ABSTRACT

Internet of Things (IoT) is a domain wherein which the transfer of data is taking place
every single second. The security of these data is a challenging task; however, security
challenges can be mitigated with cryptography and steganography techniques. These
techniques are crucial when dealing with user authentication and data privacy. In the
proposed work, the elliptic Galois cryptography protocol is introduced and discussed. In
this protocol, a cryptography technique is used to encrypt confidential data that came
from different medical sources. Next, a Matrix XOR encoding steganography technique
is used to embed the encrypted data into a low complexity image. The proposed work
also uses an optimization algorithm called Adaptive Firefly to optimize the selection of
cover blocks within the image. Based on the results, various parameters are evaluated and
compared with the existing techniques. Finally, the data that is hidden in the image is
recovered and is then decrypted..
 CONTENTS

1.INTRODUCTION 1-5
1.1 Methodology of machine learning algorithms
2.LITERATURE SURVEY 6-10
2.1.System Study
3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS 11-12
3.1 Existing System
3.2 Proposed system
3.3 System requirements
4. SYSTEM DESIGN 13-22
4.1 System Architecture
4.2 Data Flow
4.3 UML diagrams
5. IMPLEMENTATION 23-67
5.1 Input and Output design
5.2 Software Environment
5.3 Sample Code
6. SYSTEM TESTING 68
6.1 Unit Testing
6.2 Integration Testing
6.3 Acceptance Testing
7. SREENSHOT 69-72
8. CONCLUSION 73
9. REFERENCES 74
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig 4.1.1 System Architecture 13

Fig 4.2.1 Data Flow Diagram 15
Fig 4.3.1 UML Diagram 17
Fig 4.3.2 Class Diagram 18
Fig 4.3.3 Sequence Diagram 20
Fig 4.3.4 Activity Diagram 22
 1. INTRODUCTION
THE INTERNET of Things (IoT) is a network of connected vehicles, physical devices, software,
and electronic items that facilitate data exchange. The purpose of IoT is to provide the IT-
infrastructure for the secure and reliable exchange of “Things” [1]. The foundation of IoT mainly
consists of the integration of sensors/actuators, radio frequency identification (RFID) tags, and
communication technologies. The IoT explains how a variety of physical items and devices can
be integrated with the Internet to permit those objects to cooperate and communicate with each
other to reach common goals. The IoT consists mostly of little materials that are associated
together to facilitate collaborative calculating situations. Constraints of the IoT include energy
budget, connectivity, and computational power [2].

Although IoT devices have made life easier, little attention has been given to the security of
these devices. Currently, the focus of developers is to increase the capabilities of these devices,
with little emphasis on the security of the devices. The data that is transferred over the IoT
network is vulnerable to attack. This data is needed to be secured to protect the privacy of the
user. If there is no data security, then there is a possibility of data breach and thus, personal
information can be easily hacked from the system. Some of the important concepts of IoT
involve identification and authentication. These concepts are inter-related to each other as
cryptographic functions that are necessary to ensure that the information is communicated to the
correct device and if the source is trusted or not. With the lack of authentication, a hacker can
easily communicate to any device.

Whenever two devices communicate with each other, there is a transfer of data between them.
The data can also be very sensitive and personal. Therefore, when this sensitive data is moving
from device to device over the IoT network, then there is a need for encryption of the data.
Encryption also helps to protect data from intruders. The data can be easily encrypted with the
help of cryptography, which is the process of converting simple text into unintelligible text. The
primary objectives of cryptography are confidentiality, integrity, nonrepudiation, and
authentication. Elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) is one of the cryptographic algorithms that is
used in the proposed work. ECC is a public key cryptographic technique based on the algebraic
structure of elliptic curves over finite fields.
In addition, to the cryptographic techniques, another method, named steganography is used in the
proposed work which helps to provide additional security to the data. Steganography hides
encrypted messages in such a way that no one would even suspect that an encrypted message
even exists in the first place. In modern digital steganography, encryption of data occurs using
typical cryptographic techniques. Next, a special algorithm helps to insert the data into redundant
data that is part of a file format, such as a JPEG image. The proposed work uses Matrix XOR
steganography to provide additional security. The image block is optimized with the help of
Adaptive Firefly algorithm in which the encrypted data is hidden in a selected block from a huge
image block.
 2. LITERATURE SURVEY

[12], With The development of data techniques the problem of data security becomes
more and more important. The use of data has grown widely in the past years.
Furthermore, many users can easily use tools to synthesize and re-edit multimedia
information. Thus, security has become one of the most important problems for sharing
new information technology. It is necessary to protect this information while
communicated over insecure channels. [6] proposed a model for security enhancing in
image steganography that uses the neural network and visual cryptography. Visual
cryptography is a renowned technique to protect data which is image based. The secret
data is encrypted using AES algorithm. The cover image is divided into blocks and
energy coefficient for each block is identified using IWT. The neural network is used to
identify the best location in host image in order to embed the secret data. LSB embedding
technique is used to embed the secret data into high energy locations of cover image.
Inverse IWT is applied on stego image in order to negate the effects of IWT. Later stego
image is brought back to original shape by using data rearrangement process. During
decryption the 2 shares of image are retrieved and inverse visual cryptography is applied
and later message is extracted and decrypted. [16] proposed a technique for protection of
image in open wireless channel. The secret image is embedded in the cover image using
LSB technique from spatial domain. Then the stego image is divided into 8*8 blocks. The
divided stego image is encrypted by double random phase encoding. Double random
phase encoding transforms the image into white stationary noise. In the first phase of
double random phase the image is multiplied by first random phase mask. Then the,
multiplied image is transferred from time domain to frequency domain by applying
Fourier transform. In the final phase the image is convolved with the second random
phase mask. [14] presented an enhanced safe data transfer scheme in smart Internet of
Things (IoT) environment. They proposed a technique that employ an integrated
approach of steganography and cryptography during data transfer between IoT device &
home server and home server & cloud server. The sensed data from IoT device is
encrypted and embedded in the cover image along with message digest of sensed data
and send to the home server for authentication purpose. At the home server the embedded
message digest and encrypted data version is extracted. The received digest is compared
with newly computed digest to ensure data integrity and authentication. The same
procedure is carried out between home server and cloud server. [2] integrated RSA
cryptography and audio steganography. The secret message is converted to cipher text
using RSA algorithm and the cipher text is hidden in audio using LSB audio technique.
By combining steganography and cryptography it produces the higher level of security.
[7] proposed a new method of image steganography on gray images combined with
cryptography. The secret message is encrypted using Vernam cipher and the message is
embedded in the cover image using LSB with shifting. Here the sender and the receiver
share one-time pad key for Vernam cipher. The authors claim that data.

2.1 SYSTEM STUDY

FEASIBILITY STUDY
The feasibility of the project is analyzed in this phase and business proposal is put forth
with a very general plan for the project and some cost estimates. During system analysis
the feasibility study of the proposed system is to be carried out. This is to ensure that the
proposed system is not a burden to the company. For feasibility analysis, some
understanding of the major requirements for the system is essential.
Three key considerations involved in the feasibility analysis are:
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY
SOCIAL FEASIBILITY

9
ECONOMICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is carried out to check the economic
impact that the system will have on the organization. The amount of fund that the
company can pour into the research and development of the system is limited. The
expenditures must be justified. Thus the developed system as well within the budget and
this was achieved because most of the technologies used are freely available. Only the
customized products had to be purchased.
TECHNICAL FEASIBILITY: This study is carried out to check the technical
feasibility, that is, the technical requirements of the system. Any system developed must
not have a high demand on the available technical resources. This will lead to high
demands on the available technical resources. This will lead to high demands being
placed on the client. The developed system must have a modest requirement, as only
minimal or null changes are required for implementing this system.
SOCIAL FEASIBILITY: The aspect of study is to check the level of acceptance of the
system by the user. This includes the process of training the user to use the system
efficiently. The user must not feel threatened by the system, instead must accept it as a
necessity. The level of acceptance by the users solely depends on the methods that are
employed to educate the user about the system and to make him familiar with it. His level
of confidence must be raised so that he is also able to make some constructive criticism,
which is welcomed, as he is the final user of the system.
 3. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
3.1.EXISTING SYSTEM:
Daniels et al. [3] introduced security microvisor (SμV) middleware, which uses software
virtualization and assembly level code verification to provide memory isolation and custom
security. Banerjee et al. [4] presented energy-efficient datagram transport layer security
(eeDTLS), which is a lowenergy variant of datagram transport layer security (DTLS) that had the
same security strength but a lower energy requirement. Manogaran et al. [5] proposed a system
in which medical sensor devices are embedded in the human body to collect clinical
measurements of patients. Significant changes in respiratory rate, blood pressure, heart rate,
blood sugar, and body temperature that exceed standard levels are detected by the sensors, which
generate an alert message containing relevant health information that is sent to the doctor, with
the help of a wireless network. This system uses a vital management security mechanism to
protect large amounts of data in the industry.
 Sun et al. [6] proposed CloudEyes, a cloud-based antimalware system. The proposed
system provided efficient and trusted security services to the devices in the IoT network. Ukil et
al. [2] studied the requirements of embedded security, provided methods and solutions for
resisting cyber-attacks, and provided technology for tamper proofing the embedded devices
based on the concept of trusted computing.
 Yang et al. [10] proposed the lightweight break-glass access control (LiBAC) system in
which medical files can be encrypted in two ways: 1) attribute-based access and 2) break-glass
access. In standard situations, a medical worker can decrypt and access data if the attribute set
satisfies the access policy of a medical file. In an emergency, a break-glass access mechanism is
used that can bypass the access policy of the medical file so that emergency medical care
workers or rescue workers can access the data in a timely fashion.

Disadvantages
 There is no effective secret key used for data hiding.
 Less security cryptographic techniques have been used.
3.2 PROPOSED SYSTEM:
 The proposed system proposes the elliptic Galois cryptography (EGC) protocol for
protection against data infiltration during transmission over the IoT network. In the proposed
work, different devices in the IoT network transmit data through the proposed protocol as a part
of the controller. The encrypted algorithm within the controller encrypts the data using the EGC
protocol and then the encrypted and secured message is hidden in layers of the image, with help
from the steganography technique.

 The image can then be easily transferred throughout the Internet such that an intruder
cannot extract the message hidden inside the image. Initially, the EGC technique encrypts
confidential data. Subsequently, the encoded secret message is inserted within the image by the
XOR steganography technique. Next, an optimization algorithm called the Adaptive

 Elliptic Galois Cryptography: ECC, commonly known as the public key encryption
technique, is based on elliptic curve theory. The keys are generated by using the properties of
elliptic curve equations instead of traditional methods. The proposed work uses EGC. For
improving the efficiency of calculations and to reduce the complexities of rounding errors, the
elliptic curve over the Galois field (Fa) is used. The value of the Galois field must be greater than
one.
Advantages
 All the fireflies are unisex so that all fireflies are attracted to each other.
 Attractiveness between the fireflies is proportional to their brightness; thus, a less bright
firefly will move toward a brighter one. With increased distance between fireflies, both the
attractiveness and brightness decrease.
 The brightness of a firefly is determined by the landscape of the objective function. Two
important issues persist in the Firefly algorithm: a) formulation of the attractiveness and b) the
variation of light intensity
3.3.SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS:
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS:
➢
• ➢ System : Pentium IV 2.4 GHz.
➢
• ➢ Hard Disk : 40 GB.
➢
• ➢ Floppy Drive : 1.44 Mb.
➢
• ➢ Monitor : 15 VGA Color.
➢
• ➢ Mouse : Logitech.
➢
• ➢ Ram : 512 Mb.

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENTS:
➢
• ➢ Operating system : Microsoft Windows
➢
• ➢ Technology : JAVA
➢
• ➢ IDE : Eclipse
➢
• ➢ Font End :JSP
➢
• ➢ Middleware End :JDBC
➢
• ➢ Coding :JAVA
➢
• ➢ Data Base : MY SQL
12
 4.SYSTEM DESIGN
4.1.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE

Fig 4.1.1 System architecture

4.2.DATA FLOW DIAGRAM:

1. The DFD is also called as bubble chart. It is a simple graphical formalism that can
be used to represent a system in terms of input data to the system, various
processing carried out on this data, and the output data is generated by this
system.
2. The data flow diagram (DFD) is one of the most important modeling tools. It is
used to model the system components. These components are the system process,
the data used by the process, an external entity that interacts with the system and
the information flows in the system.
3. DFD shows how the information moves through the system and how it is
modified by a series of transformations. It is a graphical technique that depicts
information flow and the transformations that are applied as data moves from
input to output.
4. DFD is also known as bubble chart. A DFD may be used to represent a system at
any level of abstraction. DFD may be partitioned into levels that represent
increasing information flow and functional detail.
Fig 4.2.1 data flow diagram

15
4.3.UML DIAGRAMS
UML stands for Unified Modeling Language. UML is a standardized general-purpose
modeling language in the field of object-oriented software engineering. The standard is
managed, and was created by, the Object Management Group.
The goal is for UML to become a common language for creating models of object
oriented computer software. In its current form UML is comprised of two major
components: a Meta-model and a notation. In the future, some form of method or process
may also be added to; or associated with, UML.
The Unified Modeling Language is a standard language for specifying, Visualization,
Constructing and documenting the artifacts of software system, as well as for business
modeling and other non-software systems.
The UML represents a collection of best engineering practices that have proven
successful in the modeling of large and complex systems.
The UML is a very important part of developing objects oriented software and the
software development process. The UML uses mostly graphical notations to express the
design of software projects.

GOALS:
The Primary goals in the design of the UML are as follows:
1. Provide users a ready-to-use, expressive visual modeling Language so that they
can develop and exchange meaningful models.
2. Provide extendibility and specialization mechanisms to extend the core concepts.
3. Be independent of particular programming languages and development process.
4. Provide a formal basis for understanding the modeling language.
5. Encourage the growth of OO tools market.
6. Support higher level development concepts such as collaborations, frameworks,
patterns and components.
7. Integrate best practices.

16
USE CASE DIAGRAM:

A use case diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a type of behavioral
diagram defined by and created from a Use-case analysis. Its purpose is to present a
graphical overview of the functionality provided by a system in terms of actors, their
goals (represented as use cases), and any dependencies between those use cases. The
main purpose of a use case diagram is to show what system functions are performed for
which actor. Roles of the actors in the system can be depicted.

Fig 4.3.1 UML diagram

CLASS DIAGRAM:

In software engineering, a class diagram in the Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a

type of static structure diagram that describes the structure of a system by showing the
system's classes, their attributes, operations (or methods), and the relationships among the
classes. It explains which class contains information

Fig 4.3.2 Class Diagram

SEQUENCE DIAGRAM:

A sequence diagram in Unified Modeling Language (UML) is a kind of interaction

diagram that shows how processes operate with one another and in what order. It is a
construct of a Message Sequence Chart. Sequence diagrams are sometimes called event
diagrams, event scenarios, and timing diagrams.

Fig 4.3.3 Sequence Diagram

 5. IMPLEMENTATION
MODULES:

Sender
In this module, Sender has to login with valid username and password. After login successful he
can do some operations such as Browse and encrypt image, Enter message to hide by secret
encrypted key, Hide message into encrypted image using Cryptography and Steganography
Techniques

Receiver
In this module, there are n numbers of users are present and will do some operations like Browse
and select encrypted image, Decrypt image and extract Hidden data by ,Cryptography and
Steganography Techniques by entering data hidden key, save message or file
IOT Router
The IOT Router acts as a middleware between sender and receiver to receive and re route the
encrypted image to an appropriate Receiver.
5.1.INPUT DESIGN AND OUTPUT DESIGN

INPUT DESIGN

The input design is the link between the information system and the user. It comprises the
developing specification and procedures for data preparation and those steps are
necessary to put transaction data in to a usable form for processing can be achieved by
inspecting the computer to read data from a written or printed document or it can occur
by having people keying the data directly into the system. The design of input focuses on
controlling the amount of input required, controlling the errors, avoiding delay, avoiding
extra steps and keeping the process simple. The input is designed in such a way so that it
provides security and ease of use with retaining the privacy. Input Design considered the
following things:
➢ What data should be given as input?
➢ How the data should be arranged or coded?
➢ The dialog to guide the operating personnel in providing input.
➢ Methods for preparing input validations and steps to follow when error occur.
OBJECTIVES

1.Input Design is the process of converting a user-oriented description of the input into a
computer-based system. This design is important to avoid errors in the data input process
and show the correct direction to the management for getting correct information from
the computerized system

2.It is achieved by creating user-friendly screens for the data entry to handle large volume
of data. The goal of designing input is to make data entry easier and to be free from
errors. The data entry screen is designed in such a way that all the data manipulates can
be performed. It also provides record viewing facilities.

24
3.When the data is entered it will check for its validity. Data can be entered with the help
of screens. Appropriate messages are provided as when needed so that the user will not
be in maize of instant. Thus the objective of input design is to create an input layout that
is easy to follow

OUTPUT DESIGN

A quality output is one, which meets the requirements of the end user and presents the
information clearly. In any system results of processing are communicated to the users
and to other system through outputs. In output design it is determined how the
information is to be displaced for immediate need and also the hard copy output. It is the
most important and direct source information to the user. Efficient and intelligent output
design improves the system’s relationship to help user decision-making.
1. Designing computer output should proceed in an organized, well thought out manner;
the right output must be developed while ensuring that each output element is designed so
that people will find the system can use easily and effectively. When analysis design
computer output, they should Identify the specific output that is needed to meet the
requirements.
2.Select methods for presenting information.

3.Create document, report, or other formats that contain information produced by the
system. The output form of an information system should accomplish one or more of the
following objectives.
➢ Convey information about past activities, current status or projections of the
➢ Future.
➢ Signal important events, opportunities, problems, or warnings.
➢ Trigger an action.
➢ Confirm an action.

25
5.2.SOFTWARE ENVIRONMENT
Java Technology:

Java technology is both a programming language and a platform.

The Java Programming Language:

The Java programming language is a high-level language that can be characterized by all
of the following buzzwords:

➢ Simple
➢ Architecture neutral
➢ Object oriented
➢ Portable
➢ Distributed
➢ High performance
➢ Interpreted
➢ Multithreaded
➢ Robust
➢ Dynamic
➢ Secure

With most programming languages, you either compile or interpret a program so that you
can run it on your computer. The Java programming language is unusual in that a
program is both compiled and interpreted. With the compiler, first you translate a
program into an intermediate language called Java byte codes—the platform-independent
codes interpreted by the interpreter on the Java platform. The interpreter parses and runs
each Java byte code instruction on the computer.Compilation happens just
once,interpretation occurs each time the program is executed.

26
You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java Virtual
Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a development tool or a Web
browser that can run applets, is an implementation of the Java VM. Java byte codes help
make “write once, run anywhere” possible. You can compile your program into byte
codes on any platform that has a Java compiler. The byte codes can then be run on any
implementation of the Java VM. That means that as long as a computer has a Java VM,
the same program written in the Java programming language can run on Windows 2000,
a Solaris workstation, or on an iMac.

The Java Platform

A platform is the hardware or software environment in which a program runs.

27
We’ve already mentioned some of the most popular platforms like Windows 2000,
Linux, Solaris, and MacOS. Most platforms can be described as a combination of the
operating system and hardware. The Java platform differs from most other platforms in
that it’s a software-only platform that runs on top of other hardware-based platforms.

The Java platform has two components:

• The Java Virtual Machine (Java VM)
• The Java Application Programming Interface (Java API)
You’ve already been introduced to the Java VM. It’s the base for the Java platform and is
ported onto various hardware-based platforms.

The Java API is a large collection of ready-made software components that provide many
useful capabilities, such as graphical user interface (GUI) widgets. The Java API is
grouped into libraries of related classes and interfaces; these libraries are known as
packages. The next section, What Can Java Technology Do? Highlights what
functionality some of the packages in the Java API provide.
The following figure depicts a program that’s running on the Java platform. As the figure
shows, the Java API and the virtual machine insulate the program from the hardware.

Native code is code that after you compile it, the compiled code runs on a specific
hardware platform. As a platform-independent environment, the Java platform can be a
bit slower than native code. However, smart compilers, well-tuned interpreters, and just-
in-time byte code compilers can bring performance close to that of native code without
threatening portability.
What can Java Technology do? The most common types of programs written in the
Java programming language are applets and applications.

28
An applet is a program that adheres to certain conventions that allow it to run within a
Java-enabled browser.

However, the Java programming language is not just for writing cute, entertaining applets
for the Web. The general-purpose, high-level Java programming language is also a
powerful software platform. Using the generous API, you can write many types of
programs.
An application is a standalone program that runs directly on the Java platform. A special
kind of application known as a server serves and supports clients on a network. Examples
of servers are Web servers, proxy servers, mail servers, and print servers. Another
specialized program is a servlet. A servlet can almost be thought of as an applet that runs
on the server side. Java Servlets are a popular choice for building interactive web
applications, replacing the use of CGI scripts. Servlets are similar to applets in that they
are runtime extensions of applications. Instead of working in browsers, though, servlets
run within Java Web servers, configuring or tailoring the server.
How does the API support all these kinds of programs? It does so with packages of
software components that provides a wide range of functionality. Every full
implementation of the Java platform gives you the following features:
➢ The essentials: Objects, strings, threads, numbers, input and output, data
structures, system properties, date and time, and so on.
➢ Applets: The set of conventions used by applets.
➢ Networking: URLs, TCP (Transmission Control Protocol), UDP (User Data gram
Protocol) sockets, and IP (Internet Protocol) addresses.
➢ Internationalization: Help for writing programs that can be localized for users
worldwide. Programs can automatically adapt to specific locales and be displayed
in the appropriate language.
➢ Security: Both low level and high level, including electronic signatures, public
and private key management, access control, and certificates.
TM
➢ Software components: Known as JavaBeans , can plug into existing
component architectures.

29
 ➢ Object serialization: Allows lightweight persistence and communication via
Remote Method Invocation (RMI).
TM
➢ Java Database Connectivity (JDBC ): Provides uniform access to a wide
range of relational databases.
The Java platform also has APIs for 2D and 3D graphics, accessibility, servers,
collaboration, telephony, speech, animation, and more. The following figure depicts what
is included in the Java 2 SDK.

How Will Java Technology Change My Life?

We can’t promise you fame, fortune, or even a job if you learn the Java programming
language. Still, it is likely to make your programs better and requires less effort than
other languages.

We believe that Java technology will help you do the following:

Get started quickly: Although the Java programming language is a powerful object-
oriented language, it’s easy to learn, especially for programmers already familiar with C
or C++.

30
Write less code: Comparisons of program metrics (class counts, method counts)
suggest that a program written in the Java programming language can be four times
smaller than the same program in C++.
Write better code: The Java programming language encourages good coding practices,
and its garbage collection helps you avoid memory leaks. Its object orientation, its
JavaBeans component architecture, and its wide-ranging, easily extendible API let you
reuse other people’s tested code and introduce fewer bugs.
Develop programs more quickly: Your development time may be as much as twice as
fast versus writing the same program in C++. Why? You write fewer lines of code and it
is a simpler programming language than C++.
Avoid platform dependencies with 100% Pure Java: You can keep your program
portable by avoiding the use of libraries written in other languages. The 100% Pure
TM
Java Product Certification Program has a repository of historical process manuals,
white papers, brochures, and similar materials online.
Write once, run anywhere: Because 100% Pure Java programs are compiled into
machine-independent byte codes, they run consistently on any Java platform.
Distribute software more easily: You can upgrade applets easily from a central server.
Applets take advantage of the feature of allowing new classes to be loaded “on the fly,”
without recompiling the entire program.
ODBC
Microsoft Open Database Connectivity (ODBC) is a standard programming interface for
application developers and database systems providers.Before ODBC became a de facto
standard for Windows programs to interface with database systems, programmers had to
use proprietary languages for each database they wanted to connect to. Now, ODBC has
made the choice of the database system almost irrelevant from a coding perspective,
which is as it should be.

31
Now, ODBC has made the choice of the database system almost irrelevant from a coding
perspective, which is as it should be. Application developers have much more important
things to worry about than the syntax that is needed to port their program from one
database to another when business needs suddenly change.
Through the ODBC Administrator in Control Panel, you can specify the particular
database that is associated with a data source that an ODBC application program is
written to use. Think of an ODBC data source as a door with a name on it. Each door will
lead you to a particular database. For example, the data source named Sales Figures
might be a SQL Server database, whereas the Accounts Payable data source could refer
to an Access database. The physical database referred to by a data source can reside
anywhere on the LAN.
The ODBC system files are not installed on your system by Windows 95. Rather, they
are installed when you setup a separate database application, such as SQL Server Client
or Visual Basic 4.0. When the ODBC icon is installed in Control Panel, it uses a file
called ODBCINST.DLL. It is also possible to administer your ODBC data sources
through a stand-alone program called ODBCADM.EXE. There is a 16-bit and a 32-bit
version of this program and each maintains a separate list of ODBC data sources.
From a programming perspective, the beauty of ODBC is that the application can be
written to use the same set of function calls to interface with any data source, regardless
of the database vendor. The source code of the application doesn’t change whether it
talks to Oracle or SQL Server. We only mention these two as an example. There are
ODBC drivers available for several dozen popular database systems. Even Excel
spreadsheets and plain text files can be turned into data sources. The operating system
uses the Registry information written by ODBC Administrator to determine which low-
level ODBC drivers are needed to talk to the data source (such as the interface to Oracle
or SQL Server).

32
The advantages of this scheme are so numerous that you are probably thinking there must
be some catch. The only disadvantage of ODBC is that it isn’t as efficient as talking
directly to the native database interface. ODBC has had many detractors make the charge
that it is too slow. Microsoft has always claimed that the critical factor in performance is
the quality of the driver software that is used. In our humble opinion, this is true. The
availability of good ODBC drivers has improved a great deal recently. And anyway, the
criticism about performance is somewhat analogous to those who said that compilers
would never match the speed of pure assembly language. Maybe not, but the compiler (or
ODBC) gives you the opportunity to write cleaner programs, which means you finish
sooner. Meanwhile, computers get faster every year.

JDBC
In an effort to set an independent database standard API for Java; Sun Microsystems
developed Java Database Connectivity, or JDBC. JDBC offers a generic SQL database
access mechanism that provides a consistent interface to a variety of RDBMSs. This
consistent interface is achieved through the use of “plug-in” database connectivity
modules, or drivers. If a database vendor wishes to have JDBC support, he or she must
provide the driver for each platform that the database and Java run on.
To gain a wider acceptance of JDBC, Sun based JDBC’s framework on ODBC. As you
discovered earlier in this chapter, ODBC has widespread support on a variety of
platforms. Basing JDBC on ODBC will allow vendors to bring JDBC drivers to market
much faster than developing a completely new connectivity solution.
JDBC was announced in March of 1996. It was released for a 90 day public review that
ended June 8, 1996. Because of user input, the final JDBC v1.0 specification was
released soon after.
The remainder of this section will cover enough information about JDBC for you to know
what it is about and how to use it effectively. This is by no means a complete overview of
JDBC.

33
JDBC Goals
Few software packages are designed without goals in mind. JDBC is one that, because of
its many goals, drove the development of the API. These goals, in conjunction with early
reviewer feedback, have finalized the JDBC class library into a solid framework for
building database applications in Java.
The goals that were set for JDBC are important. They will give you some insight as to
why certain classes and functionalities behave the way they do. The eight design goals
for JDBC are as follows:

1. SQL Level API

The designers felt that their main goal was to define a SQL interface for Java.
Although not the lowest database interface level possible, it is at a low enough level
for higher-level tools and APIs to be created. Conversely, it is at a high enough level
for application programmers to use it confidently. Attaining this goal allows for
future tool vendors to “generate” JDBC code and to hide many of JDBC’s
complexities from the end user.

2. SQL Conformance
SQL syntax varies as you move from database vendor to database vendor. In an effort
to support a wide variety of vendors, JDBC will allow any query statement to be
passed through it to the underlying database driver. This allows the connectivity
module to handle non-standard functionality in a manner that is suitable for its users.
3.JDBC must be implemental on top of common database interfaces
The JDBC SQL API must “sit” on top of other common SQL level APIs. This goal
allows JDBC to use existing ODBC level drivers by the use of a software interface.
This interface would translate JDBC calls to ODBC and vice versa.

4.Provide a Java interface that is consistent with the rest of the Java system
Because of Java’s acceptance in the user community thus far, the designers feel that
they should not stray from the current design of the core Java system.

34
5.Keep it simple
This goal probably appears in all software design goal listings. JDBC is no exception.
Sun felt that the design of JDBC should be very simple, allowing for only one method of
completing a task per mechanism. Allowing duplicate functionality only serves to
confuse the users of the API.

6.Use strong, static typing wherever possible

Strong typing allows for more error checking to be done at compile time; also, less error
appear at runtime.

7.Keep the common cases simple

Because more often than not, the usual SQL calls used by the programmer are simple
SELECT’s, INSERT’s, DELETE’s and UPDATE’s, these queries should be simple to
perform with JDBC. However, more complex SQL statements should also be possible.
Finally we decided to proceed the implementation using Java Networking and for
dynamically updating the cache table we go for MS Access database.
Java have two things: a programming language and a platform.
Java is a high-level programming language that is all of the following

Simple Architecture-neutral
Object-oriented Portable
Distributed High-performance
Interpreted multithreaded
Robust Dynamic
Secure
Java is also unusual in that each Java program is both compiled and
interpreted.

35
 JavaProgram Interpreter

Compilers My Program

You can think of Java byte codes as the machine code instructions for the Java
Virtual Machine (Java VM). Every Java interpreter, whether it’s a Java
development tool or a Web browser that can run Java applets, is an
implementation of the Java VM. The Java VM can also be implemented in
hardware.

Java byte codes help make “write once, run anywhere” possible. You can
compile your Java program into byte codes on my platform that has a Java
compiler. The byte codes can then be run any implementation of the Java VM.
For example, the same Java program can run Windows NT, Solaris,and
Macintosh.
Networking:

TCP/IP stack

The TCP/IP stack is shorter than the OSI one:

36
 TCP is a connection-oriented protocol; UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is a
connectionless protocol.

IP datagram’s

The IP layer provides a connectionless and unreliable delivery system. It considers each
datagram independently of the others. Any association between datagram must be
supplied by the higher layers. The IP layer supplies a checksum that includes its own
header. The header includes the source and destination addresses. The IP layer handles
routing through an Internet. It is also responsible for breaking up large datagram into
smaller ones for transmission and reassembling them at the other end

UDP
UDP is also connectionless and unreliable. What it adds to IP is a checksum for the
contents of the datagram and port numbers. These are used to give a client/server model.
.

37
TCP

TCP supplies logic to give a reliable connection-oriented protocol above IP. It provides a
virtual circuit that two processes can use to communicate.
Internet addresses

In order to use a service, you must be able to find it. The Internet uses an address scheme
for machines so that they can be located. The address is a 32 bit integer which gives the
IP address. This encodes a network ID and more addressing. The network ID falls into
various classes according to the size of the network address.
Network address

Class A uses 8 bits for the network address with 24 bits left over for other addressing.
Class B uses 16 bit network addressing. Class C uses 24 bit network addressing and class
D uses all 32.

Subnet address

Internally, the UNIX network is divided into sub networks. Building 11 is currently on
one sub network and uses 10-bit addressing, allowing 1024 different hosts.
Host address

8 bits are finally used for host addresses within our subnet. This places a limit of 256
machines that can be on the subnet.
Total address

The 32 bit address is usually written as 4 integers separated by dots.

38
Port addresses

A service exists on a host, and is identified by its port. This is a 16 bit number. To send a
message to a server, you send it to the port for that service of the host that it is running
on. This is not location transparency! Certain of these ports are "well known".
Sockets

A socket is a data structure maintained by the system to handle network connections. A

socket is created using the call socket. It returns an integer that is like a file descriptor. In
fact, under Windows, this handle can be used with Read File and Write File functions.
#include <sys/types.h>

#include <sys/socket.h>

#int socket(int family, int type, int protocol);

Here "family" will be AF_INET for IP communications, protocol will be zero, and type
will depend on whether TCP or UDP is used. Two processes wishing to communicate
over a network create a socket each. These are similar to two ends of a pipe - but the
actual pipe does not yet exist.
JFree Chart

JFreeChart is a free 100% Java chart library that makes it easy for developers to display
professional quality charts in their applications. JFreeChart's extensive feature set
includes:
A consistent and well-documented API, supporting a wide range of chart types.A flexible
design that is easy to extend,and targets both server-side and client-side applications.
Support for many output types,including swing components,image files (including PNG
and JPEG), graphics file formats (including PDF, EPS and SVG).
JFreeChart is "open source" or, more specifically, free software. It is distributed under the
terms of the GNU Lesser General Public License (LGPL), which permits use in
proprietary applications.

39
1.Map Visualizations:

Charts showing values that relate to geographical areas. Some examples include: (a)
population density in each state of the United States, (b) income per capita for each
country in Europe, (c) life expectancy in each country of the world. The tasks in this
project include Sourcing freely redistributable vector outlines for the countries of the
world, states/provinces in particular countries (USA in particular, but also other areas).
Creating an appropriate dataset interface (plus default implementation), a rendered, and
integrating this with the existing XYPlot class in JFreeChart;

2.Time Series Chart Inactivity:

Implement a new (to JFreeChart) feature for interactive time series charts to display a
separate control that shows a small version of ALL the time series data, with a sliding
"view" rectangle that allows you to select the subset of the time series data to display in
the main chart.
3.Dashboards:

There is currently a lot of interest in dashboard displays. Create a flexible dashboard

mechanism that supports a subset of JFreeChart chart types (dials, pies, thermometers,
bars, and lines/time series) that can be delivered easily via both Java Web Start and an
applet.
4.Property editors:

The property editor mechanism in JFreeChart only handles a small subset of the
properties that can be set for charts. Extend (or re-implement) this mechanism to provide
greater end-user control over the appearance of the charts.
J2ME (Java 2 Micro edition):-

Sun Microsystems defines J2ME as "a highly optimized Java run-time environment
targeting a wide range of consumer products, including pagers, cellular phones, screen-
phone.

40
1. General J2ME architecture

J2ME uses configurations and profiles to customize the Java Runtime Environment
(JRE). As a complete JRE, J2ME is comprised of a configuration, which determines the
JVM used, and a profile, which defines the application by adding domain-specific
classes. The configuration defines the basic run-time environment as a set of core classes
and a specific JVM that run on specific types of devices. We'll discuss configurations in
detail in the Theprofile defines the application; specifically, it adds domain-specific
classes to the J2ME configuration to define certain uses for devices. We'll cover profiles
in depth in the The following graphic depicts the relationship between the different
virtual machines, configurations, and profiles. It also draws a parallel with the J2SE API
and its Java virtual machine. While the J2SE virtual machine is generally referred to as a
JVM, the J2ME virtual machines, KVM and CVM, are subsets of JVM. Both KVM and
CVM can be thought of as a kind of Java virtual machine -- it's just that they are
shrunken versions of the J2SE JVM and are specific to J2ME.

41
2.Developing J2ME applications:

Introduction In this section, we will go over some considerations you need to keep in
mind when developing applications for smaller devices. We'll take a look at the way the
compiler is invoked when using J2SE to compile J2ME applications. Finally, we'll
explore packaging and deployment and the role preverification plays in this process.

3.Design considerations for small devices:

Developing applications for small devices requires you to keep certain strategies in mind
during the design phase. It is best to strategically design an application for a small device
before you begin coding. Correcting the code because you failed to consider all of the
"gotchas" before developing the application can be a painful process. Here are some
design strategies to consider:
➢ Keep it simple. Remove unnecessary features, possibly making those features a
separate, secondary application.
➢ Smaller is better. This consideration should be a "no brainer" for all developers.
Smaller applications use less memory on the device and require shorter installation times.
Consider packaging your Java applications as compressed Java Archive (jar) files.
➢ Minimize run-time memory use. To minimize the amount of memory used at run time,
use scalar types in place of object types. Also, do not depend on the garbage collector.
You should manage the memory efficiently yourself by setting object references to null
when you are finished with them. Another way to reduce run-time memory is to use lazy
instantiation, only allocating objects on an as-needed basis. Other ways of reducing
overall and peak memory use on small devices are to release resources quickly, reuse
objects, and avoid exceptions.
4.Configurations overview:The configuration defines the basic run-time environment as
a set of core classes and a specific JVM that run on specific types of devices.
Currently, two configurations exist for J2ME, though others may be defined in the future:

➢ Connected Limited Device Configuration (CLDC)is used specifically with the KVM
for 16-bit or 32-bit devices with limited amounts of memory. This is the configuration
(and the virtual machine) used for developing small J2ME applications.

42
Its size limitations make CLDC more interesting and challenging (from a development
point of view) than CDC. CLDC is also the configuration that we will use for
developing our drawing tool application. An example of a small wireless device running
small applications is a Palm hand-held computer.
➢ Connected Device Configuration (CDC)is used with the C virtual machine (CVM)
and is used for 32-bit architectures requiring more than 2 MB of memory. An example of
such a device is a Net TV box.
5.J2ME profiles

What is a J2ME profile?

As we mentioned earlier in this tutorial, a profile defines the type of device supported.
The Mobile Information Device Profile (MIDP), for example, defines classes for cellular
phones. It adds domain-specific classes to the J2ME configuration to define uses for
similar devices. Two profiles have been defined for J2ME and are built upon CLDC:
KJava and MIDP. Both KJava and MIDP are associated with CLDC and smaller devices.
Profiles are built on top of configurations. Because profiles are specific to the size of the
device (amount of memory) on which an application runs, certain profiles are associated
with certain configurations.A skeleton profile upon which you can create your own
profile, the Foundation Profile, is available for CDC.
Profile 1: KJava KJava is Sun's proprietary profile and contains the KJava API. The
KJava profile is built on top of the CLDC configuration. The KJava virtual machine,
KVM, accepts the same byte codes and class file format as the classic J2SE virtual
machine. KJava contains a Sun-specific API that runs on the Palm OS.
The KJava API has a great deal in common with the J2SE Abstract Windowing Toolkit
(AWT). However, because it is not a standard J2ME package, its main package is
com.sun.kjava. We'll learn more about the KJava API later in this tutorial when we
develop some sample applications.
Profile 2: MIDP

MIDP is geared toward mobile devices such as cellular phones and pagers. The MIDP,
like KJava, is built upon CLDC and provides a standard run-time environment that
allows new applications and services to be deployed dynamically on end user devices.
43
MIDP is a common, industry-standard profile for mobile devices that is not dependent on
a specific vendor. It is a complete and supported foundation for mobile application
development.
MIDP contains the following packages, the first three of which are core CLDC packages,
plus three MIDP-specific packages.

➢ java.lang

➢ java.io

➢ java.util

➢ javax.microedition.io

➢ javax.microedition.lcdui

➢ javax.microedition.midlet

➢ javax.microedition.rms

44
5.3.SAMPLE CODE
ADMIN LOGIN PAGE CODE:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>

<title>BankAdminLoginPage</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8" />

<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/coin-slider.css" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-yui.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-quicksand.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>

<style type="text/css">

<!--

.style1 {

font-size: 24px;

color: #FF0000;

.style3 {color: #333333}

.style4 {color: #CC6600}

45
 .style6 {color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold;} -->

</style> </head><body>

<div class="main">

<div class="header">

<div class="header_resize">

<div class="logo">

<h1 align="center"><a href="index.html" class="style1">Credit card fraud detection

using AdaBoost and majority voting</a></h1> </div>

<div class="menu_nav">

<ul>

<li><a href="index.html"><span>Home Page</span></a></li>

<li class="active"><a href="AdminLogin.jsp"><span>Bank Admin</span></a></li>

<li><a href="EcommerceLogin.jsp"><span>Ecommerce</span></a></li>

<li><a href="UserLogin.jsp"><span>User</span></a></li>

</u> </div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="slider">

<div id="coin-slider"><a href="#"><img src="images/slide1.jpg" width="935"

height="285" alt="" /> </a><a href="#"><img src="images/slide2.jpg" width="935"
height="285" alt="" /> </a><a href="#"><img src="images/slide3.jpg" width="935"
height="285" alt="" /> </a> </div>

<div class="class”> </div>

<div class="clr"></div> </div>

<div class="content">

<div class="content_resize"> <div class="mainbar">

46
<div class="article">

<h2 class="style4" style="color:#CC6600">Welcome To Bank Admin Login..</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="post_content">

<p align="center"><img src="images/Login.png" width="237" height="133" /></p>

<form id="form1" name="form1" method="post"

action="Authentication.jsp?type=<%="bankadmin"%>"

<table width="464" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2"> <tr>

<td width="170" height="33"><div align="justify"

class="style6">Select Bank(required)</div></td>

<td width="274"><label>

<select name="bank">

<option>SBI Bank</option>

<option>Karnataka Bank</option>

<option>Corporation Bank</option>

<option>Canara Bank</option>

<option>Indian Bank</option>

</select>

</label></td> </tr>

<tr>

<td width="200" height="46" align="center"><div align="justify"

class="style6"><span class="style34">

<label for="name">Bank Admin Name

(required)</label> </span></div> </td>

47
<td width="253"><input id="name" name="adminid" class="text" /></td> </tr>

<tr>

<td height="30" align="center"><div align="justify" class="style6">

<label for="pass">Password (required)</label>

</div></td>

<td><input type="password" id="pass" name="pass" class="text" /></td></tr>

<tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td>

</tr>

<tr><td>&nbsp;</td>

<td><input name="imageField" type="submit" class="LOGIN" id="imageField"

value="Login" />

<span class="style3">New Bank Admin?</span>

<span class="style4"><ahref="AdminRegister.jsp"class="style4"> <b>Register</b>

</a></span></td></tr> <tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td> </tr>

</table> </form> </div>

<div class="clr"></div> </div> </div> <div class="sidebar">

<div class="searchform">

<form id="formsearch" name="formsearch" method="post" action="#">

<span>

<input name="editbox_search" class="editbox_search"

id="editbox_search" maxlength="80" value="Search our ste:" type="text"/>

</span>

48
<input name="button_search" src="images/search.gif" class="button_search"
type="image" />

</form> </div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="gadget">

<h2 class="star"><span>Sidebar</span>Menu</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<ul class="sb_menu">

<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>

<li><a href="AdminLogin.jsp">Bank Admin</a></li> <li>

<a href="EcommerceLogin.jsp">Ecommerce</a></li>

<li><a href="UserLogin.jsp">User</a></li>

</ul> </div> </div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="footer"></div>

</div>

<div align=center></div>

</body>

</html>

49
USER LOGIN PAGE CODE:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head>

<title>UserLoginPage</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>

<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/coin-slider.css" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-yui.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-quicksand.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>

<style type="text/css">

<!--

.style1 {

font-size: 24px;

color: #FF0000;}

.style3 {color: #333333}

.style4 {color: #CC6600}

.style5 {color: #FF0000}

.style9 {color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold; } -- >

50
</style> </head>

<body>

<div class="main">

<div class="header">

<div class="header_resize">

<div class="logo">

<h1 align="center"><a href="index.html" class="style1">Credit card fraud detection

using AdaBoost and majority voting</a></h1>

</div>

<div class="menu_nav">

<ul>

<li><a href="index.html"><span>Home Page</span></a></li>

<li><a href="AdminLogin.jsp"><span>Bank Admin</span></a></li>

<li><a href="EcommerceLogin.jsp"><span>Ecommerce</span></a></li>

<li class="active"><a href="UserLogin.jsp"><span>User</span></a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="slider">

<div id="coin-slider"> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide1.jpg" width="935"

height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide2.jpg"
width="935" height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img
src="images/slide3.jpg" width="935" height="285" alt="" /> </a> </div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

51
<div class="clr"></div>

</div></div> <div class="content">

<div class="content_resize">

<div class="mainbar">

<div class="article">

<h2 class="style4" style="color:#CC6600">Welcome To User Login..</h2>

<p class="style4" style="color:#CC6600"><img src="images/Login.png" width="228"

height="145" /></p>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="post_content">

<form id="form1" name="form1" method="post"

action="Authentication.jsp?type=<%="user"%>">

<table width="570" border="0" align="left" cellpadding="2"

cellspacing="2"> <tr>

<td width="185" align="center" valign="middle"><label for="email">

<div align="center" class="style4 style3">Select Bank (required)</div>

</label></td>

<td><p align="left">

<select name="bank">

<option>Select</option>

<option>SBI Bank</option>

<option>Karnataka Bank</option>

<option>Corporation Bank</option>

<option>Canara Bank</option>

52
<option>Indian Bank</option>

<tr>

<td height="46" align="center" valign="middle"><span class="style5 style35"><strong>

<label for="label"> </label>

</strong></span>

<span class="style9"><label for="label">

</span><div align="center" class="style5 style35"><strong>User Name

(required)</strong></div>

<span class="style9"></label>

<label for="name"></label>

</span></td>

<td width="371"><input id="name" name="userid" class="text" /></td>

<td height="40" align="center" valign="middle"><span class="style5 style35"><strong>

<label for="email"> </label>

</strong></span> <span class="style9">

<label for="email">

</span>

<div align="center" class="style5 style35"><strong>Password

(required)</strong></div> <span class="style9">

</label>

</span></td>

<td><input type="password" id="pass" name="pass" class="text"/></td>

</tr> <tr>

53
<td height="47">&nbsp;</td>

<td><input name="imageField" type="submit" class="LOGIN" id="imageField"

value="Login" />

<a href="UserRegister.jsp" class="style30"> Register </a></strong></span></td>

<tr>

<td height="49"></td>

</tr>

</table>

</form>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="sidebar">

<div class="searchform">

<form id="formsearch" name="formsearch" method="post" action="#">

<span>

<input name="editbox_search" class="editbox_search" id="editbox_search"

maxlength="80" value="Search our ste:" type="text" />

</span>

<input name="button_search" src="images/search.gif" class="button_search"

type="image" />

</form>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="gadget">

54
<h2 class="star"><span>Sidebar</span> Menu</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<ul class="sb_menu">

<li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li>

</ul>

</div></div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

</div>

<div class="footer"></div>

</div>

<div align=center></div>

</body>

</html>

Ecommerce login page code:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" >

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml"> <head>

<title>EcommerceLoginPage</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>

<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/coin-slider.css" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-yui.js"></script>

55
<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-quicksand.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>

<style type="text/css">

<!--

.style1 {

font-size: 24px;

color: #FF0000;

.style3 {color: #333333}

.style4 {color: #CC6600}

.style5 {color: #FF0000}

.style7 {color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold; } -->

</style> </head> <body>

<div class="main">

<div class="header">

<div class="header_resize">

<div class="logo">

<h1 align="center"><a href="index.html" class="style1">Credit card fraud detection

using AdaBoost and majority voting</a></h1>

</div>

<div class="menu_nav">

56
<ul>

<li>< href="index.html"><span>Home Page</span></a></li>

<li><a href="AdminLogin.jsp"><span>Bank Admin</span></a></li>

<li class="active"><a href="EcommerceLogin.jsp"><span>Ecommerce</span></a></li>

<li><a href="UserLogin.jsp"><span>User</span></a></li>

</ul>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="slider">

<div id="coin-slider"> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide1.jpg" width="935"

height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide2.jpg" width="935"
height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide3.jpg" width="935"
height="285" alt="" /> </a> </div> <div class="clr"></div></div>

<div class="clr"></div> </div></div>

<div class="content">

<div class="content_resize">

<div class="mainbar">

<div class="article">

<h2 class="style4" style="color:#CC6600">Welcome To Ecommerce User Login..</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="post_content">

<p><img src="images/Login.png" width="227" height="151" /></p>

<form id="form1" name="form1" method="post"

action="Authentication.jsp?type=<%="euser"%>">

<table width="464" border="0" cellspacing="2" cellpadding="2">

57
<tr>

<td width="197" height="46" align="center"><span class="style34">

<label for="name"><span class="style4 style3">Select Ecommerce Website</span>

</label>

</span> </td>

<td width="253"><select id="s2" name="esite" style="width:150px;" class="text">

<option>--Select--</option>

<option>Amazon</option>

<option>Flipkart</option>

<option>Snapdeal</option>

<option>ebay</option>

</select></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td width="197" height="46" align="center"><span class="style34">

<span class="style7">

<label for="name">User Name (required)</label>

</span> </span> </td>

<td width="253"><input id="name" name="euserid" class="text" /></td>

</tr>

<tr>

<td height="40" align="center" class="style5 style34"><span

class="style5"><strong>Password (required)</strong></span></td>

<td><input type="password" id="pass" name="pass" class="text" /></td>

58
</tr><tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

<td>&nbsp;</td>

</tr><tr><td>&nbsp;</td>

<td><span class="style16">

<input name="imageField" type="submit" class="LOGIN" id="imageField" value="Login"

/>

<span class="style5"> New User?</span></span><a href="EcommerceRegister.jsp"

class="style30"><strong> Register </strong></a></td>

</tr> <tr>

<td>&nbsp;</td><td>&nbsp;</td></tr>

</table></form></div>

<div class="clr"></div></div></div><div class="sidebar">

<div class="searchform">

<form id="formsearch" name="formsearch" method="post" action="#">

<span>

<input name="editbox_search" class="editbox_search" id="editbox_search"

maxlength="80" value="Search our ste:" type="text" />

</span>

<input name="button_search" src="images/search.gif" class="button_search"

type="image" />

</form>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="gadget">

59
<h2 class="star"><span>Sidebar</span> Menu</h2>

<div class="clr"></div><ul class="sb_menu"> <li><a

href="index.html">Home</a></li>

</ul> </div></div><div class="clr"></div>

</div></div>

<div class="footer"></div> </div>

<div align=center></div>

</body>

</html>

User registration page code:

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN"

"http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd">

<html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml">

<head><title>UserRegistrationPage</title>

<meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/>

<link href="css/style.css" rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" />

<link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="css/coin-slider.css" />

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-yui.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/cufon-quicksand.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/jquery-1.4.2.min.js"></script> <script

type="text/javascript" src="js/script.js"></script>

<script type="text/javascript" src="js/coin-slider.min.js"></script>

<style type="text/css">

60
<!--

.style1 {

font-size: 24px;

color: #FF0000; }

.style3 {color: #333333}

.style4 {color: #CC6600}

.style5 {color: #FF0000}

.style7 {color: #FF0000; font-weight: bold; }-->

</style> </head> <body>

<div class="main">

<div class="header">

<div class="header_resize">

<div class="logo">

<h1 align="center"><a href="index.html" class="style1">Credit card fraud detection

using AdaBoost and majority voting</a></h1></div>

<div class="menu_nav"><ul>

<li class="active"><a href="index.html"><span>Home Page</span></a></li>

<li><a href="AdminLogin.jsp"><span>Bank Admin</span></a></li>

<li><a href="EcommerceLogin.jsp"><span>Ecommerce</span></a></li>

<li><a href="UserLogin.jsp"><span>User</span></a></li>

<li><a href="#"><span>Contact Us</span></a></li>

</ul></div>

<div class="clr"></div><div class="slider">

61
<div id="coin-slider"> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide1.jpg" width="935"
height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img src="images/slide2.jpg"
width="935" height="285" alt="" /> </a> <a href="#"><img
src="images/slide3.jpg" width="935" height="285" alt="" /> </a> </div>

<div class="clr"></div>

</div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="content">

<div class="content_resize">

<div class="mainbar">

<div class="article">

<h2 class="style4" style="color:#CC6600">Welcome To User Registration..!</h2>

<p class="style4" style="color:#CC6600"><img src="images/Register.jpg" width="226"

height="130" /></p>

<p class="style4" style="color:#CC6600">&nbsp;</p>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="post_content">

<form action="UserRegisterStatus.jsp" method="post" id="" enctype="multipart/form-

data"> <label for="name"><span class="style4"><span class="style4 style3">Select Bank
(required)</span>

<select name="bank">

<option>Select</option>

<option>SBI Bank</option>

<option>Karnataka Bank</option>

<option>Corporation Bank</option>

62
<option>Canara Bank</option>

<option>Indian Bank</option>

</select>

</span></label><br/><br/>

<span class="style3">

<label for="name">

<span class="style7">User Name (required)</span></label> </span>

<p class="style7"></p>

<span class="style7">

<label for="password">Password

(required)</label></span> <p class="style7">

<input type="password" id="password" name="pass" class="text" /> </p>

<span class="style7">

<label for="email">Email Address (required)</label></span>

<p class="style7">

<input id="email" name="email" class="text" /> </p>

<span class="style7">

<label for="mobile">Mobile Number (required)</label>

</span>

<p class="style7">

<input id="mobile" name="mobile" class="text"/></p>

<span class="style7">

<label for="address">Your Address</label></span>

63
<textarea id="address" name="address" rows="2" cols="50"></textarea>

<span class="style7">

<label for="dob">Date of Birth (required)<br/>

</label> <p class="style7">

<input id="dob" name="dob" class="text" />

</p><span class="style7">

<label for="gender">Select Gender

(required)</label></span> <p class="style7">

<select id="s1" name="gender" style="width:480px;" class="text">

<option>--Select--</option>

<option>MALE</option>

<option>FEMALE</option>

</select></p>

<span class="style7">

<label for="pic">Select Profile Picture(required)</label>

</span><span class="style5"><label for="pic"></label>

</span><span class="style4"><label for="pic"></label>

</span><span class="style4">

<input type="file" id="pic" name="pic" class="text" /></span><p> <br />

<input name="submit" type="submit" value="REGISTER" /></p></form><p>&nbsp;</p>

<div align="left"><a href="UserLogin.jsp" class="style39">Back</a></div> </div> <div

class="clr"></div></div></div>

<div class="sidebar"><div class="searchform">

64
 <form id="formsearch" name="formsearch" method="post" action="#"><span>

<input name="editbox_search" class="editbox_search" id="editbox_search"

maxlength="80" value="Search our ste:" type="text" /></span>

<input name="button_search" src="images/search.gif" class="button_search"

type="image" />

</form></div>

<div class="clr"></div>

<div class="gadget"> <h2 class="star"><span>Sidebar</span> Menu</h2>

<div class="clr"></div>

<ul class="sb_menu"><li><a href="index.html">Home</a></li></ul></div></div>

<div class="clr"></div></div></div><div class="footer"></div></div><div

align=center></div></div>

</body>

</html>

65
 6.SYSTEM TESTING
The purpose of testing is to discover errors. Testing is the process of trying to discover
every conceivable fault or weakness in a work product. It provides a way to check the
functionality of components, sub assemblies, assemblies and/or a finished product It is
the process of exercising software with the intent of ensuring that theSoftware system
meets its requirements and user expectations and does not fail in an unacceptable manner.
There are various types of test. Each test type addresses a specific testing requirement.

TYPES OF TESTS
Unit testing
Unit testing involves the design of test cases that validate that the internal program logic
is functioning properly, and that program inputs produce valid outputs. All decision
branches and internal code flow should be validated. It is the testing of individual
software units of the application .it is done after the completion of an individual unit
before integration. This is a structural testing, that relies on knowledge of its construction
and is invasive. Unit tests perform basic tests at component level and test a specific
business process, application, and/or system configuration. Unit tests ensure that each
unique path of a business process performs accurately to the documented specifications
and contains clearly defined inputs and expected results.
Integration testing
Integration tests are designed to test integrated software components to determine if they
actually run as one program. Testing is event driven and is more concerned with the basic
outcome of screens or fields. Integration tests demonstrate that although the components
were individually satisfaction, as shown by successfully unit testing, the combination of
components is correct and consistent. Integration testing is specifically aimed at exposing
the problems that arise from the combination of components.
Functional test
Functional tests provide systematic demonstrations that functions tested are available as
specified by the business and technical requirements, system documentation, and user
manuals.

66
Functional testing is centered on the following items:

Valid Input : identified classes of valid input must be accepted.

Invalid Input : identified classes of invalid input must be rejected.

Functions : identified functions must be exercised.

Output : identified classes of application outputs must be exercised.

Systems/Procedures : interfacing systems or procedures must be invoked.

Organization and preparation of functional tests is focused on requirements, key

functions, or special test cases. In addition, systematic coverage pertaining to identify
Business process flows; data fields, predefined processes, and successive processes must
be considered for testing. Before functional testing is complete, additional tests are
identified and the effective value of current tests is determined.
System Test:- System testing ensures that the entire integrated software system meets
requirements. It tests a configuration to ensure known and predictable results. An
example of system testing is the configuration oriented system integration test. System
testing is based on process descriptions and flows, emphasizing pre-driven process links
and integration points.
White Box Testing:-White Box Testing is a testing in which in which the software tester
has knowledge of the inner workings, structure and language of the software, or at least
its purpose. It is purpose. It is used to test areas that cannot be reached from a black box
level.
Black Box Testing:-Black Box Testing is testing the software without any knowledge of
the inner workings, structure or language of the module being tested. Black box tests, as
most other kinds of tests, must be written from a definitive source document, such as
specification or requirements document, such as specification or requirements document.
It is a testing which the software under the test is treated,as a black box you cannot “see”
into it.

67
6.1 Unit Testing

Unit testing is usually conducted as part of a combined code and unit test phase of the
software lifecycle, although it is not uncommon for coding and unit testing to be
conducted as two distinct phases.
Test strategy and approach

Field testing will be performed manually and functional tests will be written in
detail.
Test objectives
➢ All field entries must work properly.
➢ Pages must be activated from the identified link.
➢ The entry screen, messages and responses must not be delayed.
Features to be tested
➢ Verify that the entries are of the correct format
➢ No duplicate entries should be allowed
➢ All links should take the user to the correct page.
6.2 Integration Testing
Software integration testing is the incremental integration testing of two or more
integrated software components on a single platform to produce failures caused by
interface defects.The task of the integration test is to check that components or software
applications, e.g. components in a software system or – one step up – software
applications at the company level – interact without error.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.
6.3 Acceptance Testing
User Acceptance Testing is a critical phase of any project and requires significant
participation by the end user. It also ensures that the system meets the functional
requirements.
Test Results: All the test cases mentioned above passed successfully. No defects
encountered.

68
 7.SCREENSHOTS
1.
HOME PAGE:
 8.CONCLUSION
The EGC protocol generated high levels of data security to serve the purpose
of protecting data during transmission in the IoT. With the novel ECC over
Galois field, the proposed EGC protocol provided better security. Due to the
enhanced embedding efficiency, advanced data hiding capacity can be
achieved. With the help of the proposed protocol and Adaptive Firefly
optimization, any amount of data can be easily transmitted over the IoT
network securely hidden within the profound layers of images. Performance
is evaluated with parameters, such as embedding efficiency, PSNR, carrier
capacity, time complexity, and MSE. Finally, the proposed work is
implemented in a MATLAB simulator, and approximately 86% steganography
embedding efficiency was achieved. Results from this proposed protocol
were compared to existing methods, such as OMME, FMO, and LSB.
.

73
 9.REFERENCES
[1] R. H.Weber, “Internet of Things—New security and privacy challenges,” Comput. Law
Security Rev., vol. 26, no. 1, pp. 23–30, 2010.
[2] A. Ukil, J. Sen, and S. Koilakonda, “Embedded security for Internet of Things,” in Proc. 2nd
Nat. Conf. Emerg. Trends Appl. Comput. Sci. (NCETACS), Mar. 2011, pp. 1–6.
[3] W. Daniels et al., “SμV-the security microvisor: A virtualisation-based security middleware
for the Internet of Things,” in Proc. ACM 18th ACM/IFIP/USENIX Middleware Conf. Ind. Track,
Dec. 2017, pp. 36–42.
[4] U. Banerjee, C. Juvekar, S. H. Fuller, and A. P. Chandrakasan, “eeDTLS: Energy-efficient
datagram transport layer security for the Internet of Things,” in Proc. GLOBECOM IEEE Glob.
Commun. Conf., Dec. 2017, pp. 1–6.
[5] G. Manogaran, C. Thota, D. Lopez, and R. Sundarasekar, “Big data
security intelligence for healthcare industry 4.0,” in Cybersecurity for
Industry 4.0. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2017, pp. 103–126.
[6] H. Sun, X. Wang, R. Buyya, and J. Su, “CloudEyes: Cloud-based malware
detection with reversible sketch for resource-constrained Internet
of Things (IoT) devices,” Softw. Pract. Exp., vol. 47, no. 3, pp. 421–441,
2017.
[7] N. Chervyakov et al., “AR-RRNS: Configurable reliable distributed data
storage systems for Internet of Things to ensure security,” Future Gener.
Comput. Syst., vol. 92, pp. 1080–1092, Mar. 2019.
[8] S. Raza, H. Shafagh, K. Hewage, R. Hummen, and T. Voigt, “Lithe:
Lightweight secure CoAP for the Internet of Things,” IEEE Sensors J.,
vol. 1, no. 10, pp. 3711–3720, Oct. 2013.
[9] M. Vuˇcini´c et al., “OSCAR: Object security architecture for the Internet
of Things,” Ad Hoc Netw., vol. 32, pp. 3–16, Sep. 2015.
[10] Y. Yang, X. Liu, and R. H. Deng, “Lightweight break-glass access
control system for healthcare Internet-of-Things,” IEEE Trans. Ind.
Informat., vol. 14, no. 8, pp. 3610–3617, Aug. 2017.
[11] A. K. Bairagi, R. Khondoker, and R. Islam, “An efficient steganographic
approach for protecting communication in the Internet of Things
(IoT) critical infrastructures,” Inf. Security J. Glob. Perspective, vol. 25,
nos. 4–6, pp. 197–212, 2016.
[12] C.-T. Huang, M.-Y. Tsai, L.-C. Lin, W.-J. Wang, and S.-J. Wang,
“VQ-based data hiding in IoT networks using two-level encoding
with adaptive pixel replacements,” J. Supercomput., vol. 74, no. 9,
pp. 4295–4314, 2018.
[13] T. Shanableh, “Data hiding in MPEG video files using multivariate
regression and flexible macroblock ordering,” IEEE Trans. Inf. Forensics
Security, vol. 7, no. 2, pp. 455–464, Apr. 2012.
[14] X. Liao, J. Yin, S. Guo, X. Li, and A. K. Sangaiah, “Medical JPEG
image steganography based on preserving inter-block dependencies,”
Comput. Elect. Eng., vol. 67, pp. 320–329, Apr. 2018.
[15] C. J. Benvenuto, Galois Field in Cryptography, Univ. Washington,
Seattle, WA, USA, 2012.
[16] T. Wiegand, G. J. Sullivan, G. Bjontegaard, and A. Luthra, “Overview
of the H.264/AVC video coding standard,” IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
Video Technol., vol. 13, no. 7, pp. 560–576, Jul. 2003.
[17] A. H. Gandomi, X. S. Yang, and A. H. Alavi, “Mixed variable structural
optimization using firefly algorithm,” Comput. Struct., vol. 89,
nos. 23–24, pp. 2325–2336, 2011.
[18] R. Hegde and S. Jagadeesha, “An optimal modified matrix encoding
technique for secret writing in MPEG video using ECC,” Comput. Stand.
Interfaces, vol. 48, pp. 173–182, Nov. 2016.