Microprocessor Lab Experiment Complexity

these are the experiments of MICROPROCESSORS AND APPLICATION LAB so analyse these
experiments and list these in order from easiest to hardest

1. To write an assembly language program to perform the addition of two 8-bit numbers using
8086.
2. To Perform Subtraction Operation On 8-Bit Data
3. To perform an assembly language on16-Bit number for Multiplication.
4. To Perform division operation on 8-Bit data
5. To Perform an Assembly Language On 16-Bitnumber Addition of Two Numbers.
6. To Perform an assembly Language On 16-Bit Number (B)Subtraction Of Two Numbers
7. Write A program To Arrange Given Numbers In Ascending Order.
8. Write A program To Arrange Given Numbers In Descending Order.
9. Write An Assembly Language Program To Find the Largest Number From Series Of Number.
10. To interface Programmable Interval timer to 8086 and verify the operation of 8253 in six
different modes
11. Write a program to interface programmable peripheral interface (8255) with 8086 to interface
Eight Light emitting diode.

Here’s an analysis and categorization of the experiments based on their complexity, from easiest to
hardest:

Easiest to Hardest:

1. To write an assembly language program to perform the addition of two 8-bit numbers using
8086.
This involves basic arithmetic and is typically the starting point for learning assembly
language programming.
2. To perform subtraction operation on 8-bit data.
Similar to addition, subtraction is straightforward and involves basic use of arithmetic
instructions.
3. To perform an assembly language on 16-bit number addition of two numbers.
Extends the 8-bit addition to 16-bit data, requiring minimal additional understanding of
register pairs.
4. To perform an assembly language on 16-bit number subtraction of two numbers.
Similar to 16-bit addition, but involves subtraction instructions and handling of borrow.
5. To perform division operation on 8-bit data.
Slightly more complex than addition and subtraction, as division may involve remainder
handling.
6. To perform an assembly language on a 16-bit number for multiplication.

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 Multiplication of 16-bit numbers involves slightly more complexity due to the handling of
larger results (32-bit).
7. Write a program to arrange given numbers in ascending order.
Requires looping, comparisons, and swapping logic, making it more complex than basic
arithmetic operations.
8. Write a program to arrange given numbers in descending order.
Similar to ascending order, but involves reversing the comparison logic.
9. Write an assembly language program to find the largest number from a series of numbers.
Involves looping and comparisons, but simpler than sorting as it doesn’t require reordering
the series.
10. Write a program to interface programmable peripheral interface (8255) with 8086 to
interface eight light-emitting diodes.
Requires understanding of hardware interfacing and control logic using the 8255 PPI.
11. To interface a programmable interval timer to 8086 and verify the operation of 8253 in six
different modes.
The most challenging, as it involves understanding the 8253 timer, multiple modes of
operation, and hardware interfacing.

Key Factors in Complexity:

Basic arithmetic (addition, subtraction) is easier than bit manipulation (multiplication, division).
Programs involving control flow (loops, conditions) are moderately difficult.
Hardware interfacing tasks are the hardest due to the need for understanding external devices
and communication protocols.

Would you like detailed guidance on any specific experiment?

i was thinking of performing experiment 2

AIM:-To Perform Subtraction Operation On 8-Bit Data
ASSEMBLYLANGUAGEPROGRAM:- ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA
DATASEGMAENT
NO1DB08H NO2DB06H
DATA ENDS CODESEGMENT START:
ORG500H
MOVAX,DATA MOV DS, AX MOV AL, NO1 MOV BL, NO2 SUB AL, BL
INT21H CODE ENDS END START
RESULT: Subtraction Operation Is Performedon8-Bitdata.

help me understand it explainit to me

Let’s break down and understand your assembly language program for subtraction operation on 8-bit
data:

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Program Structure and Explanation:

AIM:

To subtract two 8-bit numbers stored in memory and perform the operation using the 8086 processor.

Code Analysis

1. ASSUME CS: CODE, DS: DATA

This directive tells the assembler to associate the Code Segment (CS) with the label `CODE` and
the Data Segment (DS) with the label `DATA`.
These segments are used to hold program instructions and data.

2. DATASEGMENT

assembly

DATASEGMENT
NO1 DB 08H
NO2 DB 06H
DATA ENDS

`DATASEGMENT` declares a data segment, where the variables `NO1` and `NO2` are defined.
`NO1 DB 08H` means the first number (`NO1`) is 8H (Hexadecimal 8, equivalent to decimal 8).
`NO2 DB 06H` means the second number (`NO2`) is 6H (Hexadecimal 6, equivalent to decimal
6).
`DATA ENDS` ends the data segment.

3. CODESEGMENT

assembly

CODESEGMENT
START:
ORG 500H

`CODESEGMENT` declares the code segment, where the instructions are stored.
`START:` is the label where execution begins.
`ORG 500H` sets the starting address for the program to 500H (hexadecimal).

4. MOV AX, DATA

assembly

MOV AX, DATA

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 MOV DS, AX

Purpose: Initialize the Data Segment (`DS`).

`MOV AX, DATA`: Loads the address of the `DATA` segment into the `AX` register.
`MOV DS, AX`: Sets the `DS` register to point to the `DATA` segment, enabling access to the variables
`NO1` and `NO2`.

5. MOV AL, NO1

assembly

MOV AL, NO1

MOV BL, NO2

`MOV AL, NO1`: Loads the first number (`NO1`) into the `AL` register.
`MOV BL, NO2`: Loads the second number (`NO2`) into the `BL` register.

6. SUB AL, BL

assembly

SUB AL, BL

Purpose: Perform the subtraction operation.

Subtracts the value in `BL` (06H) from `AL` (08H).
Result = `08H - 06H = 02H`.
The result is stored in the `AL` register.

7. INT 21H

assembly

INT 21H

This is a software interrupt used for terminating the program in some assembler environments.
Here, it simply signals the end of the program.

8. CODE ENDS & END START

assembly

CODE ENDS

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 END START

`CODE ENDS`: Marks the end of the `CODESEGMENT`.

`END START`: Indicates the program's entry point, where execution begins.

RESULT:

After executing the program:

The subtraction operation (`08H - 06H`) is performed.

The result (`02H`) is stored in the `AL` register.

Program Execution Flow:

1. Load the data segment into `DS`.

2. Load the first operand (`NO1`) into `AL`.
3. Load the second operand (`NO2`) into `BL`.
4. Subtract the value in `BL` from `AL` and store the result in `AL`.
5. End the program.

How to Run This Program:

1. Assemble the program using an assembler like TASM (Turbo Assembler).

2. Load it into memory using a debugger like DEBUG or an emulator for 8086 (e.g., Emu8086).
3. Execute the program step-by-step to observe the result in the `AL` register.

Would you like further clarification or assistance with executing this? 😊

there will be a viva that day so i was thinking if you can give me viva questions and answer
according to this experiment

Here is a list of potential viva questions and their answers based on your experiment "Subtraction
Operation on 8-bit Data":

Viva Questions and Answers

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

Answer:
The purpose of this experiment is to perform the subtraction of two 8-bit numbers using assembly
language programming for the 8086 microprocessor and observe the result.

2. What is the significance of the `MOV` instruction in this program?

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Answer:
The `MOV` instruction is used to transfer data between registers, memory, and immediate values. In this
program:

`MOV AX, DATA` loads the starting address of the data segment into the `AX` register.
`MOV DS, AX` initializes the data segment register (`DS`).
`MOV AL, NO1` and `MOV BL, NO2` load the operands into the `AL` and `BL` registers, respectively.

3. Why do we use `SUB AL, BL`?

Answer:
The `SUB` instruction is used to perform subtraction. In this program, it subtracts the content of the `BL`
register (second number) from the `AL` register (first number) and stores the result in `AL`.

4. What is the role of the `INT 21H` instruction?

Answer:
The `INT 21H` instruction is a software interrupt that provides various DOS services. In this program, it is
used to terminate the execution of the program.

5. What is the importance of the `ORG` directive?

Answer:
The `ORG` directive (Origin) specifies the starting address of the code in memory. In this program, `ORG
500H` sets the starting address for the program to 500H.

6. What is the role of the `DS` register in the program?

Answer:
The `DS` register holds the base address of the data segment, which is where the program's variables
(`NO1` and `NO2`) are stored. This allows the microprocessor to access the data during execution.

7. What is the difference between `DB` and `DW` directives?

Answer:

`DB` (Define Byte) reserves 1 byte of memory for storing an 8-bit value.
`DW` (Define Word) reserves 2 bytes of memory for storing a 16-bit value.

8. Why do we use registers like `AL` and `BL` for this program?

Answer:
Registers like `AL` and `BL` are used because they are part of the 8086 microprocessor's general-
purpose registers. They allow faster operations compared to working directly with memory.

9. What happens if the result of the subtraction is negative?

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Answer:
If the result of the subtraction is negative, the Carry Flag (CF) will be set to 1, and the result will be
stored in two's complement form in the `AL` register.

10. How can we modify this program to store the result in memory?

Answer:
To store the result in memory, we can use the `MOV` instruction to transfer the value from the `AL`
register to a memory location, such as:

assembly

MOV RESULT, AL

Where `RESULT` is a variable defined in the data segment.

11. Why is it important to initialize the `DS` register in this program?

Answer:
The 8086 processor requires the `DS` register to point to the base address of the data segment so it can
access variables stored in memory. Without initializing `DS`, the program might access incorrect
memory locations.

12. What is the difference between `8085` and `8086` microprocessors?

Answer:

8085: 8-bit microprocessor, single accumulator, simpler architecture, operates on 8-bit data.
8086: 16-bit microprocessor, supports segmented memory, has multiple general-purpose registers,
and operates on both 8-bit and 16-bit data.

13. What happens if both numbers (`NO1` and `NO2`) are equal?

Answer:
If both numbers are equal, the subtraction result will be zero, and the Zero Flag (ZF) will be set to 1.

14. Can you explain the role of flags in subtraction?

Answer:
Flags affected by subtraction include:

Carry Flag (CF): Set if there is a borrow.

Zero Flag (ZF): Set if the result is zero.
Sign Flag (SF): Set if the result is negative.
Overflow Flag (OF): Set if there is signed overflow.
Parity Flag (PF): Set if the result has an even number of 1s.

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15. How can this program be extended to perform subtraction on 16-bit data?

Answer:
To handle 16-bit data:

1. Use `AX` and `BX` registers instead of `AL` and `BL`.

2. Define the numbers using the `DW` directive instead of `DB`.
3. Adjust instructions accordingly, e.g., `MOV AX, NO1`, `MOV BX, NO2`, `SUB AX, BX`.

These questions should help you confidently handle the viva. Let me know if you need further
clarification! 😊

now can you give me viva questions and answer for all the other experiments also from this subjetct
: MICROPROCESSORS AND APPLICATION

Here’s a comprehensive set of viva questions and answers for all the experiments in
MICROPROCESSORS AND APPLICATION LAB, categorized by each experiment:

Experiment 1: Addition of Two 8-bit Numbers Using 8086

1. What is the purpose of this experiment?

To perform addition of two 8-bit numbers using the 8086 microprocessor.

2. Which instruction is used for addition?

The `ADD` instruction is used to add two numbers.

3. What happens if the result exceeds 8 bits?

If the result exceeds 8 bits, the Carry Flag (CF) is set to 1, indicating an overflow.
4. How can you store the result of addition in memory?
Use the `MOV` instruction to store the result from the accumulator (`AL`) to a memory location.

5. Which flags are affected during addition?

Flags affected include:

Carry Flag (CF): Indicates carry/overflow.

Zero Flag (ZF): Set if the result is zero.
Sign Flag (SF): Indicates the sign of the result.
Parity Flag (PF): Set if the result has an even number of 1s.
Overflow Flag (OF): Indicates signed overflow.

Experiment 2: Subtraction Operation on 8-bit Data

Refer to the detailed viva questions and answers provided earlier.

Experiment 3: Multiplication of 16-bit Numbers Using 8086

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1. Which instruction is used for multiplication?
The `MUL` instruction is used for unsigned multiplication, and `IMUL` is used for signed multiplication.

2. What registers store the result of a 16-bit multiplication?

For 16-bit numbers:

The lower 16 bits of the result are stored in `AX`.

The higher 16 bits (if any) are stored in `DX`.

3. How does the microprocessor handle signed multiplication?

For signed multiplication, the `IMUL` instruction is used, which considers the sign bit during the
operation.

4. Which flags are affected during multiplication?

The Carry Flag (CF) and Overflow Flag (OF) are set if the result exceeds the size of the destination
register.

Experiment 4: Division of 8-bit Data

1. Which instruction is used for division?

The `DIV` instruction is used for unsigned division, and `IDIV` is used for signed division.

2. Where are the quotient and remainder stored after division?

Quotient: Stored in the `AL` register.

Remainder: Stored in the `AH` register.

3. What happens if division by zero occurs?

A division by zero generates a divide error exception.

4. How do signed and unsigned division differ?

Unsigned Division (`DIV`): Treats all bits as magnitude.

Signed Division (`IDIV`): Considers the sign bit for signed numbers.

Experiment 5 & 6: Addition and Subtraction of Two 16-bit Numbers

1. How do 16-bit operations differ from 8-bit operations?

For 16-bit numbers, the `AX` and `BX` registers are used instead of `AL` and `BL`. Larger results (up to
32 bits) must account for overflow into the `DX` register.
2. Which directive defines 16-bit numbers?
The `DW` (Define Word) directive is used for 16-bit numbers.

3. What flags are affected during 16-bit addition/subtraction?

Same as in 8-bit operations: CF, ZF, SF, PF, and OF.

Experiment 7 & 8: Arranging Numbers in Ascending/Descending Order

1. What is the logic behind sorting in assembly?

Sorting involves:

Repeatedly comparing adjacent numbers.

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 Swapping them if they are in the wrong order.
Repeating until all numbers are sorted (e.g., Bubble Sort).

2. Which instructions are essential for sorting?

CMP (Compare): Compares two values.

Jxx (Jump Instructions): Used for conditional branching based on comparison results.
XCHG (Exchange): Swaps the contents of two registers or memory locations.

3. How do you decide ascending vs descending order?

Change the comparison logic:

For ascending: Swap if the first number is greater.

For descending: Swap if the first number is smaller.

Experiment 9: Finding the Largest Number in a Series

1. What is the basic logic to find the largest number?

Initialize a variable to hold the largest number.

Compare each number in the series with this variable.
Replace the variable with the current number if it is larger.

2. Which instructions are used?

CMP (Compare): To compare numbers.

Jxx (Conditional Jumps): To branch based on the comparison result.
MOV (Move): To update the largest number.

3. What happens if all numbers are equal?

The first number in the series will be identified as the largest.

Experiment 10: Interfacing Programmable Interval Timer (8253) with 8086

1. What is the function of the 8253 timer?

The 8253 is used for generating precise time delays or frequencies in six different modes, such as
square wave generation or rate generation.
2. What are the six modes of 8253?

1. Mode 0: Interrupt on Terminal Count.

2. Mode 1: Hardware Retriggerable One-Shot.
3. Mode 2: Rate Generator.
4. Mode 3: Square Wave Generator.
5. Mode 4: Software Triggered Strobe.
6. Mode 5: Hardware Triggered Strobe.

3. How is the 8253 configured?

The 8253 is configured by sending a control word to its control register, which defines the mode,
counter, and read/write operations.

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Experiment 11: Interfacing Programmable Peripheral Interface (8255) with 8086

1. What is the function of the 8255 PPI?

The 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface is used to interface I/O devices (like LEDs) with the
microprocessor. It provides three ports (Port A, Port B, and Port C) that can be programmed for input or
output.
2. How are the ports of 8255 configured?
By sending a control word to the control register:

The control word specifies whether a port is input or output.

It also determines the operational mode (Mode 0, Mode 1, or Mode 2).

3. What is Mode 0 of 8255?

Mode 0 is a simple I/O mode where all ports can be configured as input or output independently.

4. How do you turn on/off LEDs using 8255?

Send data to the port connected to the LEDs.

A high bit (1) turns on the LED, and a low bit (0) turns it off.

General Viva Questions

1. What is the significance of the 8086 microprocessor?

The 8086 is a 16-bit microprocessor that introduced segmented memory architecture, enabling efficient
management of memory and larger programs.
2. What are the general-purpose registers in 8086?

AX, BX, CX, DX: Used for arithmetic, data transfer, and general operations.
SI, DI, BP, SP: Used for addressing and stack operations.

3. What is segmented memory?

Segmented memory divides the memory into segments like Code Segment (CS), Data Segment (DS),
Stack Segment (SS), and Extra Segment (ES), each accessed using a segment register.
4. What is the difference between `MOV` and `LEA` instructions?

`MOV`: Transfers data from one location to another.

`LEA`: Loads the effective address of a memory location into a register.

Let me know if you need further clarification or additional questions! 😊

Viva Questions from MICROPROCESSORS AND APPLICATION

Here is a list of general viva questions and answers for the subject Microprocessors and
Applications. These questions cover various aspects of microprocessors, their architecture,
programming, and interfacing.
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Microprocessor Basics

1. What is a microprocessor?
A microprocessor is an integrated circuit (IC) that functions as the central processing unit (CPU) of a
computer. It performs arithmetic, logical, control, and data transfer operations.
2. What is the difference between a microprocessor and a microcontroller?

Microprocessor: Only the CPU, requires external peripherals for memory, I/O, etc. (e.g., 8086).
Microcontroller: Includes CPU, memory, and I/O ports on a single chip (e.g., 8051).

3. What is the word size of a microprocessor?

The word size refers to the number of bits the microprocessor can process at a time. For example:

8085: 8-bit
8086: 16-bit
Pentium: 32-bit or 64-bit.

4. What are the components of a microprocessor?

ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Performs arithmetic and logical operations.

CU (Control Unit): Directs operations of the processor.
Registers: Temporary storage locations for data and instructions.
System Bus: Connects the processor with memory and peripherals.

5. What is the function of a program counter (PC)?

The program counter holds the address of the next instruction to be executed.

8086 Microprocessor

6. What is the architecture of the 8086 microprocessor?

The 8086 has two main units:

Bus Interface Unit (BIU): Handles memory addressing and data transfer.
Execution Unit (EU): Executes instructions.

7. What are the general-purpose registers in 8086?

AX (Accumulator): Used in arithmetic operations.

BX (Base Register): Used for addressing.
CX (Count Register): Used in loop and string operations.
DX (Data Register): Used in I/O operations and multiplication/division.

8. What is segmented memory in 8086?

Segmented memory divides the memory into four segments:

Code Segment (CS): Stores program instructions.

Data Segment (DS): Stores data.
Stack Segment (SS): Stores return addresses and local variables.
Extra Segment (ES): Additional data storage.

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9. What are segment registers in 8086?
Segment registers hold the base addresses of segments:

CS, DS, SS, ES.

10. How does 8086 calculate the physical address?

The physical address is calculated as:
Physical Address = (Segment Address × 16) + Offset

8086 Assembly Language Programming

11. What are the types of instructions in 8086?

1. Data Transfer Instructions: MOV, PUSH, POP.

2. Arithmetic Instructions: ADD, SUB, MUL, DIV.
3. Logical Instructions: AND, OR, NOT, XOR.
4. Control Transfer Instructions: JMP, CALL, RET.
5. String Instructions: MOVS, CMPS, SCAS.
6. Machine Control Instructions: HLT, NOP.

12. What is the difference between `MOV` and `LEA` instructions?

MOV: Transfers data from one location to another.

LEA: Loads the effective address of a memory location into a register.

13. What is the role of the `INT` instruction?

The `INT` instruction triggers a software interrupt to execute a predefined interrupt service routine
(ISR).
14. What are the condition flags in 8086?
Flags indicate the result of operations:

Carry Flag (CF): Indicates carry/borrow in arithmetic operations.

Zero Flag (ZF): Set if the result is zero.
Sign Flag (SF): Indicates the sign of the result.
Overflow Flag (OF): Indicates signed overflow.
Parity Flag (PF): Set if the result has even parity.

15. How is a loop implemented in assembly language?

Loops are implemented using the `LOOP` instruction, which decrements the `CX` register and jumps to a
label if `CX` is not zero.

Interfacing and Peripherals

16. What is interfacing in microprocessors?

Interfacing connects the microprocessor to external devices like memory, I/O ports, or peripherals.
17. What is the role of the 8255 Programmable Peripheral Interface (PPI)?
The 8255 PPI provides 24 I/O pins divided into three ports (A, B, C) that can be configured for input or
output.

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18. What is the function of the 8253 Programmable Interval Timer?
The 8253 generates precise time delays or frequencies using its three counters, which can operate in six
modes (e.g., square wave generation, rate generation).

19. What is the difference between memory-mapped I/O and I/O-mapped I/O?

Memory-Mapped I/O: Devices are treated as memory locations.

I/O-Mapped I/O: Devices use separate I/O addresses accessed via instructions like `IN` and `OUT`.

20. What is DMA (Direct Memory Access)?

DMA allows peripherals to access memory directly without involving the CPU, increasing data transfer
efficiency.

Advanced Questions

21. What is the difference between RISC and CISC architectures?

RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computing): Simple instructions, faster execution.

CISC (Complex Instruction Set Computing): Complex instructions, slower execution.

22. What is pipelining in microprocessors?

Pipelining is a technique where multiple instructions are overlapped during execution to improve
performance.
23. What are interrupts, and how are they classified?
Interrupts are signals that temporarily halt the CPU to attend to a specific task. They are classified as:

Hardware Interrupts: Triggered by external devices.

Software Interrupts: Triggered by instructions like `INT`.
Maskable and Non-Maskable Interrupts.

24. What is the difference between a hardwired and microprogrammed control unit?

Hardwired Control Unit: Uses fixed logic circuits for control.

Microprogrammed Control Unit: Uses a sequence of microinstructions stored in memory.

25. What is the function of stack in 8086?

The stack is used to store temporary data like return addresses, local variables, and function
parameters. It operates in a LIFO (Last In, First Out) manner.

Practical Oriented Questions

26. How is data transferred between memory and the microprocessor?

Using instructions like `MOV` and address calculation through segment and offset registers.

27. What happens if a program tries to access memory outside its segment?
The processor may generate an exception or access invalid data, depending on the configuration.
28. How do you debug an assembly language program?
Use tools like:

Emulators (e.g., Emu8086) to simulate instructions.

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 Debuggers (e.g., DEBUG in DOS) to step through the program and monitor register/memory
values.

29. What is the role of the `HLT` instruction?

The `HLT` instruction halts the CPU until a hardware interrupt is received.
30. What are the limitations of 8086?

No built-in floating-point operations.

Limited to 1 MB of memory due to 20-bit address bus.
No direct support for multitasking.

These questions provide a strong foundation for any viva related to Microprocessors and Applications.
Let me know if you need more questions or specific clarifications! 😊

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