‭ lass‬‭10‬

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‭ conomics‬
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‭ hapter‬‭-‬‭1‬
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‭Development‬

‭Introduction‬‭to‬‭Development‬

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‭●‬ D‭ evelopment‬‭refers‬‭to‬‭progress‬‭or‬‭improvement‬‭in‬‭various‬‭aspects‬‭of‬‭life,‬‭such‬‭as‬‭income,‬
‭education,‬‭health,‬‭and‬‭overall‬‭well-being.‬

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‭●‬ ‭Different‬‭people‬‭have‬‭different‬‭developmental‬‭goals‬‭based‬‭on‬‭their‬‭needs‬‭and‬

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‭aspirations.‬

‭●‬
h ‭Example:‬
A‭ ‬‭landless‬‭farmer‬‭may‬‭want‬‭more‬‭job‬‭opportunities,‬‭while‬‭an‬‭industrialist‬‭may‬‭want‬‭better‬
‭infrastructure.‬
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‭Keywords:‬‭Development,‬‭progress,‬‭improvement,‬‭developmental‬‭goals,‬‭aspirations.‬
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‭Different‬‭People,‬‭Different‬‭Goals‬
‭●‬ P‭ eople‬‭have‬‭diverse‬‭goals‬‭for‬‭development,‬‭which‬‭may‬‭sometimes‬‭conflict‬‭with‬‭others.‬
‭●‬ ‭Example:‬
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‭○‬ ‭A‬‭factory‬‭may‬‭generate‬‭employment‬‭but‬‭cause‬‭pollution.‬
‭○‬ ‭A‬‭dam‬‭may‬‭provide‬‭irrigation‬‭but‬‭displace‬‭local‬‭communities.‬

‭Keywords:‬‭Diverse‬‭goals,‬‭conflict,‬‭employment,‬‭pollution,‬‭displacement.‬
 ‭Income‬‭and‬‭Other‬‭Goals‬
‭●‬ I‭ ncome‬‭is‬‭an‬‭important‬‭indicator‬‭of‬‭development,‬‭but‬‭people‬‭also‬‭seek‬‭non-material‬
‭aspects‬‭such‬‭as:‬
‭○‬ ‭Equal‬‭treatment‬
‭○‬ ‭Security‬‭and‬‭freedom‬
‭○‬ ‭Dignity‬‭and‬‭respect‬
‭●‬ ‭Example:‬‭A‬‭high-paying‬‭job‬‭is‬‭beneficial,‬‭but‬‭if‬‭it‬‭lacks‬‭job‬‭security,‬‭people‬‭may‬‭not‬

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‭consider‬‭it‬‭ideal.‬
‭Keywords:‬‭Income,‬‭non-material‬‭aspects,‬‭equality,‬‭security,‬‭dignity.‬

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‭●‬ h ‭National‬‭Development‬
N‭ ational‬‭development‬‭refers‬‭to‬‭the‬‭overall‬‭improvement‬‭of‬‭a‬‭country's‬‭economy,‬
‭infrastructure,‬‭and‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living.‬
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‭●‬ ‭Different‬‭people‬‭may‬‭have‬‭different‬‭views‬‭on‬‭what‬‭national‬‭development‬‭means.‬
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‭Example:‬
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‭●‬ S‭ ome‬‭may‬‭prioritize‬‭economic‬‭growth‬‭,‬‭while‬‭others‬‭focus‬‭on‬‭education,‬‭health,‬‭or‬
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‭environmental‬‭sustainability‬‭.‬
‭Keywords:‬‭National‬‭development,‬‭economy,‬‭infrastructure,‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living,‬‭economic‬‭growth,‬
‭education,‬‭health.‬
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 ‭How‬‭to‬‭Compare‬‭Different‬‭Countries‬‭or‬‭States?‬
‭●‬ T‭ he‬‭World‬‭Bank‬‭compares‬‭countries‬‭based‬‭on‬‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income‬‭(average‬‭income).‬
‭●‬ ‭Classification‬‭of‬‭countries:‬
‭○‬ ‭High-income‬‭countries:‬‭Per‬‭capita‬‭income‬‭above‬‭$15,000‬‭(approx.).‬
‭○‬ ‭Low-income‬‭countries:‬‭Per‬‭capita‬‭income‬‭below‬‭$1,045‬‭(approx.).‬

‭Limitations‬‭of‬‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income:‬

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‭●‬ ‭It‬‭does‬‭not‬‭consider‬‭health,‬‭education,‬‭and‬‭income‬‭distribution‬‭.‬

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‭Keywords:‬‭World‬‭Bank,‬‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income,‬‭high-income,‬‭low-income,‬‭health,‬‭education,‬‭income‬
‭distribution.‬

‭●‬
ah ‭Income‬‭and‬‭Other‬‭Criteria‬
‭Development‬‭should‬‭be‬‭measured‬‭using‬‭multiple‬‭indicators‬‭:‬
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‭○‬ ‭Life‬‭Expectancy‬‭–‬‭Average‬‭number‬‭of‬‭years‬‭a‬‭person‬‭is‬‭expected‬‭to‬‭live.‬
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‭○‬ ‭Literacy‬‭Rate‬‭–‬‭Percentage‬‭of‬‭literate‬‭people‬‭in‬‭a‬‭country.‬
‭○‬ ‭Infant‬‭Mortality‬‭Rate‬‭(IMR)‬‭–‬‭Number‬‭of‬‭infants‬‭dying‬‭before‬‭the‬‭age‬‭of‬‭one‬‭per‬
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‭1,000‬‭live‬‭births.‬
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‭●‬ ‭The‬‭Human‬‭Development‬‭Index‬‭(HDI)‬‭,‬‭prepared‬‭by‬‭UNDP‬‭,‬‭considers:‬
‭○‬ ‭Life‬‭expectancy‬‭(health)‬
‭○‬ ‭Mean‬‭years‬‭of‬‭schooling‬‭(education)‬
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‭○‬ ‭Per‬‭capita‬‭income‬‭(standard‬‭of‬‭living)‬

‭Keywords:‬‭Multiple‬‭indicators,‬‭life‬‭expectancy,‬‭literacy‬‭rate,‬‭infant‬‭mortality‬‭rate,‬‭HDI,‬‭UNDP.‬
 ‭Public‬‭Facilities‬
‭●‬ P‭ ublic‬‭facilities‬‭like‬‭healthcare,‬‭education,‬‭clean‬‭water,‬‭and‬‭sanitation‬‭are‬‭essential‬
‭for‬‭development.‬
‭●‬ ‭Even‬‭if‬‭a‬‭person‬‭has‬‭high‬‭income,‬‭lack‬‭of‬‭public‬‭services‬‭can‬‭affect‬‭their‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭life.‬
‭Example:‬
‭●‬ K‭ erala‬‭has‬‭a‬‭lower‬‭per‬‭capita‬‭income‬‭than‬‭Punjab‬‭but‬‭has‬‭better‬‭health‬‭and‬‭education‬

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‭indicators.‬

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‭Keywords:‬‭Public‬‭facilities,‬‭healthcare,‬‭education,‬‭clean‬‭water,‬‭sanitation,‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭life.‬

ah ‭Sustainability‬‭of‬‭Development‬
‭●‬ S‭ ustainable‬‭development‬‭ensures‬‭that‬‭resources‬‭are‬‭used‬‭wisely‬‭and‬‭preserved‬‭for‬
‭future‬‭generations‬‭.‬
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‭●‬ ‭Environmental‬‭challenges:‬
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‭○‬ ‭Overuse‬‭of‬‭groundwater‬‭leads‬‭to‬‭depletion.‬
‭○‬ ‭Deforestation‬‭and‬‭industrial‬‭pollution‬‭cause‬‭ecological‬‭imbalance.‬
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‭●‬ ‭A‬‭balance‬‭between‬‭economic‬‭growth‬‭and‬‭environmental‬‭protection‬‭is‬‭necessary.‬
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‭Keywords:‬‭Sustainable‬‭development,‬‭resource‬‭depletion,‬‭groundwater,‬‭deforestation,‬‭pollution,‬
‭ecological‬‭balance.‬
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‭Summary‬
‭●‬ ‭Development‬‭means‬‭different‬‭things‬‭to‬‭different‬‭people.‬
 ‭●‬ I‭ ncome‬‭alone‬‭is‬‭not‬‭enough‬‭;‬‭health,‬‭education,‬‭and‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭life‬‭matter.‬
‭●‬ ‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income‬‭is‬‭a‬‭limited‬‭measure‬‭of‬‭development.‬
‭●‬ ‭HDI‬‭is‬‭a‬‭better‬‭indicator‬‭as‬‭it‬‭considers‬‭health,‬‭education,‬‭and‬‭income‬‭.‬
‭●‬ ‭Sustainable‬‭development‬‭is‬‭necessary‬‭to‬‭ensure‬‭the‬‭well-being‬‭of‬‭future‬‭generations.‬

‭Keywords:‬
D‭ evelopment,‬‭progress,‬‭improvement,‬‭developmental‬‭goals,‬‭aspirations,‬‭diverse‬‭goals,‬‭conflict,‬

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‭employment,‬‭pollution,‬‭displacement,‬‭income,‬‭non-material‬‭aspects,‬‭equality,‬‭security,‬‭dignity,‬

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‭national‬‭development,‬‭economy,‬‭infrastructure,‬‭standard‬‭of‬‭living,‬‭economic‬‭growth,‬‭education,‬
‭health,‬‭World‬‭Bank,‬‭Per‬‭Capita‬‭Income,‬‭high-income,‬‭low-income,‬‭health,‬‭education,‬‭income‬

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‭distribution,‬‭multiple‬‭indicators,‬‭life‬‭expectancy,‬‭literacy‬‭rate,‬‭infant‬‭mortality‬‭rate,‬‭HDI,‬‭UNDP,‬

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‭public‬‭facilities,‬‭healthcare,‬‭clean‬‭water,‬‭sanitation,‬‭quality‬‭of‬‭life,‬‭sustainable‬‭development,‬
‭resource‬‭depletion,‬‭groundwater,‬‭deforestation,‬‭pollution,‬‭ecological‬‭balance.‬
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‭Copyright‬‭©‬‭2024‬‭Salik‬‭Sayeed‬‭&‬‭Ateeb‬‭Eqbal‬
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‭All‬‭Rights‬‭Reserved.‬‭This‬‭book‬‭or‬‭any‬‭portion‬‭thereof‬‭may‬
‭not‬‭be‬‭reproduced‬‭or‬‭republished‬‭in‬‭any‬‭manner‬
‭whatsoever‬‭without‬‭the‬‭express‬‭written‬‭permission‬‭of‬‭the‬
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‭author.‬