine
2. Room has a chair
• Let us consider example of car and engine:
1. Car has a engine 2. Engine is part of Car.
• If object/instance is a part/component of another instance then
it is called as association.
• To implement association, we should declare instance of a class
as a field inside another class.

page. 144
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Problem statement diagram:

page. 145
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Solution by program:

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@ToString
public class Person {
private String name; //Association
private Date birthDate; //Association
private Address currentAddress; //Association
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib;
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@ToString
public class Date {
private int day;
private int month;
private int year;
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib;

page. 146
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@ToString
public class Address {
private String cityName;
private String stateName;
private String pincode;
}
//We create a jar file from this above three java file and used in
another so we can achieve modularity.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.test;
import java.util.Objects;
import java.util.Scanner;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib.Address;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib.Date;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.association.lib.Person;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
private static void acceptRecord(Date birthDate) {
System.out.print("Day : ");
birthDate.setDay(sc.nextInt());
System.out.print("Month : ");
birthDate.setMonth(sc.nextInt());
System.out.print("Year : ");
birthDate.setYear(sc.nextInt());
}
private static void acceptRecord(Address currentAddress) {
System.out.print("City Name : ");
currentAddress.setCityName(sc.nextLine());
System.out.print("State Name : ");
currentAddress.setStateName(sc.nextLine());
page. 147
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Pincode : ");
currentAddress.setPincode(sc.nextLine());
}
private static void acceptRecord(Person person) {
System.out.print("Name : ");
person.setName(sc.nextLine());

//Create Date instance, accept record for it and then set it

to person instance
Date birthDate = new Date( );
Program.acceptRecord(birthDate);
person.setBirthDate(birthDate);

//Create Address instance, accept record for it and then set

it to person instance
Address currentAddress = new Address();
sc.nextLine();
Program.acceptRecord( currentAddress );
person.setCurrentAddress(currentAddress);
}
private static void printRecord(Date birthDate) {
birthDate = Objects.requireNonNull(birthDate, "Date should not
be null");
System.out.println("BirthDate : "+birthDate.getDay()+"
/ "+birthDate.getMonth()+" / "+birthDate.getYear());
}
private static void printRecord(Address currentAddress) {
currentAddress = Objects.requireNonNull(currentAddress,
"Address should not be null");
System.out.println("Current Address
: "+currentAddress.getCityName()+" "+currentAddress.getStateName()+
" "+currentAddress.getPincode());
}
private static void printRecord(Person person) {
person = Objects.requireNonNull(person, "Person should not be
null");
System.out.println("Name : "+person.getName());

Date birthDate = person.getBirthDate();

Program.printRecord(birthDate);
page. 148
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Address currentAddress = person.getCurrentAddress();

Program.printRecord(currentAddress);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person( );
Program.acceptRecord( person );
Program.printRecord( person );
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Address currentAddress = new Address();
Program.acceptRecord( currentAddress );
Program.printRecord( currentAddress );
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Date birthDate = new Date();
Program.acceptRecord( birthDate );
Program.printRecord( birthDate );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 149
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.date.test;
import java.time.LocalDate;
import java.time.LocalTime;
import java.util.Calendar;
import java.util.Date;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
/* LocalTime lt = LocalTime.now();
lt.getHour();
lt.getMinute();
lt.getSecond();
lt.getNano(); */
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
LocalDate ldt = LocalDate.now();
System.out.println("Day : "+ldt.getDayOfMonth());
System.out.println("Month : "+ldt.getMonthValue() );
System.out.println("Year : "+ldt.getYear());
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Calendar c = Calendar.getInstance();

System.out.println("Day : "+c.get( Calendar.DAY_OF_MONTH ));

System.out.println("Month : "+( c.get( Calendar.MONTH ) +
1 ) );
System.out.println("Year : "+( c.get( Calendar.YEAR ) )
);
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Date date = new Date();
System.out.println("Day : "+date.getDate());
System.out.println("Month : "+( date.getMonth() + 1 ) );
System.out.println("Year : "+( date.getYear() + 1900 ) );
}
}
//java.util mai date naam ka class hai usme ye method hai.
//java.util mai calender naam ka class hai usme ye fields hai.
//java.time naam ke package mai localdate ka class hai usme method hai
now();
page. 150
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 151
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 152
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.date.test;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;
@Setter @ToString
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.setName("Sandeep");
emp.setEmpid(33);
emp.setSalary(45000.50f);
System.out.println(emp.toString());
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.date.test;
import lombok.Builder;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;
@Builder @ToString
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp = Employee.builder()
.name("Sandeep")
.empid(33)
.salary(45000.56f)
.build();
System.out.println(emp);
}
}---------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 153
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Inheritance:-
• If "is-a" relationship is exist between the types then we should
use inheritance.
• Inheritance is also called as generalization.
• Example
1. Manager is a employee
2. Book is a product
3. Triangle is a shape
4. SavingAccount is a account.

• If we want to implement inheritance then we should use extends

keyword.
• In Java, parent class is called as super class and child class is
called as sub class.
• Java do not support private and protected mode of inheritance
• If Java, class can extend only one class. In other words,
multiple class inheritance is not allowed.
• Consider following code:

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 154
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 1:
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;
class Person{
String name;
int age;
public Person( ) {
}
public Person( String name, int age ) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public void showRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//Person p1 = new Person( );
Person p1 = new Person( "Sandeep", 38 );
p1.showRecord();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Person p1 = new Person( );
p1.name = "Sandeep";
p1.age = 38;
System.out.println("Name : "+p1.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+p1.age);
}
}

Example 2:
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;
class Employee{
page. 155
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
String name;
int age;
int empid;
float salary;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee( String name, int age, int empid, float salary ) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void displayRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 38, 33, 45000.50f );
emp.displayRecord();
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.name = "Sandeep";
emp.age = 38;
emp.empid = 33;
emp.salary = 45000.50f;

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+emp.age);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary);
}
}

page. 156
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Example 3 :- very very important according concept point of view.

// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;

import java.sql.PseudoColumnUsage;

class Person{ //Parent Class / Super Class

//Fields / Properties
String name;
int age;
public Person( ) {
//super( ); //OK
System.out.println("public Person( )");
}
//in java except constructor all the member are inherite into
subclass
public Person( String name, int age ) {
System.out.println("public Person( String name, int age )");
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
//Method / Behavior
public void showRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}
static void test(){
System.out.println("Super class method");
}
page. 157
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
class Employee extends Person{ // Child Class / Sub Class
int empid;
float salary;
public Employee() {
super( ); //
System.out.println("public Employee()");
}
public Employee( String name, int age, int empid, float salary ) {
//super statement must be in first statement.
super(name, age ); //Super Statement
System.out.println("public Employee( String name, int age, int
empid, float salary )");
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
/*public void showRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}*/
public void displayRecord( ) {
this.showRecord();
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person();
person.name = "Sandeep";
person.age = 38;

System.out.println("Name : "+person.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+person.age);
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person("Sandeep", 38);
person.showRecord();
}

page. 158
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.name = "Sandeep";
emp.age = 38;
emp.empid = 33;
emp.salary = 45000.50f;

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+emp.age);
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary);
}

public static void main4(String[] args) {

//Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 38, 33, 45000.50f );
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.showRecord();
emp.displayRecord();
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
//Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 38, 33, 45000.50f );
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.displayRecord();
}
public static void main6(String[] args) {
// Person.test(); //super class method
Employee.test(); //super class method
}
public static void main7(String[] args) {
//Person p1 = new Person();
//p1.showRecord(); //only parameterless constructor called
//super class ka instance banaya tho sirf super class ka hi
// constructor called hota hai

//Person p2 = new Person("Sandeep", 38);

//p2.showRecord(); //only parametrized constructor called.

//Employee emp1 = new Employee();

//emp1.displayRecord();
/*sub class ka instance banate hai tho pahle super class ka
page. 159
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
constructor called hota hai badme child class ka constructor
*/

Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 38, 33, 45000.50f);

emp.displayRecord();
/*yaha pr arguments pass kiye hai fir bhi sub class ka
instance
banane ke bad ye pahle super class ke parameterless
constructor
called hua by default pr muje parametrized called krna tha tho
iske liye
solution hai .....*/

/* Then we should use super statement */

}
public static void main8(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person();
person.name = "Sandeep"; //OK
person.age = 38; //OK
//person.empid = 33; //NOT OK
//person.salary = 45000.50f; //NOT OK
//sub class ke member super class mai inherite nhi hote

System.out.println("Name : "+person.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+person.age);
}
}

• If we create instance of sub class then all the non static fields
declared in super class and sub class get space inside it. In other
words, non static fields of super class inherit into sub class.

• Static field do not get space inside instance. It is designed to

share among all the instances of same class.

• Using sub class, we can access static fields declared in super

class. In other words, static fields of super class inherit into
sub class.

page. 160
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• All the fields of super class inherit into sub class but only non
static fields gets space inside instance of sub class.

• Fields of sub class, do not inherit into super class. Hence if we

create instance of super class then only non static fields declared
in super class get space inside it.

• If we declare field in super class static then, all the instances

of super class and sub class share single copy of static field
declared in super class.

• We can call/invoke, non static method of super class on instance

of sub class. In other words, non static method inherit into sub
class.

• We can call static method of super class on sub class. In other

words, static method inherit into sub class.

• Except constructor, all the methods of super class inherit into

sub class.

• If we create instance of super class then only super class

constructor gets called. But if we create instance of sub class
then JVM first give call to the super class constructor and then
sub class constructor.

• From any constructor of sub class, by default, super class's

parameterless constructor gets called.

• Using super statement, we can call any constructor of super class

from constructor of sub class.

• Super statement, must be first statement inside constructor body.

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Nested class :
Ex:4
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;

class Person{ //Parent Class / Super Class

//Nested class

page. 161
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Date{
public void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Inside Date.printRecord");
}
}
}
class Employee extends Person{ // Child Class / Sub Class

}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee.Date dt1 = new Employee().new Date();
dt1.printRecord();
//super class ka nested class sub class mai inherite ho jata
jai.
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Person.Date dt1 = new Person().new Date();
dt1.printRecord();
}
}

--------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex:5
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;

class Person{
private String name;
private int age;
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
public void showRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name );
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age );
}
}
page. 162
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class Employee extends Person{
private int empid;
private float salary;
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
public void displayRecord( ) {
this.showRecord();
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Person p = new Person( );
p.setName("Sandeep");
p.setAge(38);
p.showRecord();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.setName("Sandeep");
emp.setAge(38);
emp.setEmpid(33);
emp.setSalary(45000.50f);
emp.displayRecord();
}
//private member sub class mai inherite ho jate hai.
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex: 6 same program above concept
// Testing if a subclass can access the private members of a
superclass

class Class1 {
private String name;

page. 163
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
System.out.println("The name has been set successfully.");
}

public void showName() {

System.out.println("The name is: " + name);
}
}

class Class2 extends Class1 {

private int age;

public void setAge(int age) {

this.age = age;
System.out.println("The age has been set successfully.");
}

public void showAge() {

System.out.println("The age is: " + age);
}

public void displayName() {

//Accessing the private member of superclass here
//System.out.println("The name is: " + name); //error, can't
compile because access to the private member name of the superclass
Class1 is not permitted here.
}
}

class InheritanceTest {
public static void main(String[] args) {

Class1 c1 = new Class1();

Class2 c2 = new Class2();

c1.setName("Name_C1");
c2.setName("Name_C2"); //No error, setName() is a public
member of the superclass which indirectly gives access to the private
member "name".
page. 164
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

c1.showName();
c2.showName(); //No error, showName() is a public member of
the superclass which indirectly gives access to the private member
"name".
c2.setAge(25);
c2.showAge();

//c2.displayName(); //error
}
}

Conclusion
Yes, a subclass can indirectly access the private members of a
superclass. A subclass can't directly access the private members of
a superclass.

All the public, private and protected members (i.e. all the fields
and methods) of a superclass are inherited by a subclass but the
subclass can directly access only the public and protected members
of the superclass. If an inherited member from a superclass gives
access to a private member of the superclass then the subclass can
use this inherited member to access the private member of the
superclass.
-------------------------------------------------------------------

Ex.7
package p1;
public class A {
private int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 20;
protected int num3 = 30;
public int num4 = 40;
public void showRecord( ) {
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1); //OK
//System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2); //OK
//System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3); //OK
//System.out.println("Num4 : "+this.num4); //OK
}
}
page. 165
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package p
public class B extends A{
public void displayRecord( ) {
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1); //The field
A.num1 is not visible
// private member inhirate hote hai pr access nhi hote

//System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2); //OK

//System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3); //OK
//System.out.println("Num4 : "+this.num4); //OK
}
}

package p2;
import p1.A;
public class C extends A{
public void printRecord( ) {
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1); //The field
A.num1 is not visible
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num2); //The field
A.num1 is not visible
//System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3); //OK
System.out.println("Num4 : "+this.num4); //OK
}
}

package p2;
import p1.A;
public class D {
public void printRecord( ) {
A a = new A( );
//System.out.println("Num1 : "+a.num1); //The field A.num1
is not visible
//System.out.println("Num2 : "+a.num2); //The field A.num1
is not visible
//System.out.println("Num3 : "+a.num3); //The field A.num3
is not visible
System.out.println("Num4 : "+a.num4); //OK
page. 166
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
package p1;
import p2.C;
import p2.D;

public class Program { //Non Sub Class

public static void main(String[] args) {
//C c = new C( );
//c.printRecord();

D d = new D( );
d.printRecord();
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//Private
/* A a = new A( );
System.out.println("Num1 : "+a.num1);*/ //The field
A.num1 is not visible

// Default/package level private

//System.out.println("Num2 : "+num2); //NOt OK

/* A a = new A( );
System.out.println("Num2 : "+a.num2); //OK */

//System.out.println("Num3 : "+num3); //Not OK

/* A a = new A( );
System.out.println("Num3 : "+a.num3); //OK */

//System.out.println("Num4 : "+num4); //NOT OK

A a = new A( );
System.out.println("Num4 : "+a.num4); //OK
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//A a = new A( );
//a.showRecord();
B b = new B( );
b.displayRecord();
}
page. 167
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex.8

package com.sunbeam.cj06.inheritance.parent;

public class Person{

private String name;
private int age;
public Person( ) {
}
public Person( String name, int age ) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}
}
//jar file created from above program.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.child;

import com.sunbeam.cj06.inheritance.parent.Person;
/*
- According to clients requirement , if implementation of super class
method is
partially complete / logically incomplete then we should redefine /
override that method
page. 168
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
inside sub class.
- Process of redefining method of super class inside sub class is
called method overriding.
*/
class Employee extends Person{
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(String name, int age, int empid, float salary) {
super(name, age);
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
//super class aur sub class method ka naam same ho tho
//super keyword pr method call karna pdta hai
public void printRecord( ) {
super.printRecord();
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) { //Client <= SunBeam
Employee emp = new Employee("Sandeep", 38, 33, 45000.50f );
emp.printRecord();
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex.9
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

class Person{
private String name;
private int age;
public Person() {
}
page. 169
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
class Employee extends Person{
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(String name, int age, int empid, float salary) {
super(name, age);
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
page. 170
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class InheritanceTest{
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
Person person = new Person();
Employee emp = new Employee();
public void acceptPersonRecord( ) {
System.out.print("Name : ");
person.setName(sc.nextLine());
System.out.print("Age : ");
person.setAge(sc.nextInt());
}
public void acceptEmployeeRecord( ) {
System.out.print("Name : ");
emp.setName(sc.nextLine());
System.out.print("Age : ");
emp.setAge(sc.nextInt());
System.out.print("Empid : ");
emp.setEmpid(sc.nextInt());
System.out.print("Salary : ");
emp.setSalary(sc.nextFloat());
}
public void printPersonRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+person.getName());
System.out.println("Age : "+person.getAge());
}
public void printEmployeeRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+emp.getName());
System.out.println("Age : "+emp.getAge());
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.getEmpid());
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.getSalary());
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InheritanceTest test = new InheritanceTest();
//test.acceptPersonRecord();
//test.printPersonRecord();

test.acceptEmployeeRecord();
test.printEmployeeRecord();
}
page. 171
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
//I don’t want multiple printzRecord and acceptRecord. Here only two
class but if we have more.
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
class Person{
private String name;
private int age;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
this.name = name;
}
public int getAge() {
return age;
}
public void setAge(int age) {
this.age = age;
}
}
class Employee extends Person{
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(String name, int age, int empid, float salary) {
super(name, age);
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public int getEmpid() {
return empid;
page. 172
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public void setEmpid(int empid) {
this.empid = empid;
}
public float getSalary() {
return salary;
}
public void setSalary(float salary) {
this.salary = salary;
}
}
class InheritanceTest{
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
private Person person; //null
public void setPerson(Person person) {
this.person = person;
}
public void acceptRecord( ) {
if( this.person != null ) {
//TODO
}
}
public void printRecord( ) {
if( this.person != null ) {
//TODO
}
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
InheritanceTest test = new InheritanceTest();
test.setPerson( new Person() );
//test.acceptRecord();
//test.printRecord();

test.setPerson( new Employee() );

//test.acceptRecord();
//test.printRecord();
}
}
page. 173
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex.10
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;

import java.awt.image.ReplicateScaleFilter;
import java.util.Scanner;

class Person{
private String name;
private int age;
public Person() {
}
public Person(String name, int age) {
this.name = name;
this.age = age;
}
public void showRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}
public void printRecord( ) {
System.out.println("Name : "+this.name);
System.out.println("Age : "+this.age);
}
}
class Employee extends Person{
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee() {
}
public Employee(String name, int age, int empid, float salary) {
super(name, age);
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
public void printRecord( ) {
super.printRecord();
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
page. 174
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

public void displayRecord( ) {

//this.showRecord();//OK
super.showRecord();
System.out.println("Empid : "+this.empid);
System.out.println("Salary : "+this.salary);
}
}
public class Program {
/*• During inheritance, members of sub class do not inherit into
super class.
Hence using super class instance, we can access members of super class
only.
*/
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Person person = new Person();
person.showRecord();//OK
//person.displayRecord( ); //Not OK
}
/* • During inheritance, members of super class, inherit into sub
class. Hence
using sub class instance, we can access members of super class as well
as sub
class */
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
//emp .showRecord(); //OK
emp.displayRecord(); //OK
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Person p1 = null; //OK

Person p2 = new Person( ); //OK

Employee e3 = new Employee(); //OK

Person p3 = e3; //OK => Upcasting

Person p4 = new Employee(); //OK => Upcasting

}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
page. 175
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Employee emp1 = null; //OK

//Employee emp2 = new Employee(); //OK

//Person p3 = new Person();

//Employee emp3 = (Employee) p3; //NOT Ok: ClassCastException

Employee emp4 = (Employee) new Person(); //NOT OK:

ClassCastException
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
Person p1 = null; //OK

Person p2 = new Person(); //OK

Person p3 = new Employee(); //OK: Upcasting

//Super class reference can contain reference of instance of
sub class.

Employee emp1 = null; //OK

Employee emp2 = new Employee(); //OK

//Employee emp3 = new Person(); //NOT OK

//Sub class reference can not contain reference of instance of
super class.
}
}

• If name of super class and sub class method is same and if we try
to call such method on instance of sub class then preference is
given to the method of sub class. This is called shadowing.
• Using super keyword, we can access members of super class inside
method of sub class.
• During inheritance, members of sub class do not inherit into
super class. Hence using super class instance, we can access
members of super class only.
• During inheritance, members of super class, inherit into sub
class. Hence using sub class instance, we can access members of
super class as well as sub class.
page. 176
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Members of super class, inherit into sub class. Hence we can

consider, sub class instance as a super class instance.
• Example : Employee is a Person
 Since Employee contains all the properties and behaviour of
person hence Employee is a person.
• Since sub class instance can be considered as super class
instance, we can use it in place super class instance.

page. 177
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Upcasting & Downcasting :-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.inheritance.test;
class Person{
String name;
int age;
}
class Employee extends Person{
int empid;
float salary;
}
public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {

//Super class ke instance ke through sirf super class
// ke member hi access ho rahe hai
Person p = new Person();
p.name = "Sandeep"; //OK
p.age = 38; //OK
//p.empid = 33; //Not OK
//p.salary = 45000.50f; //NOT OK

System.out.println("Name : "+p.name); //OK

System.out.println("Age : "+p.age); //OK
//System.out.println("Empid : "+p.empid); //Not OK
//System.out.println("Salary : "+p.salary); //Not OK
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//sub class ke instance ke through super class as well as
subclass
// ke member ko bhi access kr sakte hai
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.name = "Sandeep"; //OK
emp.age = 38; //OK
emp.empid = 33; //OK
emp.salary = 45000.50f; //OK

System.out.println("Name : "+emp.name); //OK

System.out.println("Age : "+emp.age); //OK
page. 178
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid); //OK
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary); //OK
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
//Super class reference can contain reference of sub class
instance. It is called upcasting.
Person p = new Employee(); //Upcasting
p.name = "Sandeep"; //OK
p.age = 38; //OK
//p.empid = 33; //Not OK
//p.salary = 45000.50f; //NOT OK

Employee emp = (Employee) p; //Downcasting

emp.empid = 33;
emp.salary = 45000.50f;

System.out.println("Name : "+p.name); //OK

System.out.println("Age : "+p.age); //OK
//System.out.println("Empid : "+p.empid); //NOT OK
//System.out.println("Salary : "+p.salary); //NOT OK
System.out.println("Empid : "+emp.empid); //OK
System.out.println("Salary : "+emp.salary); //OK
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
Employee emp = new Employee();
emp.name = "Sandeep"; //OK
emp.age = 38; //OK
emp.empid = 33; //OK
emp.salary = 45000.50f; //OK

//Person p = ( Person)emp; //Upcasting

Person p = emp; //Upcasting
System.out.println("Name : "+p.name); //OK
System.out.println("Age : "+p.age); //OK
//System.out.println("Empid : "+p.empid); //Not OK
//System.out.println("Salary : "+p.salary); //Not OK
}
}

page. 179
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Process of converting reference of sub class into reference of
super class is called as upcasting.
• Using upcasting, we can minimize object dependency in the code.
In other words, we can reduce maintenance of the code.
• During upcasting, explicit type casting is optional.
• Super class reference variable can contain reference of sub class
instance. It is also called as upcasting.
 Person p = new Employee( ); //Upcasting
• In case of upcasting, using super class reference variable, we
can access:
1. Fields of super class 2. Methods of super class 3. overridden
methods of sub class
• In case of upcasting, using super class reference variable, we
can not access:
1. fields of sub class 2. Non overridden methods of sub class.
• If we want to access fields and non overridden methods of sub
class then we should do down casting.

page. 180
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Process of converting reference of super class into reference of
sub class is called down casting.
• Only in case of upcasting, we should do down casting. Otherwise
JVM will throw ClassCastException.
• In case of upcasting, using super class reference variable, we
can access overridden method of sub class. It is also called as
dynamic method dispatch.

Ex.
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;
/*
- Process of redefining method of super class inside sub class is
called method overriding

page. 181
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
- In case of upcasting, process of calling method of sub class
using reference of super class
is called dynamic method dispatch.
*/
class A{ //Super Class
public void f1( ) {
System.out.println("A.f1");
}
public void f2( ) {
System.out.println("A.f2");
}
}
class B extends A{ //Sub Class
public void f2( ) {
System.out.println("B.f2");
}
public void f3( ) {
System.out.println("B.f3");
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new B( ); //Upcastng
a.f2(); //OK : B.f2 => Dynamic Method Dispatch
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
A a = new B( ); //Upcastng
a.f1(); //OK : A.f1

//a.f3(); //Not OK
B b = (B) a; //Downcasting
b.f3();//OK : B.f3
}
}---------------------------------------------------------------------
Ex.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;
//In Java, all the methods are by default virtual.
class A{ //Super Class
public void f2( ) {
page. 182
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("A.f2");
}
}
class B extends A{ //Sub Class
public void f2( ) {
System.out.println("B.f2");
}
public void f3( ) {
System.out.println("B.f3");
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new B( );
a.f2();//OK : B.f2
//a.f3( ); //NOT OK
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Overriding:-
• Process of redefining method of super class inside sub class is
called method overriding.
• Method redefined in sub class is called overrided method.
• When we call method of sub class using reference of super class
then it is called dynamic method dispatch.
• If implementation of super class method is partially complete
then we should redefine/override method inside sub class.

• Rules of method overriding

1. Access modifier in sub class method should be same or it should
be wider.
2. Return type of sub class method should be same or it should be
sub type. In other words, it should be covariant.
3. Name of the method, number of parameters and type of parameters
inside sub class method must be same.
4. Checked exception list inside sub class method should be same or
it should be sub set.
• Override is annotation declared in java.lang package.
• We can use this annotation on method only.
• It helps developer to override method inside sub class.
page. 183
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
--------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

abstract class A{
public abstract void f1( );
public abstract void f2( );
public abstract void f3( );
}
abstract class Helper extends A{
@Override public void f1( ) { }
@Override public void f2( ) { }
@Override public void f3( ) { }
}
class B extends Helper{
@Override
public void f1() {
System.out.println("A.f1");
}
}
class C extends Helper{
@Override
page. 184
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public void f2() {
System.out.println("B.f2");
}
}
class D extends Helper{
@Override
public void f3() {
System.out.println("C.f3");
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = null;

a = new B( );
a.f1();

a = new C( );
a.f2();

a = new D( );
a.f3();

}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

abstract class A{
private int num1;
private int num2;
public A( int num1, int num2 ) { //Sole Constructor
this.num1 = num1;
this.num2 = num2;
}
public void print( ) {
System.out.println("Num1 : "+this.num1);
System.out.println("Num2 : "+this.num2);
}
}
page. 185
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
class B extends A{
private int num3;
public B(int num1, int num2, int num3) {
super(num1, num2); //Look Here
this.num3 = num3;
}
@Override
public void print() {
super.print();
System.out.println("Num3 : "+this.num3);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
A a = new B( 10, 20, 30 );
a.print();
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;
class Account{
private String name;
private int number;
private String type;
private float balance;
public Account() {
}
public Account(String name, int number, String type, float
balance) {
this.name = name;
this.number = number;
this.type = type;
this.balance = balance;
}
public String getName() {
return name;
}
public void setName(String name) {
page. 186
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this.name = name;
}
public int getNumber() {
return number;
}
public void setNumber(int number) {
this.number = number;
}
public String getType() {
return type;
}
public void setType(String type) {
this.type = type;
}
public float getBalance() {
return balance;
}
public void setBalance(float balance) {
this.balance = balance;
}
@Override
public String toString() {
return "Account [name=" + name + ", number=" + number + ",
type=" + type + ", balance=" + balance + "]";
}

}
abstract class Service{
public abstract void sendMessage( String message );
}
class EmailService extends Service{
@Override
public void sendMessage( String message ){
System.out.println( "Email: "+message );
}
}
class SMSService extends Service{
@Override
public void sendMessage( String message ){
System.out.println( "SMS: "+message );
page. 187
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
class Bank{
private Account[] accounts;
public Bank( ) {
this.accounts = new Account[ 3 ]; //Array of references
this.accounts[ 0 ] = new Account("Amit", 123,"Saving",
50000.50f);
this.accounts[ 1 ] = new Account("Digvijay",456,"Current",
42000.50f);
this.accounts[ 2 ] = new Account("Rajiv",789,"Loan",
59000.50f);
}
//private EmailService service = new EmailService();
//private SMSService service = new SMSService();

private Service service; //null

public void setService(Service service) {
this.service = service;
}
public boolean deposit( int number, float amount ){
for( int index = 0; index < this.accounts.length; ++ index ) {
if( this.accounts[ index ].getNumber() == number ) {
this.accounts[ index ].setBalance( this.accounts[
index ].getBalance() + amount );
if( this.service != null ) {
service.sendMessage( amount+" is deposited.
Current balance is: "+this.accounts[ index ].getBalance());
}
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Bank bank = new Bank();
//bank.setService(new SMSService());
//bank.setService(new EmailService());
page. 188
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

boolean status = bank.deposit(456, 3000);

}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

class Rectangle{
private float area;
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
this.breadth = breadth;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
this.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
public float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Circle{
private float area;
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
this.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
page. 189
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Circle c = new Circle();
c.setRadius(10);
c.calculateArea();
System.out.println("Area : "+c.getArea());
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
rect.setLength(10);
rect.setBreadth(20);
rect.calculateArea();
System.out.println("Area : "+rect.getArea());
}
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;
class Shape{
protected float area;
public Shape() {
}
public final float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
page. 190
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this.breadth = breadth;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
this.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
this.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Circle c = new Circle();
c.setRadius(10);
c.calculateArea();
System.out.println("Area : "+c.getArea());
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
rect.setLength(10);
rect.setBreadth(20);
rect.calculateArea();
System.out.println("Area : "+rect.getArea());
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

class Shape{
protected float area;
public Shape() {
page. 191
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public final float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
this.breadth = breadth;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
}
public class Program {
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
private static void acceptRecord(Rectangle rect) {
System.out.print("Length : ");
rect.setLength(sc.nextFloat());
System.out.print("Breadth : ");
rect.setBreadth(sc.nextFloat());
}
private static void acceptRecord(Circle c) {
page. 192
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Radius : ");
c.setRadius(sc.nextFloat());
}
private static void printRecord(Rectangle rect) {
System.out.println("Area : "+rect.getArea());
}
private static void printRecord(Circle c) {
System.out.println("Area : "+c.getArea());
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Rectangle");
System.out.println("2.Circle");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
Rectangle rect = new Rectangle();
Program.acceptRecord( rect );
rect.calculateArea();
Program.printRecord( rect );
break;
case 2:
Circle c = new Circle();
Program.acceptRecord( c );
c.calculateArea();
Program.printRecord( c );
break;
}
}
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

import java.util.Scanner;
page. 193
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

abstract class Shape{

protected float area;
public Shape() {
}
public abstract void calculateArea( );
public final float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
this.breadth = breadth;
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
}
public class Program {
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
page. 194
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private static void acceptRecord(Shape shape) {
if( shape instanceof Rectangle ) {
Rectangle rect = (Rectangle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Length : ");
rect.setLength(sc.nextFloat());
System.out.print("Breadth : ");
rect.setBreadth(sc.nextFloat());
}else {
Circle c = (Circle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Radius : ");
c.setRadius(sc.nextFloat());
}
}
private static void printRecord(Shape shape) {
System.out.println("Area : "+shape.getArea());
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Rectangle");
System.out.println("2.Circle");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
Shape shape = null;
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
shape = new Rectangle(); //Upcasting
break;
case 2:
shape = new Circle(); //Upcasting
break;
}
if( shape != null ) {
Program.acceptRecord( shape );
shape.calculateArea(); //Dynamic Method Dispatch
Program.printRecord( shape );
}
page. 195
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

abstract class Shape{

protected float area;
public Shape() {
}
public abstract void calculateArea( );
public final float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
this.breadth = breadth;
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
page. 196
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
}
class ShapeTest{
private Shape shape;
public void setShape(Shape shape) {
this.shape = shape;
}
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public void acceptRecord( ) {
if( this.shape != null ) {
if( shape instanceof Rectangle ) {
Rectangle rect = (Rectangle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Length : ");
rect.setLength(sc.nextFloat());
System.out.print("Breadth : ");
rect.setBreadth(sc.nextFloat());
}else {
Circle c = (Circle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Radius : ");
c.setRadius(sc.nextFloat());
}
this.shape.calculateArea();//DMD
}
}
public void printRecord( ) {
if( this.shape != null ) {
System.out.println("Area : "+shape.getArea());
}
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Rectangle");
System.out.println("2.Circle");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
page. 197
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
ShapeTest test = new ShapeTest();
while( ( choice = ShapeTest.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
test.setShape( new Rectangle());
break;
case 2:
test.setShape(new Circle());
break;
}
test.acceptRecord();
test.printRecord();
}
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

abstract class Shape{

protected float area;
public Shape() {
}
public abstract void calculateArea( );
public final float getArea() {
return this.area;
}
}
class Rectangle extends Shape{
private float length;
private float breadth;
public Rectangle() {
}
public void setLength(float length) {
page. 198
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
this.length = length;
}
public void setBreadth(float breadth) {
this.breadth = breadth;
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = this.length * this.breadth;
}
}
class Circle extends Shape{
private float radius;
public Circle() {
}
public void setRadius(float radius) {
this.radius = radius;
}
@Override
public void calculateArea( ) {
super.area = (float) (Math.PI * Math.pow(this.radius, 2));
}
}
class ShapeFactory{
public static Shape getInstance( int choice ) {
Shape shape = null;
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
shape = new Rectangle();
break;
case 2:
shape = new Circle( );
break;
}
return shape;
}
}
class ShapeTest{
private Shape shape;
public void setShape(Shape shape) {
this.shape = shape;
page. 199
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public void acceptRecord( ) {
if( this.shape != null ) {
if( shape instanceof Rectangle ) {
Rectangle rect = (Rectangle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Length : ");
rect.setLength(sc.nextFloat());
System.out.print("Breadth : ");
rect.setBreadth(sc.nextFloat());
}else {
Circle c = (Circle) shape; //Downcasting
System.out.print("Radius : ");
c.setRadius(sc.nextFloat());
}
this.shape.calculateArea();//DMD
}
}
public void printRecord( ) {
if( this.shape != null ) {
System.out.println("Area : "+shape.getArea());
}
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Rectangle");
System.out.println("2.Circle");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
ShapeTest test = new ShapeTest();
while( ( choice = ShapeTest.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
Shape shape = ShapeFactory.getInstance(choice);
test.setShape(shape);
test.acceptRecord();
test.printRecord();
page. 200
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

/*
- If we want to compare state of instances then we should use
equals method.
- equals is non final method of java.lang.Object class.
- If we do not define equals method inside class then its super
class's equals method gets called.
- If any class do not contain equals method then Object class's
equals method gets called.
- Consider code of Object class's equals method:
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
return (this == obj);
}
- equals method of Object class compares state of references.
- If we want to compare state of instances of non primitive type
then we should override equals method inside class.
*/
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 10;
if( num1 == num2 )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
page. 201
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Output : Equal
//If we want to compare state of variable of primitive type
then we should use operator ==
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
/* int num1 = 10;
int num2 = 10;
if( num1.equals(num2) ) //Cannot invoke equals(int) on the
primitive type int
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal"); */

//In Java, primitive types are not classes.

//Hence we can not call equals method on variable of primitive
type.
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
Employee emp2 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
if( emp1 == emp2 )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");

//Output : Not Equal

//We can use operator == with the variables of non primitive
types.
//If we use operator == with variables of non primitive type
then
//it doesn't compare state of instances. It compares state of
references.
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
Employee emp2 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
if( emp1.equals(emp2))
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
page. 202
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
//Output: Not Equal
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;
class Employee{
private String name;
private int empid;
private float salary;
public Employee(String name, int empid, float salary) {
this.name = name;
this.empid = empid;
this.salary = salary;
}

//Employee this = emp1;

//Object obj = emp2; //Upcasting
@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if( obj != null ) {
Employee other = (Employee) obj; //Downcasting
if( this.empid == other.empid )
return true;
}
return false;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Employee emp1 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
Employee emp2 = new Employee("Sandeep", 33, 45000.50f );
//Employee emp2 = null;
if( emp1.equals(emp2))
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output: Equal
}
}

page. 203
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cjo6.inheritance.test;

//class Test => Resource Type

class Test implements AutoCloseable{
public Test( ) {
System.out.println("Inside constructor");
}
public void print( ) {
System.out.println("Inside print method");
}
@Override
public void close() throws Exception {
System.out.println("Closing resource");
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Test t = null;

t = new Test( ); //instance => Resource

t.print();
}
}

---------------------------------------------------------------------
EXCEPTION HANDLING

-Basic of Exception Handling:-

page. 204
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-Hierarchy of Exception Handling:-

-------------------------------------------------------------------
Throwable Class
• It is a class declared in java.lang package.
• The Throwable class is the super class of all errors and exceptions in the Java language.

page. 205
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Only instances that are instances of Throwable class (or one of its subclasses) are thrown
by the Java Virtual Machine or can be thrown by the Java throw statement.

// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();

try {
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch(ArithmeticException ex ) {
//System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
ex.printStackTrace();//devloper used this for message
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
--------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;

import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {

page. 206
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch(ArithmeticException ex ) {
//System.out.println(ex.getMessage());
//ex.printStackTrace();
System.out.println("ArithmeticException");
}catch( InputMismatchException ex ) {
System.out.println("InputMismatchException");
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}

------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;

import java.util.InputMismatchException;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
int result = num1 / num2;

page. 207
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch(ArithmeticException | InputMismatchException ex ) {
//Multi Catch Block
System.out.println(ex.getClass().getSimpleName());
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------

-----------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch( Exception ex ) { //Generic Catch Block
System.out.println(ex.getClass().getSimpleName());

page. 208
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch( ArithmeticException ex ) {
System.out.println("ArithmeticException");
}catch( RuntimeException ex ) {
System.out.println("RuntimeException");
}catch( Exception ex ) { //Generic Catch Block
System.out.println("Exception");
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 209
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
if( num2 == 0 ) {
ArithmeticException ex = new
ArithmeticException("Divide by zero exception");
throw ex;
}else {
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
page. 210
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}catch( Exception ex ) { //Generic Catch Block
ex.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
if( num2 == 0 )
throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by zero
exception");
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);

}catch( Exception ex ) { //Generic Catch Block

ex.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

page. 211
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null;
try {
sc = new Scanner(System.in);
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
if( num2 == 0 )
//throw 0; //No exception of type int can be thrown;
an exception type must be a subclass of Throwable
//throw new Program(); //No exception of type Program
can be thrown; an exception type must be a subclass of Throwable
throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by zero
exception");
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);

}catch( Exception ex ) { //Generic Catch Block

ex.printStackTrace();
}
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
System.out.println("Opening resource");
Scanner sc = null; //Scanner => Resource Type
try {
System.out.println("Inside try block");
sc = new Scanner(System.in); //Recource
System.out.print("Num1 : ");

page. 212
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
if( num2 == 0 )
//throw 0; //No exception of type int can be thrown;
an exception type must be a subclass of Throwable
//throw new Program(); //No exception of type Program
can be thrown; an exception type must be a subclass of Throwable
throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by zero
exception");
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);

}catch( ArithmeticException ex ) {
System.out.println("Inside catch block");
ex.printStackTrace();
}finally {
System.out.println("Inside finally block");
System.out.println("Closing resource");
sc.close();
}
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try( Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in) ){ //Try-With-
Resource
System.out.print("Num1 : ");
int num1 = sc.nextInt();
System.out.print("Num2 : ");
int num2 = sc.nextInt();
if( num2 == 0 )
throw new ArithmeticException("Divide by zero
exception");
page. 213
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
int result = num1 / num2;
System.out.println("Result : "+result);
}catch( ArithmeticException ex ) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
try( Scanner sc1 = new Scanner(System.in);
Scanner sc2 = new Scanner(System.in);
Scanner sc3 = new Scanner(System.in); ){ //Try-
With-Resource
//TODO
}catch( ArithmeticException ex ) {
ex.printStackTrace();
}
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 214
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

//public static void sleep(long millis)throws InterruptedException
public static void showRecord( ) {
try {
for( int count = 1; count <= 10; ++ count ) {
System.out.println("Count : "+count);
Thread.sleep(350);
}
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
public static void displayRecord( ) throws InterruptedException {
for( int count = 1; count <= 10; ++ count ) {
System.out.println("Count : "+count);
Thread.sleep(350);
}
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//public static int parseInt(String s)throws
NumberFormatException

Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);

System.out.print("Enter number : ");

String strNumber = sc.nextLine();
int number = Integer.parseInt(strNumber);
System.out.println("Number : "+number);

}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//Program.showRecord();

try {
Program.displayRecord();
} catch (InterruptedException e) {
page. 215
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
e.printStackTrace();
}
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 216
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Custom Exception:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;
/* @SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackUnderflowException extends RuntimeException{ //UnChecked
Exception
public StackUnderflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackOverflowflowException extends
RuntimeException{ //UnChecked Exception
public StackOverflowflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
} */

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackUnderflowException extends Exception{ //Checked
Exception
public StackUnderflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackOverflowflowException extends Exception{ //Checked
Exception
public StackOverflowflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 217
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.exception.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

@SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackUnderflowException extends Exception{ //Checked
Exception
public StackUnderflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}
@SuppressWarnings("serial")
class StackOverflowException extends Exception{ //Checked Exception
public StackOverflowException(String message) {
super(message);
}
}

class Stack{
private int top = -1;
private int[] arr;
public Stack( ) {
this( 5 );
}
public Stack( int size ) {
this.arr = new int[ size ];
}
public boolean empty( ) {
return this.top == -1;
}
public boolean full( ) {
return this.top == this.arr.length - 1 ;
}
public void push(int element) throws StackOverflowException {
if( this.full() )
throw new StackOverflowException("Stack is full");
this.arr[ ++ this.top ] = element;
}
public int peek( ) throws StackUnderflowException {
if( this.empty() )
page. 218
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
throw new StackUnderflowException("Stack is empty");
return this.arr[ this.top ];
}
public void pop( ) throws StackUnderflowException {
if( this.empty() )
throw new StackUnderflowException("Stack is empty");
-- this.top;
}
}
public class Program {
static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
private static void acceptRecord(int[] element) {
System.out.print("Enter element : ");
element[ 0 ] = sc.nextInt();
}
private static void printRecord(int[] element) {
System.out.println("Removed element : "+element[ 0 ]);
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Push");
System.out.println("2.Pop");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
int[] element = new int[ 1 ];
Stack stk = new Stack( 5 );
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
try {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
Program.acceptRecord( element );
stk.push( element[ 0 ] );
break;
case 2:
element[ 0 ] = stk.peek();
Program.printRecord(element);
stk.pop();
page. 219
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
break;
}
} catch (StackOverflowException |
StackUnderflowException e) {
System.out.println(e.getMessage());
}
}
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Day- 14

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Date;

//T : Type

//E : Element

//N : Number

//K : Key

//V : Value

//USR : Second Type Parameters Names

//class Box<T> => Parameterized Type

class Box<T>{ //T is called as Type parameter
private T object;
public T getObject() {
return this.object;
}
public void setObject(T object) {
this.object = object;
}
page. 220
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Box<Date> b1 = new Box<Date>(); //Date is called as Type
argument

b1.setObject(new Date());

Date date = b1.getObject();

System.out.println(date.toString());
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
//Box<Date> b1 = new Box<Date>();

Box<Date> b1 = new Box<>(); //OK

//Box<> b1 = new Box<Date>(); //Not OK

//Box<Object> b1 = new Box<Date>(); //Not OK

//Box<Date> b1 = new Box<Object>(); //Not OK

b1.setObject(new Date());

Date date = b1.getObject();

System.out.println(date.toString());
}

public static void main3(String[] args) {

Box b1 = new Box(); //Box => Raw type
//Box<Object> b1 = new Box<Object>(); //OK

b1.setObject(new Date());
String str = (String) b1.getObject(); //ClassCastException
System.out.println(str);

page. 221
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Box<int> b1 = new Box<int>(); //NOT OK
Box<Integer> b1 = new Box<>(); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
class Pair<K, V>{
private K key;
private V value;
public void put( K key, V value ) {
this.key = key;
this.value = value;
}
public K getKey() {
return key;
}
public V getValue() {
return value;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Pair<Integer, String> p = new Pair<>( );
p.put(1, "DAC");
System.out.println("Key : "+p.getKey());
System.out.println("Value : "+p.getValue());
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Date;
class Box<T extends Number>{//T => Bounded Type Parameter
private T object;
public T getObject() {
return object;
}
public void setObject(T object) {
this.object = object;
page. 222
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
class Box1<T>{
private T object;
public T getObject() {
return object;
}
public void setObject(T object) {
this.object = object;
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Box1<Number> b1 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<Boolean> b2 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<Character> b3 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<Integer> b4 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<Double> b5 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<String> b6 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

Box1<Date> b7 = new Box1< >( ); //OK

}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Box<Number> b1 = new Box< >( ); //OK

Box<Boolean> b2 = new Box< >( ); //Not OK

Box<Character> b3 = new Box< >( ); //Not OK

Box<Integer> b4 = new Box< >( ); //OK

Box<Double> b5 = new Box< >( ); //OK

Box<String> b6 = new Box< >( ); //Not OK

page. 223
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Box<Date> b7 = new Box< >( ); //Not OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Program {

private static ArrayList<Integer> getIntegerList( ) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
return list;
}
private static void printIntegerList( ArrayList<Integer> list ) {
for( Integer element : list )
System.out.println(element );
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = Program.getIntegerList( );
Program.printIntegerList( list );
}

public static void main1(String[] args) {

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
for( Integer element : list )
System.out.println(element );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Program {

page. 224
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
private static ArrayList<Integer> getIntegerList( ) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<Double> getDoubleList( ) {
ArrayList<Double> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10.1);
list.add(20.2);
list.add(30.3);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<String> getStringList( ) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");
list.add("Ruby");
return list;
}
private static void printIntegerList( ArrayList<Integer> list ) {
for( Integer element : list )
System.out.println(element );
}
private static void printDoubleList( ArrayList<Double> list ) {
for( Double element : list )
System.out.println(element );
}
private static void printStringList( ArrayList<String> list ) {
for( String element : list )
System.out.println(element );
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> integerList = Program.getIntegerList( );
Program.printIntegerList( integerList );

ArrayList<Double> doubleList = Program.getDoubleList();

Program.printDoubleList( doubleList );

page. 225
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ArrayList<String> stringList = Program.getStringList();
Program.printStringList( stringList );

}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
Wild Card
• In generics "?" is called as wild card which represents unknown type.
• Types of wild card:
1. Unbounded wild card
2. Upper bounded wild card
3. Lower bounded wilds card.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
public class Program {
private static ArrayList<Integer> getIntegerList( ) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<Double> getDoubleList( ) {
ArrayList<Double> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10.1);
list.add(20.2);
list.add(30.3);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<String> getStringList( ) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");
list.add("Ruby");
return list;
}
//UnBounded Wild Card
private static void printList( ArrayList<?> list ) {
page. 226
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(list);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> integerList = Program.getIntegerList( );
Program.printList( integerList );

ArrayList<Double> doubleList = Program.getDoubleList();

Program.printList( doubleList );

ArrayList<String> stringList = Program.getStringList();

Program.printList( stringList );

}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;

public class Program {

private static ArrayList<Integer> getIntegerList( ) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<Double> getDoubleList( ) {
ArrayList<Double> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10.1);
list.add(20.2);
list.add(30.3);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<String> getStringList( ) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");
list.add("Ruby");
return list;
page. 227
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
//Upper bounded Wild Card
private static void printList( ArrayList<? extends Number > list )
{
System.out.println(list);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> integerList = Program.getIntegerList( );
Program.printList( integerList ); //OK

ArrayList<Double> doubleList = Program.getDoubleList();

Program.printList( doubleList ); //OK

ArrayList<String> stringList = Program.getStringList();

Program.printList( stringList ); //Not OK

}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Date;

public class Program {

private static ArrayList<Object> getObjectList( ) {
ArrayList<Object> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(true);
list.add('A');
list.add("Sandeep");
list.add(123);
list.add(new Date());
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<Number> getNumberList( ) {
ArrayList<Number> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add( new Integer(123) );
list.add( new Float(123.45f) );
list.add( new Double(123.45d) );
return list;
page. 228
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
private static ArrayList<Integer> getIntegerList( ) {
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<Double> getDoubleList( ) {
ArrayList<Double> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add(10.1);
list.add(20.2);
list.add(30.3);
return list;
}
private static ArrayList<String> getStringList( ) {
ArrayList<String> list = new ArrayList< >( );
list.add("Java");
list.add("Python");
list.add("Ruby");
return list;
}
//Lower Bounded Wild Card
private static void printList( ArrayList< ? super Integer > list )
{
System.out.println(list);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer> integerList = Program.getIntegerList( );
Program.printList( integerList ); //OK

ArrayList<Double> doubleList = Program.getDoubleList();

//Program.printList( doubleList ); //NOT OK

ArrayList<String> stringList = Program.getStringList();

//Program.printList( stringList ); //Not OK

ArrayList<Number> numberList = Program.getNumberList();

Program.printList(numberList); //OK

page. 229
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ArrayList<Object> objectList = Program.getObjectList();
Program.printList(objectList); //OK
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 230
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Date;
public class Program {
//Generic Method
private static void print(Object obj) {
System.out.println(obj);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Program.print( true );
Program.print( 'A' );
Program.print( 123 );
Program.print( 3.142 );
Program.print( "Hello" );
Program.print( new Date( ));
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Date;
public class Program {
/* private static <T> void print(T obj) {

page. 231
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(obj);
} */

private static <T extends Number > void print(T obj) {

System.out.println(obj);
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
//Program.print( true ); //Not OK
//Program.print( 'A' ); //Not OK
Program.print( 123 ); //OK
Program.print( 3.142 ); //OK
//Program.print( "Hello" ); //Not OK
//Program.print( new Date( )); //Not OK
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
Restrictions on Generics
1. Cannot Instantiate Generic Types with Primitive Types
2. Cannot Create Instances of Type Parameters
3. Cannot Declare Static Fields Whose Types are Type Parameters
4. Cannot Use Casts or instanceof with Parameterized Types
5. Cannot Create Arrays of Parameterized Types
6. Cannot Create, Catch, or Throw Objects of Parameterized Types
7. Cannot Overload a Method Where the Formal Parameter Types of Each Overload Erase
to the Same Raw Type

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

class MyException<T> extends RuntimeException{ //NOT OK: The generic

class MyException<T> may not subclass java.lang.Throwable
}
class Box<T>{
//private static T ref; //NOT OK:Cannot make a static reference to
the non-static type T
public void print( ) {
//T t = new T(); //NOT OK: Cannot instantiate the type T
}
page. 232
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
ArrayList<Integer>[ ] arr = new ArrayList<Integer>[ 3 ]; //Not
OK: Cannot create a generic array of ArrayList<Integer>
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<Integer>(); //Upcasting
if( list instanceof ArrayList<Integer> ) { //NOT OK: cannot
perform instanceof check against parameterized type
ArrayList<Integer>.
//TODO
}
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
//ArrayList<int> list = new ArrayList< >(); //Not OK
ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList< >(); //OK
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------
// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
int count = 1;
//unicode table char printing
for( char ch = 2304; ch <= 2431; ++ ch ) {
System.out.print(ch+" ");
++ count;
if( count == 10 ) {
System.out.println();
count = 1;
}
}
}
}

-------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 233
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
//String is a class hence it is non primitive type
//It is a final class declared in java.lang package.
// String is collection of Character objects

public static void main1(String[] args) {

//We can create String using new operator.
//if we create String using new operator then it is called as
string instance.
//String instance get space on heap
String s1 = new String("SunBeam"); //new String("SunBeam") =>
String instance
System.out.println(s1);//SunBeam
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
String s1 = new String("SunBeam");
String s2 = new String("SunBeam");
if( s1 == s2 )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output: Not Equal
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String s1 = new String("SunBeam");
String s2 = new String("SunBeam");
if( s1.equals(s2) )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output: Equal
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
//We can create String without new operator.
//if we create String without new operator then it is called
as string literal.
//String literal get space on String literal pool
String s1 = "SunBeam"; //"SunBeam" => String literal

page. 234
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
/* char[] data = { 'S','u','n','B','e','a','m'}; //internally
conversion
String s1 = new String(data); */
}

public static void main5(String[] args) {

String s1 = "SunBeam";
String s2 = "SunBeam";
if( s1 == s2 )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output: Equal
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "SunBeam";
String s2 = "SunBeam";
if( s1.equals(s2))
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output: Equal
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 235
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
String s2 = s1 +"Beam";
System.out.println( s1 == s2 ); //false : Because String
instances are immutable
}
}

--------------------------------------------------------------

page. 236
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Date;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
String s2 = "Beam";
s1 = s1.concat(s2);
System.out.println(s1); //output:-SunBeam
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
int number = 123;
//s1 = s1.concat( number ); //Error
s1 = s1.concat( String.valueOf(number) ); //OK Sun123
System.out.println(s1);
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
String s2 = "Beam";
s1 = s1 + s2;
System.out.println(s1); SunBeam
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
int number = 123;
s1 = s1 + number;
System.out.println(s1); sun123
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
String s1 = "Sun";
s1 = s1 + new Date();
System.out.println(s1); imp: System.out.println(args.length); //0
}
public static void main6(String[] args) {
String str = "";
System.out.println(str.length()); //0
}
public static void main7(String[] args) {
page. 237
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
String str = "Pune";
//char ch = str.charAt(0); //P
//char ch = str.charAt(3); //e
//char ch = str.charAt(str.length() - 1 ); //e
char ch = str.charAt(str.length());
//StringIndexOutOfBoundsException
System.out.println(ch);
}
public static void main8(String[] args) {
String s1 = " Sandeep ";
String s2 = "Kulange";
s1 = s1.trim(); //to remove spaces
System.out.println(s1+""+s2);
}
public static void main9(String[] args) {
String s1 = new String("Hello");
String s2 = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(s1.equals(s2)); //true
}
public static void main10(String[] args) {
String s1 = new String("Hello");
String s2 = new String("Hello");
System.out.println(s1.hashCode()); //69609650
System.out.println(s2.hashCode());//69609650
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------
A Strategy for Defining Immutable Objects
1. Don't provide "setter" methods — methods that modify fields referred to by fields. or
objects
2. Make all fields final and private.
3. Don't allow subclasses to override methods. The simplest way to do this is to declare the
constructor class as final.
A more sophisticated approach is to make the private and construct instances in factory
methods.
4. If the instance fields include references to mutable objects, don't allow those objects to
be changed:
 Don't provide methods that modify the mutable objects.

page. 238
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
 Don't share references to the mutable objects. Never store references to external,
mutable objects passed to the constructor; if necessary, create copies, and store
references to the copies. Similarly, create copies of your internal mutable objects
when necessary to avoid returning the originals in your methods.
-----------------------------------------------------------------

String Introduction
• Strings, which are widely used in Java programming, are a sequence of characters. to
manipulate string:
• In the Java programming language, strings are objects.
• We can use following classes
1. java.lang.String : immutable character sequence
2. java.lang.StringBuffer : mutable
3. java.lang.StringBuilder : mutable character sequence
4. java.util.StringTokenizer
5. java.util.regex.Pattern
6. java.util.regex.Matcher

java.lang.Character
• It is a final class declared in java.lang package.
• The Character class wraps a value of the primitive type char in an object.
• This class provides a large number of static methods for character's category (lowercase
letter, digit, etc.) and characters from uppercase to lowercase and vice versa.
determining a for converting
• The fields and methods of class Character are defined in terms of character information
from the Unicode Standard.
• The char data type are based on the original Unicode specification, which defined
characters as fixed-width 16-bit entities.

page. 239
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• The range of legal code points is now U+0000 to U+10FFFF, known as Unicode scalar
value.
• The set of characters from U+0000 to U+FFFF is sometimes referred to as the Basic
Multilingual Plane (BMP).
• Characters whose code points are greater than U+FFFF are called supplementary
characters.
• The Java platform uses the UTF-16 representation in char arrays and in the String and
StringBuffer classes.
• A char value, therefore, represents Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP) code point
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Split String:-

StringTokenizer
• The string tokenizer class allows an application to break a string into tokens.
• Methods of java.util.Enumeration interface
1. boolean hasMoreElements( )
2. E nextElement()
• Methods of java.util.StringTokenizer int countTokens() boolean hasMoreTokens() String
nextToken() class
1. public 2. public 3. public 4. public String nextToken(String delim)

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.StringTokenizer;

public class Program {

public static void main(String[] args) {
String str = "https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str, "./:");
int index = 0;
page. 240
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
String[] arr = new String[ stk.countTokens() ];

while( stk.hasMoreTokens()) {
arr[ index ++ ] = stk.nextToken();
}
System.out.println(arr[ 0 ]);
System.out.println(arr[ arr.length - 1 ]);
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
String str = "https://docs.oracle.com/javase/8/docs/api/";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str, "./:");
System.out.println(stk.countTokens());
String token = null;
while( stk.hasMoreTokens()) {
token = stk.nextToken();
System.out.println(token);
}
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
String str = "www.sunbeaminfo.com";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str, ".");
System.out.println(stk.countTokens());
String token = null;
while( stk.hasMoreTokens()) {
token = stk.nextToken();
System.out.println(token);
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String str = "SunBeam Infotech Pune";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str);
String token = null;
while( stk.hasMoreTokens()) {
token = stk.nextToken();
System.out.println(token);
}
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
String str = "SunBeam Infotech Pune";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str);
page. 241
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
String token = null;
while( stk.hasMoreElements()) {
token = (String) stk.nextElement();
System.out.println(token);
}
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
String str = "SunBeam Infotech Pune";
StringTokenizer stk = new StringTokenizer(str);
System.out.println(stk.countTokens()); //3
}
}

------------------------------------------------------------------
Regex Expression:-
Pattern and Matcher
• Java.util.regex.Pattern and Matcher Classes are used for matching character sequences
against patterns specified by regular expressions.
• An instance of the Pattern class represents a regular expression that is specified in string
form in a syntax similar to that used by Perl.
• Instances of the Matcher class are used to match character sequences against a given
pattern.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.regex.Matcher;
import java.util.regex.Pattern;

class Validator{
public static final String NAME_PATTERN ="";
public static boolean validateName( String name ) {
return name.matches(NAME_PATTERN);
}

public static final String PHONE_PATTERN = "";

public static boolean validatePhone( String phone ) {
return phone.matches(PHONE_PATTERN);
}

page. 242
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static final String EMAIL_PATTERN = "";
public static boolean validateEmail( String email ) {
return email.matches(EMAIL_PATTERN);
}
}
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
String email = "[email protected]";
String regex = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-\\+]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@[A-Za-
z0-9-]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";

Pattern pattern = Pattern.compile(regex,

Pattern.CASE_INSENSITIVE);
Matcher matcher = pattern.matcher(email);
if( matcher.matches())
System.out.println(email);
else
System.out.println("Invalid email");
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
String email = "[email protected]";
String regex = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-\\+]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@[A-Za-
z0-9-]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";
if( Pattern.matches(regex, email))
System.out.println(email);
else
System.out.println("Invalid email");
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
String email = "[email protected]";
String regex = "^[_A-Za-z0-9-\\+]+(\\.[_A-Za-z0-9-]+)*@[A-Za-
z0-9-]+(\\.[A-Za-z0-9]+)*(\\.[A-Za-z]{2,})$";
if( email.matches(regex))
System.out.println(email);
else
System.out.println("Invalid email");
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
String email = "[email protected]";
if( Validator.validateEmail(email))
page. 243
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println(email);
else
System.out.println("Invalid email");
}
}
-----------------------------------------------------------------
StringBuffer versus StringBuilder
• StringBuffer and StringBuilder are final classes.
• It is declared in java.lang package.
• It is used create to mutable string instance.
• equals() and hashCode() method is not overridden inside it.
• We can create instances of these classes using new operator only.
• Instances get space on Heap.
• StringBuffer implementation is thread safe whereas StringBuilder is not.
• StringBuffer is introduced in JDK1.0and StringBuilder is introduced in JDK 1.5.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;

import java.util.Scanner;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
//StringBuffer => Thread Safe / Synchronized.
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
if( sb1 == sb2 )
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output : Not Equal
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

//equals and hashcode method is not overridden into
StringBuffer class,
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
if( sb1.equals(sb2))

page. 244
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output : Not Equal
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
StringBuffer sb1 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
StringBuffer sb2 = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
if( sb1.toString().equals(sb2.toString()))
System.out.println("Equal");
else
System.out.println("Not Equal");
//Output : Equal
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer("SunBeam");
sb.append("Pune/");
sb.append("Karad");
System.out.println(sb.toString());
}

public static void main5(String[] args) {

try( Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in)){
System.out.print("Enter number : ");
int number = sc.nextInt();
System.out.println("Number : "+number);

String strNumber = String.valueOf(number);

StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer(strNumber);
sb.reverse();
strNumber = sb.toString();
number = Integer.parseInt(strNumber);
System.out.println("Number : "+number);
}
}
public static void main6(String[] args) {
try( Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in)){
System.out.print("Enter number : ");
System.out.println("Number : "+Integer.parseInt(new
StringBuffer(String.valueOf(sc.nextInt())).reverse().toString()));
page. 245
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.test;
import java.text.SimpleDateFormat;
import java.util.Date;
public class Program {
public static void main(String[] args) {
Date date = new Date();
//String pattern = "EEE, d MMM yyyy HH:mm:ss Z";
String pattern = "dd MMMM,yyyy HH:mm:ss";
SimpleDateFormat sdf = new SimpleDateFormat( pattern );
String strDate = sdf.format(date);
System.out.println(strDate);
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Date date = new Date();
System.out.println(date);
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
Interface:-

page. 246
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Set of rules are called specification/standard.

• It is a contract between service consumer and service provider.
• If we want to define specification for the sub classes then we should define interface.
• Interface is non primitive type which helps developer:
1. To build/develop trust between service provider and service consumer.
2. To minimize vendor dependency.
• interface is a keyword in Java.

• Interface can contain:

1. Nested interface
2. Field
3. Abstract method
4. Default method
5. Static method
• Interfaces cannot have constructors.
• We can create reference of interface but we can not create instance of interface.
• We can declare fields inside interface. Interface fields are by default public static and
final.
• We can write methods inside interface. Interface methods are by default considered as
public and abstract.

• If we want to implement rules of interface then we should use implements keyword.

• It is mandatory to override, all the abstract methods of interface otherwise sub class can
be considered as abstract.

page. 247
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Types of inheritance
• Interface Inheritance
 During inheritance if super type and sub type is interface then it is called interface
inheritance.
1. Single Inheritance( Valid in Java)
2. Multiple Inheritance( Valid in Java)
3. Hierarchical Inheritance( Valid in Java)
4. Multilevel Inheritance( Valid in Java)

• Implementation Inheritance
 During inheritance if super type and sub type is class then it is called implementation
inheritance.
1. Single Inheritance( Valid in Java)
2. Multiple Inheritance( Invalid in Java)
3. Hierarchical Inheritance( Valid in Java)
4. Multilevel Inheritance( Valid in Java)

page. 248
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

-------------------------------------------------------------------
1. If "is-a" relationship is not exist between super type and sub type and if we want same
method design in all the sub types then super type must be interface.
2. Using interface, we can group instances of unrelated type together.
3. Interface can extend more than one interfaces.
4. We can not define constructor inside interface.
5. By default methods of interface are abstract.
• Hint : In case of inheritance if state is not involved in super type then it should be
interface.

Commonly Used Interfaces

1. java.lang.AutoCloseable
2. java.io.Closeable
3. java.lang.Cloneable
4. java.lang.Comparable
5. java.util.Comparator
6. java.lang.Iterable
7. java.util.Iterator
8. java.io.Serializable

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 249
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comparable
• It is interface declared in java.lang package.
• "int compareTo(T other)" is a method of java.lang.Comparable interface.
• If state of current object is less than state of other object then compareTo()
method should return negative integer( -1 ).
• If state of current object is greater than state of other object then
compareTo() method should return positive integer( +1 ).
• If state of current object is equal to state of other object then compareTo()
method should return zero( 0 ).
• If we want to sort, array of non primitive type which contains all the instances
of same type then we should implement Comparable interface

Comparator
• It is interface declared in java.util package.
• "int compare(T o1, T o2)" is a method of java.util.Comparator interface.
• If state of current object is less than state of other object then compare()
method should return negative integer( -1 ).
• If state of current object is greater than state of other object then compare()
method should return positive integer( +1 ).
• If state of current object is equal to state of other object then compare()
method should return zero( 0 ).
• If we want to sort, array of instances of non primitive of different type then
we should implement Comparator interface.

page. 250
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cloneable Interface Implementation
• If we want to create new instance from existing instance then we should use
clone method.
• clone( ) is non final native method of java.lang.Object class.
• Syntax: Ø protected native Object clone( ) throws
CloneNotSupportedException
• Inside clone() method, if we want to create shallow copy instance then we
should use super.clone( ) method.
• Cloneable is interface declared in java.lang package.
• Without implementing Cloneable interface, if we try to create clone of the
instance then clone() method throws CloneNotSupportedException.

-----------------------------------------------------------
Marker Interface
• An interface which do not contain any member is called marker interface. In
other words, empty interface is called as marker interface.
• Marker interface is also called as tagging interface.
• If we implement marker interface then Java compiler generates metadata for
the JVM, which help JVM to clone/serialize or marshal state of object.
• Example:
1. java.lang.Cloneable
2. java.util.EventListener
3. java.util.RandomAccess 4. java.io.Serializable 5. java.rmi.Remote.
page. 251
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iterable and Iterator Implementation
• Iterable is interface declared in java.lang package.
• Implementing this interface allows an object to be the target of the "for-each
loop" statement.
• It is introduced in JDK 1.5
• Methods of java.lang.Iterable interface:
1. Iterator iterator() 2. default Spliterator spliterator() 3. default void
forEach(Consumer action)
• Iterator is interface declared in java.util package.
• It is used to traverse collection in forward direction only.
• It is introduced in JDK 1.2
• Methods of java.util.Iterator interface:
1. boolean hasNext() 2. E next() 3. default void remove() 4. default void
forEachRemaining(Consumer action).
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 252
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 253
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

• Static nested class can contain static members.

• Using instance, we can access all the members of static nested class inside method of top
level class.
• If we want to use non static members of top level class inside method of static nested
class then it is mandatory to create instance of top level class.

Local Class
• In Java, we can define class inside scope of another method. It is called local class /
method local class.
• Types of local class:
1. Method local inner class
2. Method local anonymous inner class.

Method Local Inner Class

• In Java, we can not declare local variable /class static hence local class is also called as
local inner class.
• We can not use reference/instance of method local class outside method.

page. 254
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Method local anonymous inner class.

• In java, we can create instance without reference. It is called anonymous instance. •
Example:
• new Object( );
• We can define a class without name. It is called anonymous class.
• If we want to define anonymous class then we should use new operator.
• We can create anonymous class inside method only hence it is also called as method local
anonymous class.
• We can not declare local class static hence it is also called as method local anonymous
inner class.
• To define anonymous class, we need to take help of existing interface / abstract class /
concrete class.

page. 255
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 256
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Multithreading: -
-Process
1.Program in execution is called process.
2.Running instance of a program is called process.
3.Process is also called as task.

-Thread
1.Process may contain sub process. It also called as thread.
2.Lightweight process is called thread.
3.Thread is a separate path of execution which runs independently.

-Single tasking: -
1.An ability of OS to execute single task/process at a time is called single tasking.
e.g MS DOS is single user and single tasking OS.

-Multi tasking: -
1.An ability of OS to execute multiple task/process at a time is called single tasking.
e.g Mac OS, ubuntu 20.04, windows 10 etc.

-We can achieve it using.

1.Process
2.Thread

Main objective: -
1.To utilise hardware resources (CPU) efficiently.
-If we develop application using single thread then it is called single threaded
application(STA).
-If we develop application using multiple threads then it is called multi threaded
application.
-java is multithreaded programming language.
1.When JVM starts execution of java application it starts execution of main thread
and garbage collector.
Because of these two threads every java application is multithreaded.

page. 257
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Main thread :-
1.It is user thread /non daemon thread.
2.It is responsible for invoking main method.
3.It’s default priority is Thread.NORM_PRIORITY.

Garbage collector(GC) Finalizer

1.it is daemon thread / Background theard.
2.It is responsible for deallocating memory of used object.
3.Its default priority is 8 (Thread.NORM_PRIORITY + 3).

2.Thread is non java resource i.e OS resource.

To access OS thread java developer need not to use JNI framework rather developer
can use readymade thread framework supplied by sun/oracle in other words java is
multithreaded.

Type Of Thread :-

U: User thread terminate immediately. Do not wait for child threads.

D: Daemon Threads do not terminate immediately. It waits for child thread.

page. 258
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
If we want to used thread in java program then it is necessary to use
-Types declared in java.lang package.
-Interface
1.Runnable
-Class(es)
1.Thread
2.ThreadGroup
3.ThreadLocal
-Enum
1.Thread State
-Exception
1.IlleagalThreaddStateException
2.IllegalMonitorStateException
3.InterruptedException.
-An interface which is having single abstract method is called functional interface/SAM
interface.
-Runnable
1.It is a functional interface declared in java.lang package
2.void run() is method of runnable interface
3.This method is called B.L method.
Thread is operating system resource.
Java.lang. Thread is java class whose instance represent
OS thread.
Object Runnable

Thread

page. 259
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
-Nested Type
1.State [ Enum]

-Fields
1.MIN_PRIORITY(1)
2.NORM_PRIORITY(5)
3.MAX_PRIORITY(10)

page. 260
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 261
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 262
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Collection Framework: -
• Every value/data stored in data structure is called element.
• Framework is library of reusable classes/interfaces that is used to develop
application.
• Library of reusable data structure classes that is used to develop java
application is called collection framework.
• Main purpose of collection framework is to manage data in RAM efficiently.
• Consider following Example: 1. Person has-a birthdate 2. Employee is a person
• In java, collection instance do not contain instances rather it contains
reference of instances.
• If we want to use collection framework them we should import java.util
package.

Iterable<T>
• It is a interface declared in java.lang package.
• All the collection classes implements Iterable interface hence we can traverse
it using for each loop
• Methods of Iterable interface:
1. Iterator<T> iterator()
2. default Spliterator<T> spliterator()
3. default void forEach(Consumer<? Super T> action)

page. 263
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Collection<E>
• Collection<E> is interface declared in java.util package.
• It is sub interface of Iterable interface.
• It is root interface in collection framework interface hierarchy.
• Default methods of Collection interface
1. default Stream<E> stream()
2. default Stream<E> parallelStream()
3. default boolean removeIf(Predicate<? super E> filter)

• Abstract Methods of Collection Interface

1. boolean add(E e)
2. boolean addAll(Collection<? Extends E> c)
3. void clear()
4. boolean contains(Object o)
5. boolean containsAll(Collection <?> c)
6. boolean isEmpty()
7. boolean remove(Object o)
8. boolean removeAll(Collection<?> c)
9. boolean retainAll(Collection<?> c)
10.int size()
11.Object[] toArray()
12. <T> T[] toArray(T[] a)

List<E>
• It is sub interface of java.util.Collection interface.
• It is ordered/sequential collection.
• ArrayList, Vector, Stack, LinkedList etc. implements List interface. It generally
referred as "List collections".
• List collection can contain duplicate element as well multiple null elements.
• Using integer index, we can access elements from List collection.
• We can traverse elements of List collection using Iterator as well as
ListIterator.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2.

page. 264
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Note: If we want to manage elements of non final type inside List collection
then non final type should override "equals" method.

List<E>
• Abstract methods of List Interface
1. void add(int index, E element)
2. boolean addAll(int index, Collection<? Extends E> c)
3. E get(int index)
4. int indexOf(Object o)
5. int lastIndexOf(Object o)
6. ListIterator<E> listIterator()
7. ListIterator<E> listIterator(int index)
8. E remove(int index)
9. E set(int index, E element)
10. List<E> subList(int fromIndex, int toIndex)

List Interface Hierarchy:-

page. 265
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
ArrayList <E>
• It is resizable array.
• It implements List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable interfaces.
• It is List collection.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using"Collections.synchronizedList” method,
we can make it synchronized.
 List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new ArrayList(...));
• Initial capacity of ArrayList is 10. If ArrayList is full then its capacity gets
increased by half of its existing capacity.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Note: If we want to manage elements of non final type inside ArrayList then
non final type should override "equals" method.

page. 266
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
//ArrayList<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<Integer>(); //OK
ArrayList<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>( ); //OK

ArrayList<Integer> list2 = new ArrayList<>( 15 ); //OK

ArrayList<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);
list.add(20);
ArrayList<Integer> list3 = new ArrayList<>( list ); //OK
System.out.println( list3.size());//2

public static void main2(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();

List<Integer> list2 = new ArrayList<>( 15 );

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);
list.add(20);
List<Integer> list3 = new ArrayList<>( list );
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Collection<Integer> list1 = new ArrayList<>();

Collection<Integer> list2 = new ArrayList<>( 15 );

Collection<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();

list.add(10);
list.add(20);
Collection<Integer> list3 = new ArrayList<>( list );
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 267
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
// java.util.List<E> is interface
// java.util.ArrayList<E> is interface implementation class

List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(); // Upcasting

list.add(10);
list.add(20);
list.add(30);
list.add(40);
list.add(50);
//also written like this.
//List<Integer> list =Arrays.asList(10,20,30,40,50);
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
for( int index = 0; index < list.size(); ++ index ) {
Integer element = list.get(index);
System.out.println(element);
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
System.out.println(list.getClass().getName());
//java.util.Arrays$ArrayList
int index = list.size();
Integer element = list.get(index);
//ArrayIndexOutOfBoundsException
System.out.println(element);
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>(); // Upcasting
list.add(10);
list.add(20);
page. 268
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
list.add(30);
list.add(40);
list.add(50);
int index = list.size();
Integer element = list.get(index); //IndexOutOfBoundsException
System.out.println(element);
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Iterator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.ListIterator;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
for( int index = 0; index < list.size(); ++ index ) {
Integer element = list.get(index);
System.out.println(element);
}
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );

Iterator<Integer> itr = list.iterator();

while( itr.hasNext()) {
Integer element = itr.next();
System.out.println(element);
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
for( Integer element : list )
System.out.println(element);
}
page. 269
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public static void main4(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
list.forEach( e -> System.out.println(e) ); //Using Lambda
Expression
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
list.forEach( System.out::println ); //Using method reference
}

public static void main6(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 );
ListIterator<Integer> itr = list.listIterator();
Integer element = null;
//forward direction print
while( itr.hasNext()) {
element = itr.next();
System.out.print(element+" ");
}
System.out.println();
//backward direction print
while( itr.hasPrevious()) {
element = itr.previous();
System.out.print(element+" ");
}
}
public static void main7(String[] args) {
Arrays.asList(10, 20, 30, 40, 50 )
.stream()
.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.List;

page. 270
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public class Program {
public static List<Integer> getList( ){
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add( 10 );
list.add( 20 );
list.add( 50 );
return list;
}
public static void main1(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
list.add(60);
list.add(70);
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
Collection<Integer> c = new ArrayList<Integer>();
c.add(60);
c.add(70);
list.addAll( c );
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
list.addAll( Arrays.asList(60,70) );
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
list.add(2, 30);
list.add(3, 40);
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
list.addAll(2, Arrays.asList(30,40));
list.forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 271
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;

public class Program {

public static List<Integer> getList( ){
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
list.add( 10 );
list.add( 20 );
list.add( 30 );
list.add( 40 );
list.add( 50 );
list.add( 60 );
list.add( 70 );
return list;
}

public static void main1(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
Integer key = new Integer(400);
if( list.contains(key)) {
int index = list.indexOf(key);
System.out.println(key+" : "+index);
}else
System.out.println(key+" not found ");
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
Integer key = new Integer(40);
if( list.contains(key)) {
int index = list.indexOf(key);
Integer element = list.remove(index);
System.out.println(element+" is removed");
}else
System.out.println(key+" not found ");
}

public static void main3(String[] args) {

List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
page. 272
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
List<Integer> keys = Arrays.asList(30,50,70);
if( list.containsAll(keys)) {
for( int index = 0; index < keys.size(); ++ index ) {
System.out.println(keys.get(index)+" : "+list.ind
exOf(keys.get(index)));
}
}else
System.out.println(keys+" not found ");
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
List<Integer> keys = Arrays.asList(30,50,70);
if( list.containsAll(keys)) {
boolean removedStatus = list.removeAll(keys);
System.out.println(removedStatus);
}else
System.out.println(keys+" not found ");
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
List<Integer> keys = Arrays.asList(30,50,70);
if( list.containsAll(keys)) {
list.retainAll(keys);
//list.removeAll(keys);
System.out.println(keys);
System.out.println(list);
}else
System.out.println(keys+" not found ");
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.List;

public class Program {

public static List<Integer> getList( ){
List<Integer> list = new ArrayList<>();
page. 273
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
list.add( 50 );
list.add( 10 );
list.add( 40 );
list.add( 20 );
list.add( 30 );
return list;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
List<Integer> list = Program.getList();
Collections.sort(list);
//list.sort(null);
//list.stream().sorted().forEach(System.out::println);
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@EqualsAndHashCode
//@ToString
public class Employee {
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private String name;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Include private int empid;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private float salary;

/*@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if( obj != null ) {
Employee other = (Employee) obj;
if( this.empid == other.empid)
page. 274
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
return true;
}
return false;
}*/

@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%-15s%-5d%-10.2f", this.name,
this.empid, this.salary);
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class ListTest {

private ArrayList<Employee> empList = new ArrayList<Employee>();
public void addRecord( Employee[] employees ) {
if( employees != null ) {
for( Employee emp : employees )
this.empList.add(emp);
}
}
/* public Employee findRecord(int empid) {
for( Employee emp : this.empList ) {
if( emp.getEmpid() == empid )
return emp;
}
return null;
} */

public Employee findRecord(int empid) {

Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
int index = this.empList.indexOf(key);
page. 275
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Employee emp = this.empList.get(index);
return emp;
}
return null;
}
/* public boolean removeRecord(int empid) {
Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
int index = this.empList.indexOf(key);
this.empList.remove(index); //method of List I/F
return true;
}
return false;
}*/

public boolean removeRecord(int empid) {

Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
this.empList.remove(key); //method of Collection I/F
return true;
}
return false;
}
public void printRecords( ) {
for( Employee emp : this.empList )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
page. 276
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

import javax.lang.model.element.Element;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void acceptRecord( int[] empid ) {
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
empid[ 0 ] = sc.nextInt();
}
private static void printRecord(Employee emp) {
if( emp != null )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
else
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
private static void printRecord(boolean removedStatus) {
if( removedStatus )
System.out.println("Employee is removed");
else
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
public static Employee[] getEmployees( ) {
Employee[] arr = new Employee[ 5 ];
arr[ 0 ] = new Employee( "Nitin", 13, 50000);
arr[ 1 ] = new Employee( "Amit", 10, 45000);
arr[ 2 ] = new Employee( "Sarang", 15, 40000);
arr[ 3 ] = new Employee( "Yogesh", 14,25000);
arr[ 4 ] = new Employee( "Digvijay", 12,30000);
return arr;
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Add Record");
System.out.println("2.Find Record");
System.out.println("3.Remove Record");
System.out.println("4.Print Record");
page. 277
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
int[] empid = new int[ 1 ];
ListTest test = new ListTest();
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
Employee[] employees = Program.getEmployees();
test.addRecord(employees);
break;
case 2:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
Employee emp = test.findRecord( empid[ 0 ] );
Program.printRecord( emp );
break;
case 3:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
boolean removedStatus = test.removeRecord( empid[ 0 ]
);
Program.printRecord(removedStatus);
break;
case 4:
test.printRecords();
break;
}
}
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
Compare by Name , Salary , Empid Program.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Getter;
page. 278
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@EqualsAndHashCode
//@ToString
public class Employee implements Comparable<Employee> {
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private String name;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Include private int empid;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private float salary;

/*@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if( obj != null ) {
Employee other = (Employee) obj;
if( this.empid == other.empid)
return true;
}
return false;
}*/

@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%-15s%-5d%-10.2f", this.name,
this.empid, this.salary);
}

@Override
public int compareTo(Employee other) {
return this.empid - other.empid;
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
page. 279
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class ListTest {

private ArrayList<Employee> empList = new ArrayList<Employee>();
public void addRecord( Employee[] employees ) {
if( employees != null ) {
for( Employee emp : employees )
this.empList.add(emp);
}
}
/* public Employee findRecord(int empid) {
for( Employee emp : this.empList ) {
if( emp.getEmpid() == empid )
return emp;
}
return null;
} */

public Employee findRecord(int empid) {

Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
int index = this.empList.indexOf(key);
Employee emp = this.empList.get(index);
return emp;
}
return null;
}
/* public boolean removeRecord(int empid) {
Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
int index = this.empList.indexOf(key);
this.empList.remove(index); //method of List I/F
return true;
}
return false;
page. 280
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}*/

public boolean removeRecord(int empid) {

Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
this.empList.remove(key); //method of Collection I/F
return true;
}
return false;
}
public void printRecords( Comparator<Employee> comparator ) {
//Collections.sort(this.empList, comparator);
this.empList.sort(comparator);
for( Employee emp : this.empList )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class CompareByEmpid implements Comparator<Employee> {

@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return e1.getEmpid() - e2.getEmpid();
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class CompareByName implements Comparator<Employee> {

@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return e1.getName().compareTo(e2.getName());
}
}
page. 281
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class CompareBySalary implements Comparator<Employee> {

@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return (int) (e1.getSalary() - e2.getSalary());
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;

import javax.lang.model.element.Element;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareByEmpid;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareByName;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareBySalary;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void acceptRecord( int[] empid ) {
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
empid[ 0 ] = sc.nextInt();
}
private static void printRecord(Employee emp) {
if( emp != null )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
else
page. 282
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
private static void printRecord(boolean removedStatus) {
if( removedStatus )
System.out.println("Employee is removed");
else
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
public static Employee[] getEmployees( ) {
Employee[] arr = new Employee[ 5 ];
arr[ 0 ] = new Employee( "Nitin", 13, 50000);
arr[ 1 ] = new Employee( "Amit", 10, 45000);
arr[ 2 ] = new Employee( "Sarang", 15, 40000);
arr[ 3 ] = new Employee( "Yogesh", 14,25000);
arr[ 4 ] = new Employee( "Digvijay", 12,30000);
return arr;
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Add Record");
System.out.println("2.Find Record");
System.out.println("3.Remove Record");
System.out.println("4.Print Record");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static int subMenuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Sort By Name");
System.out.println("2.Sort By Empid");
System.out.println("3.Sort By Salary");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
int[] empid = new int[ 1 ];
ListTest test = new ListTest();
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
page. 283
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
case 1:
Employee[] employees = Program.getEmployees();
test.addRecord(employees);
break;
case 2:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
Employee emp = test.findRecord( empid[ 0 ] );
Program.printRecord( emp );
break;
case 3:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
boolean removedStatus = test.removeRecord( empid[ 0 ]
);
Program.printRecord(removedStatus);
break;
case 4:
while( ( choice = Program.subMenuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
Comparator<Employee> comparator = null;
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
comparator = new CompareByName();
break;
case 2:
comparator = new CompareByEmpid();
break;
case 3:
comparator = new CompareBySalary();
break;
}
test.printRecords( comparator );
}
break;
}
}
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 284
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Generic Program of above code.

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model;

import lombok.AllArgsConstructor;
import lombok.EqualsAndHashCode;
import lombok.Getter;
import lombok.NoArgsConstructor;
import lombok.Setter;
import lombok.ToString;

@NoArgsConstructor
@AllArgsConstructor
@Getter @Setter
@EqualsAndHashCode
//@ToString
public class Employee implements Comparable<Employee> {
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private String name;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Include private int empid;
@EqualsAndHashCode.Exclude private float salary;

/*@Override
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
if( obj != null ) {
Employee other = (Employee) obj;
if( this.empid == other.empid)
return true;
}
return false;
}*/

@Override
public String toString() {
return String.format("%-15s%-5d%-10.2f", this.name,
this.empid, this.salary);
}

@Override
public int compareTo(Employee other) {

page. 285
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
return this.empid - other.empid;
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Vector;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class ListTest {

//private ArrayList<Employee> empList = new ArrayList<>();
private List<Employee> empList;
public void setEmpList(List<Employee> empList) {
this.empList = empList;
}
public void addRecord( Employee[] employees ) {
if( this.empList != null ) {
if( employees != null ) {
for( Employee emp : employees )
this.empList.add(emp);
}
}
}
public Employee findRecord(int empid) {
if( this.empList != null ) {
Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
int index = this.empList.indexOf(key);
Employee emp = this.empList.get(index);
return emp;
}
}
return null;
}
page. 286
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
public boolean removeRecord(int empid) {
if( this.empList != null ) {
Employee key = new Employee();
key.setEmpid(empid);
if( this.empList.contains(key)) {
this.empList.remove(key); //method of Collection I/F
return true;
}
}
return false;
}
public void printRecords( Comparator<Employee> comparator ) {
if( this.empList != null ) {
this.empList.sort(comparator);
for( Employee emp : this.empList )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
}
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class CompareByEmpid implements Comparator<Employee> {

@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return e1.getEmpid() - e2.getEmpid();
}
}
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;
public class CompareByName implements Comparator<Employee> {
@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return e1.getName().compareTo(e2.getName());
}
}

page. 287
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util;
import java.util.Comparator;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;

public class CompareBySalary implements Comparator<Employee> {

@Override
public int compare(Employee e1, Employee e2) {
return (int) (e1.getSalary() - e2.getSalary());
}
}

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Collections;
import java.util.Comparator;
import java.util.LinkedList;
import java.util.List;
import java.util.Scanner;
import java.util.Vector;

import javax.lang.model.element.Element;

import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.model.Employee;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareByEmpid;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareByName;
import com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.util.CompareBySalary;

public class Program {

private static Scanner sc = new Scanner(System.in);
public static void acceptRecord( int[] empid ) {
System.out.print("Enter empid : ");
empid[ 0 ] = sc.nextInt();
}
private static void printRecord(Employee emp) {
if( emp != null )
System.out.println(emp.toString());
else
page. 288
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
private static void printRecord(boolean removedStatus) {
if( removedStatus )
System.out.println("Employee is removed");
else
System.out.println("Employee not found");
}
public static Employee[] getEmployees( ) {
Employee[] arr = new Employee[ 5 ];
arr[ 0 ] = new Employee( "Nitin", 13, 50000);
arr[ 1 ] = new Employee( "Amit", 10, 45000);
arr[ 2 ] = new Employee( "Sarang", 15, 40000);
arr[ 3 ] = new Employee( "Yogesh", 14,25000);
arr[ 4 ] = new Employee( "Digvijay", 12,30000);
return arr;
}
public static int menuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Add Record");
System.out.println("2.Find Record");
System.out.println("3.Remove Record");
System.out.println("4.Print Record");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static int subMenuList( ) {
System.out.println("0.Exit");
System.out.println("1.Sort By Name");
System.out.println("2.Sort By Empid");
System.out.println("3.Sort By Salary");
System.out.print("Enter choice : ");
return sc.nextInt();
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
int choice;
int[] empid = new int[ 1 ];
ListTest test = new ListTest();
//test.setEmpList(new ArrayList<Employee>());
//test.setEmpList(new Vector<Employee>());
page. 289
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
test.setEmpList(new LinkedList<Employee>());
while( ( choice = Program.menuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
Employee[] employees = Program.getEmployees();
test.addRecord(employees);
break;
case 2:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
Employee emp = test.findRecord( empid[ 0 ] );
Program.printRecord( emp );
break;
case 3:
Program.acceptRecord(empid);
boolean removedStatus = test.removeRecord( empid[ 0 ]
);
Program.printRecord(removedStatus);
break;
case 4:
while( ( choice = Program.subMenuList( ) ) != 0 ) {
Comparator<Employee> comparator = null;
switch( choice ) {
case 1:
comparator = new CompareByName();
break;
case 2:
comparator = new CompareByEmpid();
break;
case 3:
comparator = new CompareBySalary();
break;
}
test.printRecords( comparator );
}
break;
}
}
}
}
----------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 290
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vector<E>
• It is resizable array.
• It implements List, RandomAccess, Cloneable, Serializable.
• It is List collection.
• It is synchronized collection.
• Default capacity of vector is 10. If vector is full then its capacity gets increased
by its existing capacity.
• We can traverse elements of vector using Iterator, ListIterator as well as
Enumeration.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.0.
• Note: If we want to manage elements of non final type inside Vector then non
final type should override "equals" method.

Synchronized Collections
• 1. Vector
• 2. Stack(Sub class of Vector)
• 3. Hashtable
• 4. Properties( Sub class of Hashtable )

Enumeration<E>
• It is interface declared in java.util package.
• Methods of Enumeration I/F
1. boolean hasMoreElements()
2. E nextElement()
• It is used to traverse collection only in forward direction. During traversing, we
can not add, set or remove element from collection.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.0.
• "public Enumeration<E> elements()" is a method of Vector class.

page. 291
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 292
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 293
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iterator<E>
• It is a interface declared in java.util package.
• It is used to traverse collection only in forward direction. During traversing, we
can not add or set element but we can remove element from collection.
• Methods of Iterator
1. boolean hasNext()
2. E next()
3. default void remove()
4. default void forEachRemaining(Consumer<? Super E> action)
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2

ListIterator<E>
• It is sub interface of Iterator interface.
• It is used to traverse only List Collection in bidirectional.
• During traversing, we can add, set as well as remove element from collection.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Methods of ListIterator
1. boolean hasNext()
2. E next()
3. boolean hasPrevious()
4. E previous()
5. void add(E e)
6. void set(E e)
7. void remove()

Types of Iterator
1. Fail Fast Iterator
• During traversing, using collection reference, if we try to modify state of
collection and if iterator do not allows us to do the same then such
iterator is called "Fail Fast" Iterator. In this case JVM throws
ConcurrentModificationException.

page. 294
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Fail Safe Iterator

• During traversing, if iterator allows us to do changes in underlying
collection then such iterator is called fail safe iterator.

Stack<E>
• It is linear data structure which is used to manage elements in Last In First Out
order.
• It is sub class of Vector class.
• It is synchronized collection.
• It is List Collection.
• Methods of Stack class
1. public boolean empty()
2. public E push(E item)
page. 295
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
3. public E peek()
4. public E pop()
5. public int search(Object o)
• * Since it is synchronized collection, it slower in performance.
• * For high performance we should use ArrayDeque class.

Implementation of Queue using stack : -

page. 296
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
LinkedList<E>
• It is a List collection.
• It implements List<E>, Deque<E>, Cloneable and Serializable interface.
• Its implementation is depends on Doubly linked list.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedList() method,
we can make it synchronized.
 List list = Collections.synchronizedList(new LinkedList(...));
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2.
• Note : If we want to manage elements of non-final type inside LinkedList then
non final type should override "equals" method.
• Instantiation
 List <integer> list = new LinkedList<>();

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Queue Interface Hierarchy:-

• It is interface declared in java.util package.

• It is sub interface of Collection interface.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.5

page. 297
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Queue;
public class Program {
public static void main1(String[] args) {
Queue<Integer> que = new ArrayDeque<>();
que.add(10);
que.add(20);
que.add(30);

Integer element = null;

while( !que.isEmpty( ) ) {
element = que.element();
System.out.println(element);
que.remove();
}
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Queue<Integer> que = new ArrayDeque<>();
que.offer(10); //offer-->add
que.offer(20); //offer-->add
que.offer(30);//offer-->add

Integer element = null;

while( !que.isEmpty( ) ) {
element = que.peek(); //element-->peek
System.out.println(element);
que.poll();//remove-->poll
}
}
}
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 298
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Deque<E>
• It is usually pronounced "deck".
• It is sub interface of Queue.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.6
• If we want to perform operations from bidirection then we should use Deque
interface.

• Deque Interface is a linear collection that supports element insertion and

removal at both ends.
• The class which implements this interface is ArrayDeque.
• It extends the Queue interface.
• Deque is an interface and has two implementations: LinkedList and
ArrayDeque.
• Creating a Deque Syntax : Deque dq = new LinkedList(); Deque dq = new
ArrayDeque();

• ArrayDeque :- ArrayDeque class provides the facility of using deque and

resizable-array. It inherits the AbstractCollection class and implements the
Deque interface. Syntax : Deque<string> arr = new ArrayDeque();

Priority Queue
• PriorityQueue class provides the functionality of the heap data structure.
• The PriorityQueue class provides the facility of using a queue.
• It does not order the elements in a FIFO manner.
• It is based on Priority Heap.
page. 299
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• The elements of the priority queue are ordered according to the natural
ordering, or by a Comparator provided at queue construction time, depending
on which constructor is used.

Syntax : PriorityQueue numbers = new PriorityQueue();

// it will create PriorityQueue without any arguments
//head of the queue will be smallest element of the queue
//elements are removed in ascending order from the queue.

// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.ArrayDeque;
import java.util.Deque;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {
Deque<Integer> que = new ArrayDeque<>( );
que.add(20);
que.add(30);
que.add(40);
que.addFirst(10);
que.addLast(50);
que.addFirst(5);
que.addLast(60);
que.removeFirst();
que.removeLast();

Integer element = null;

while( !que.isEmpty()) {
element = que.element();
System.out.println(element);
que.remove();
}
}

public static void main2(String[] args) {

Deque<Integer> que = new ArrayDeque<>( );
page. 300
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
que.add(10);
que.add(20);
que.add(30);
que.add(40);
que.add(50);

Integer element = null;

while( !que.isEmpty()) {
element = que.getFirst();
System.out.println(element);
que.removeFirst();
}
}
public static void main3(String[] args) {
Deque<Integer> que = new ArrayDeque<>( );
que.add(10);
que.add(20);
que.add(30);
que.add(40);
que.add(50);

Integer element = null;

while( !que.isEmpty()) {
element = que.getLast();
System.out.println(element);
que.removeLast();
}
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 301
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Set Interface Hierarchy :-

• It is sub interface of java.util.Collection interface.

• HashSet, LinkedHashSet, TreeSet etc. implements Set interface. It is also called
as Set collection.
• Set collections do not contain duplicate elements.
• Set will not maintain any order for elements
• While adding new element it is using Object’s equals() and hashCode()
method to check , if such element is there or not in set.
• There are three concrete Set implementations that are part of the Collection
Framework: HashSet, TreeSet, and LinkedHashSet.
• You use HashSet, which maintains its collection in an unordered manner.
• If this doesn't suit your needs, you can use TreeSet.
• A TreeSet keeps the elements in the collection in sorted order
• While HashSet has an undefined order for its elements, LinkedHashSet
supports iterating through its elements in the order they were inserted.
• Understand that the additional features provided by TreeSet and
LinkedHashSet add to the runtime costs.

page. 302
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TreeSet<E>
• It is Set collection.
• It can not contain duplicate element as well as null element.
• It is sorted collection.
• Its implementation is based on TreeMap
• It is unsynchronized collection.
• Using "Collections.synchronizedSortedSet()” method we can make it
synchronized.  SortedSet s = Collections.synchronizedSortedSet(new
TreeSet(...));
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Note : If we want to manage elements of non final type inside TreeSet then
non final type should implement Comparable interface.
• Instantiation  Set set = new TreeSet<>( );

Hashing :-
• Hashing is a searching algorithm which is used to search element in constant
time( faster searching).
• In case array, if we know index of element then we can locate it very fast.
• Hashing technique is based on "hashcode".
• Hashcode is not a reference or address of the object rather it is a logical
integer number that can be generated by processing state of the object.
• Generating hashcode is a job of hash function/method.
• Generally hashcode is generated using prime number. Hashing.
• If state of object/instance is same then we will get same hashcode.
• Hashcode is required to generate slot.
• If state same. of objects are same then their hashcode and slot will be
• By processing state of two different object's , if we get same slot then it is
called collision.
page. 303
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Collision resolution technique:
 Seperate Chaining/ Open Hashing
 Open Addressing / Close Hashing
1. Linear Probing
2. Quadratic Probing
3. Double Hashing / Rehashing
• Collection(LinkedList/Tree) maintained per slot is called bucket.
• Load Factor = ( Count of bucket / Total elements );
• In hashcode based collection, if we want manage elements of non final type
then reference type should override equals() and hashcode() method.
• we want to generate hashcode then in sub class.
• hashCode() is non final method of java.lang.Object class.
• Syntax:  public native int hashCode( );
• On the basis of state of the object, we should override hashCode() method
• The hashCode method defined by class Object does return distinct integers for
distinct objects. This is typically implemented by converting the internal address
of the object into an integer.

HashSet<E>
• It Set Collection.
• It can not contain duplicate elements but it can contain null element.
• It's implementation is based on HashTable.
• It is unordered collection.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedSet() method,
we can make it synchronized.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Note : If we want to manage elements of non final type inside HashSet then
non final type should override equals and hashCode() method.
• Instantiation: - Set <Integer> set = new HashSet<>();

LinkedHashSet<E>
• It is sub class of HashSet class.
• Its implementation is based on linked list and Hashtable.
• It is ordered collection.
page. 304
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedSet() method
we can make it synchronized:-
 Set s = Collections.synchronizedSet(new LinkedHashSet(...));
• It is introduced in jdk 1.4
• It can not contain duplicate element but it can contain null element.

// package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;
import java.util.HashSet;
import java.util.LinkedHashSet;
import java.util.Set;
import java.util.TreeSet;

public class Program {

public static void main1(String[] args) {

Set<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>( );
set.add(50);
set.add(10);
set.add(40);
set.add(20);
set.add(30);

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
}
public static void main2(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>( );
set.add(50);
set.add(10);
set.add(40);
set.add(20);
set.add(30);
//Duplicate values not allowed.
set.add(50);
set.add(10);
set.add(40);
set.add(20);
set.add(30);
page. 305
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
for (Integer element : set) {
System.out.println(element);
}
}

public static void main3(String[] args) {

Set<Integer> set = new TreeSet<>( );
set.add(50);
set.add(10);
set.add(40);
set.add(20);
set.add(30);
set.add(null); //NullPointerException

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
}
public static void main4(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<Integer>();
set.add(234);
set.add(9823);
set.add(1863);
set.add(754);
set.add(50);

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
//output: 754 50 1863 234 9823
}
public static void main5(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<Integer>();
set.add(234);
set.add(9823);
set.add(1863);
set.add(754);
set.add(50);

set.add(234);
page. 306
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
set.add(9823);
set.add(1863);
set.add(754);
set.add(50);

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
//output:- 754 50 1863 234 9823
}
public static void main6(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> set = new HashSet<Integer>();
set.add(234);
set.add(9823);
set.add(1863);
set.add(754);
set.add(50);
set.add(null);

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
//output:- null 754 50 1863 234 9823
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Set<Integer> set = new LinkedHashSet<Integer>();
set.add(234);
set.add(9823);
set.add(1863);
set.add(754);
set.add(50);

for (Integer element : set) {

System.out.println(element);
}
//Output:-234 9823 1863 754 50
}
}

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
page. 307
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Map Interface Hierarchy :-

Dictionary<K,V>
• It is abstract class declared in java.util package.
• It is is super class of Hashtable.
• It is used to store data in key/value pair format.
• It is not a part of collection framework
• It is introduced in jdk 1.0
• Methods:
1. public abstract boolean isEmpty()
2. public abstract V put(K key, V value)
3. public abstract int size()
4. public abstract V get(Object key)
5. public abstract V remove(Object key)
6. public abstract Enumeration<K> keys()
7. public abstract Enumeration<V> elements()
• Implementation of Dictionary is Obsolete.

page. 308
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Map<K,V>
• It is part of collection framework but it doesn't extend Collection interface.
• This interface takes the place of the Dictionary class, which was a abstract
class rather than an interface. totally
• HashMap, Hashtable, TreeMap etc are Map collection’s.
• Map collection stores data in key/value pair format.
• In map we can not insert duplicate keys but we can insert
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Map.Entry<K,V> is nested interface of Map<K,V>.
• Following are abstract methods of Map.Entry interface. duplicate values.
1. K getKey()
2. V getValue()
3. V setValue(V value)

Map<K,V>
• Abstract Methods of Map<K,V>
1. boolean isEmpty()
2. V put(K key, V value)
3. void putAll(Map keySet()
4.int Size()
5.boolean containsKey(Object Key)
6.boolean containsValue(Object value)
7.V.get(Object Key)
8.V remove(Object Key)
9.Void clear()
10.Set<K> KeySet()
11.Collection values()
12.Set<Map.Entry> entrySet() V> m)
• An instance, whose type implements Map.Entry interface is called enrty
instance.

page. 309
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hashtable<K,V>
• It is Map collection which extends Dictionary class.
• It can not contain duplicate keys but it can contain duplicate
• In Hashtable, Key and value can not be null.
• It is synchronized collection.
• It is introduced in jdk 1.0
• In Hashtable, if we want to use instance non final type as key should override
equals and hashCode method.

HashMap<K,V>
• It is map collection
• It's implementation is based on Hashtable.
• It can not contain duplicate keys but it can contain duplicate values.
• In HashMap, key and value can be null.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedMap() method,
we can make it synchronized. :-
 Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new HashMap(...));
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2.
• Instantiation 
 Map map = new HashMap<>( );
• Note : In HashMap, if we want to use element of non final type as a key then it
should override equals() and hashCode() method.

LinkedHashMap<K,V>
• It is sub class of HashMap class
• Its implementation is based on LinkedList and Hashtable.
• It is Map collection hence it can not contain duplicate keys but it can contain
duplicate values.
• In LinkedHashMap, key and value can be null.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedMap() method
we can make it synchronized:-
 Map m = Collections.synchronizedMap(new LinkedHashMap(...));
• LinkedHashMap maintains order of entries according to the key.
page. 310
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
• Instantiation:-
 Map map = new LinkedHashMap<>();
• It is introduced in jdk 1.4

TreeMap<K,V>
• It is map collection.
• It can not contain duplicate keys but it can contain duplicate values.
• It TreeMap, key not be null but value can be null.
• Implementation of TreeMap is based on Red-Black Tree.
• It maintains entries in sorted form according to the key.
• It is unsynchronized collection. Using Collections.synchronizedSortedMap()
method, we can make it synchronized. 
 SortedMap m = Collections.synchronizedSortedMap(new
TreeMap(...));
• Instantiation: 
 Map map = new TreeMap<>();
• It is introduced in jdk 1.2
• Note : In TreeMap, if we want to use element of non final type as a key then it
should implement Comparable interface

Programs:-

package com.sunbeaminfo.cj06.collection.test;

import java.util.Collection;
import java.util.Hashtable;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.Map.Entry;
import java.util.Set;

public class Program {

public static Map<Integer, String> getMap( ){
page. 311
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Map<Integer, String> map = new Hashtable<>();
map.put(3005, "DAC");
map.put(2291, "DMC");
map.put(1234, "DESD");
map.put(3579, "DBDA");
map.put(4505, "PREDAC");
return map;
}
private static void printKeys(Map<Integer, String> map) {
Set<Integer> keys = map.keySet();
for (Integer key : keys) {
System.out.println(key);
}
}
private static void printValues(Map<Integer, String> map) {
Collection<String> values = map.values();
for (String value : values) {
System.out.println(value);
}
}
private static void printEntries(Map<Integer, String> map) {
Set<Entry<Integer, String>> entries = map.entrySet();
for (Entry<Integer, String> entry : entries) {
System.out.println(entry.getKey()+" "+entry.getValue());
}
}
private static void findEntry(Map<Integer, String> map, int id) {
Integer key = new Integer(id);
if( map.containsKey(key)) {
String value = map.get(key);
System.out.println(key+" "+value);
}else
System.out.println(key+" not found");
}
private static void removeEntry(Map<Integer, String> map, int id)
{
Integer key = new Integer(id);
if( map.containsKey(key)) {
String value = map.remove(key);
System.out.println(key+" "+value+" is removed");
page. 312
Core Java Notes By ASHOK PATE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
}else
System.out.println(key+" not found");

}
public static void main(String[] args) {
Map<Integer, String> map = Program.getMap();
//Program.printKeys( map );
//Program.printValues( map );
//Program.printEntries( map );
//Program.findEntry( map, 1234 );
Program.removeEntry( map, 1234 );
}
}
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

page. 313
 freelance_Project available to buy contact on 8007592194
SR.NO Project NAME Technology
1 E-Learning HUB React+Springboot+MySql

2 PG MATES React+Springboot+MySql

3 Tour and Travel React+Springboot+MySql

4 Marriage Hall booking React+Springboot+MySql

5 Bus ticket booking Mini Project React+Springboot+MySql

6 Quizz App /Exam Portal Mini Project Springboot,MySql,JSP,Html

7 Event Management System React+Springboot+MySql

8 Hotel Mangement System React+Springboot+MySql

9 Agriculture Web Project React+Springboot+MySql
10 AirLine Reservation System React+Springboot+MySql
11 E-Commerce Web Project React+Springboot+MySql
12 Sport Ground Booking React+Springboot+MySql
13 CharityDonation web project React+Springboot+MySql
14 Hospital Management Project React+Springboot+MySql
15 Online voting System Mini project Springboot,MySql,JSP,Html
16 E-Commerce shop mini project Springboot,MySql,JSP,Html
17 Job Portal web project React+Springboot+MySql
18 Insurance policy Portal React+Springboot+MySql
19 Transpotation Services portal React+Springboot+MySql
20 E-RTO Driving licence portal React+Springboot+MySql
21 doctor Appointment Portal React+Springboot+MySql
22 Online food delivery Project React+Springboot+MySql
23 Muncipal Corporation Management React+Springboot+MySql
24 E-College Portal Project React+Springboot+MySql
25 Gym Management React+Springboot+MySql
X 26 Bike Booking System Portal React+Springboot+MySql
27 Food Waste Management Portal React+Springboot+MySql
28 Online Pizza delivery Portal React+Springboot+MySql
29 Fruite Delivery portal React+Springboot+MySql
30 HomeRental Booking Project React+Springboot+MySql
31 FarmerMarketplace React+Springboot+MySql